征地补偿计算方法探讨
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摘要
随着我国城市化进程的加快和市场经济的迅猛发展,农村集体土地被大量征收、征收,随着征地速度逐年加快,土地这一不可再生的稀缺资源在逐步日益萎缩,失地农民越来越多。对任何一个国家,特别是农业国家,土地问题如果得不到很好的解决,国家就不会稳定,大多数民众就无法真正实现安居乐业,这是历史经验反复证明了的。由于我国相关土地征收立法的缺陷和滞后,以及土地征收执行上的违法违规等因素,产生了诸如土地征收范围过宽、征收补偿标准过低、补偿费用的分配和管理不合理、补偿方式单一等问题。这些问题的存在严重损害了农民的利益,导致农村社会矛盾趋于激化。长期以来,农民权益一直处于悬浮状态,上访、哄闹事件时有发生。农村集体经济组织土地问题已成为当前社会各界共同关注的热点、难点问题。如不及时妥善处理,势必成为新的不稳定因素,影响农村稳定发展大局,并严重阻滞我国农村改革及整个现代化进程,直接关系着构建和谐社会的顺利进行。
土地征收是国家为了公共目的而强制取得其它民事主体土地并给予补偿的一种行为。在我国,主要是指国家为了公共利益的需要将集体土地转化为国有土地并给予补偿的行为。随着我国社会经济的发展和城市化的推进,建设用地的需求大幅增长。我国的建设用地主要通过国家征收农民的土地,再经有偿出让或无偿划拨形成,农民在失去土地的同时会得到一定的补偿。由于我国现行的补偿制度形成于计划经济时期,征地管理的指导思想主要是满足国家建设需要,对农民集体土地的征收并没有充分考虑市场公平的原则。这就导致了征地补偿标准难以适应市场经济的发展,不能够保证农民的权益,更无法确保土地资源配置的有效性,从而引发了许多土地纠纷和社会矛盾,对社会的发展和稳定都造成了潜在的威胁。
本文就是从这里出发,根据国家对农民征地补偿精神,对征地补偿费用做了一个比较详细的调整,并对调整后的补偿费用都要一个比较细致的规定,然后在实际项目中进行对比,来说明修正后补偿公式的优越性。首先对与土地征收补偿标准相关的基本理论问题进行了研究,然后运用比较分析的方法,说明了国内外的土地征收补偿标准制度的不同,并针对当前土地征收中补偿标准较低的现状,通过系列的调查研究,指出我国土地征收标准所存在的问题,分析现行土地征收补偿标准问题产生的根源。最后,结合马克思的地租、地价理论、土地市场价格理论,参考国外的征地补偿办法,提出了土地征收补偿标准的修正公式:
土地补偿费用=该被征地块前三年平均产值/还原利率(1-1/(1+还原利率)年限)
安置补助费用=该被征地块前三年平均产值×补偿倍数
With the quickening of the urbanization process of our country and swift and violent development of market economy, the rural collective land is collected, taken over for use in a large amount, the pace is accelerated year by year with taking over the land for use, land non-renewable rare resource this wither day by day progressively, lost territory peasant more and more. To the country, especially agricultural country but speech, land if problem get kind settlement very, the country would not be steady, most people are unable to really realize living and working in peace and contentment, this was proved repeatedly by historical experience. Because of of our country relevant land acquisition defect and lagging that legislate, and land acquisition carries out factors such as illegal violation at,etc., produce for example land acquisition range pass wide taking over for use compensation standard pass low, distribution to compensate expenses and management unreasonable compensating the first-class issue of a form of the way. Present serious injury interests of peasant of problem thes, lead to the fact the rural social contradiction prones to sharpening. For a long time, peasant rights and interests in state of suspending, appeal for help, coax, at a disturbance of incident take place occasionally. The rural collective land question of economic organization has already become the present common concerned focus of various circles of society, difficult point problem. If does not deal carefully with in time, certainly will become the new destabilizing factor, influence the stability of the countryside to develop the overall situation, and block rural reform and the whole modernization drive of our country seriously, the direct relation constructs the harmony of the harmonious society.
Land expropriation is the administrative action that the governments in all of world obtain other civil man's land in force for public interests. In China it is the administrative action that the government transform collective lands into national ones for public interest and gives compensation. Along with socio-economic development and urbanization, the demand for building sites increases. Our country gets building sites mainly through taking over farmers' land, via paid or unpaid taxes allocated formed. Peasant receives some compensation while losing their lands. Because our country's compensation system formed in the era of the planned economy, land expropriation and management guidance primarily meet the needs of national construction expropriation of land in collective market did not fully consider the principle of fairness. This leads that the land acquisition compensation standards couldn't adapt to the market economy, couldn't guarantee farmers' rights, and was unable to guarantee the land resource disposition in valid. Thus, many lands disputes and social contradiction have been initiated, which potentially threaten the development and social stability.
Base demand of the country of land compensate to farmer, the thesis make adjust to the land compensate, and have a meticulous regulate, and then make a contrast to illuminate superiority of the formula which is modified.
At first, I make a research with the basis theory of the land compensate, and then use analytic to explain the difference between china and other country.
In allusion to the land compensate is too low currently, by the series of the research, point out the problem of the land compensate in our country, analyze the standard of the land compensate to find out the causation At last, combine with the theories of Marx land rent and price, land market, land expropriation, compensation of the overseas, puts forwards the modify formula of the land expropriation compensation Charge of land compensate =average production value with the forward three years / deoxidize rate (1-1/(1+ deoxidize rate)year Charge of subsidy= average production value with the forward three years×compensate years
土地征收是国家为了公共目的而强制取得其它民事主体土地并给予补偿的一种行为。在我国,主要是指国家为了公共利益的需要将集体土地转化为国有土地并给予补偿的行为。随着我国社会经济的发展和城市化的推进,建设用地的需求大幅增长。我国的建设用地主要通过国家征收农民的土地,再经有偿出让或无偿划拨形成,农民在失去土地的同时会得到一定的补偿。由于我国现行的补偿制度形成于计划经济时期,征地管理的指导思想主要是满足国家建设需要,对农民集体土地的征收并没有充分考虑市场公平的原则。这就导致了征地补偿标准难以适应市场经济的发展,不能够保证农民的权益,更无法确保土地资源配置的有效性,从而引发了许多土地纠纷和社会矛盾,对社会的发展和稳定都造成了潜在的威胁。
本文就是从这里出发,根据国家对农民征地补偿精神,对征地补偿费用做了一个比较详细的调整,并对调整后的补偿费用都要一个比较细致的规定,然后在实际项目中进行对比,来说明修正后补偿公式的优越性。首先对与土地征收补偿标准相关的基本理论问题进行了研究,然后运用比较分析的方法,说明了国内外的土地征收补偿标准制度的不同,并针对当前土地征收中补偿标准较低的现状,通过系列的调查研究,指出我国土地征收标准所存在的问题,分析现行土地征收补偿标准问题产生的根源。最后,结合马克思的地租、地价理论、土地市场价格理论,参考国外的征地补偿办法,提出了土地征收补偿标准的修正公式:
土地补偿费用=该被征地块前三年平均产值/还原利率(1-1/(1+还原利率)年限)
安置补助费用=该被征地块前三年平均产值×补偿倍数
With the quickening of the urbanization process of our country and swift and violent development of market economy, the rural collective land is collected, taken over for use in a large amount, the pace is accelerated year by year with taking over the land for use, land non-renewable rare resource this wither day by day progressively, lost territory peasant more and more. To the country, especially agricultural country but speech, land if problem get kind settlement very, the country would not be steady, most people are unable to really realize living and working in peace and contentment, this was proved repeatedly by historical experience. Because of of our country relevant land acquisition defect and lagging that legislate, and land acquisition carries out factors such as illegal violation at,etc., produce for example land acquisition range pass wide taking over for use compensation standard pass low, distribution to compensate expenses and management unreasonable compensating the first-class issue of a form of the way. Present serious injury interests of peasant of problem thes, lead to the fact the rural social contradiction prones to sharpening. For a long time, peasant rights and interests in state of suspending, appeal for help, coax, at a disturbance of incident take place occasionally. The rural collective land question of economic organization has already become the present common concerned focus of various circles of society, difficult point problem. If does not deal carefully with in time, certainly will become the new destabilizing factor, influence the stability of the countryside to develop the overall situation, and block rural reform and the whole modernization drive of our country seriously, the direct relation constructs the harmony of the harmonious society.
Land expropriation is the administrative action that the governments in all of world obtain other civil man's land in force for public interests. In China it is the administrative action that the government transform collective lands into national ones for public interest and gives compensation. Along with socio-economic development and urbanization, the demand for building sites increases. Our country gets building sites mainly through taking over farmers' land, via paid or unpaid taxes allocated formed. Peasant receives some compensation while losing their lands. Because our country's compensation system formed in the era of the planned economy, land expropriation and management guidance primarily meet the needs of national construction expropriation of land in collective market did not fully consider the principle of fairness. This leads that the land acquisition compensation standards couldn't adapt to the market economy, couldn't guarantee farmers' rights, and was unable to guarantee the land resource disposition in valid. Thus, many lands disputes and social contradiction have been initiated, which potentially threaten the development and social stability.
Base demand of the country of land compensate to farmer, the thesis make adjust to the land compensate, and have a meticulous regulate, and then make a contrast to illuminate superiority of the formula which is modified.
At first, I make a research with the basis theory of the land compensate, and then use analytic to explain the difference between china and other country.
In allusion to the land compensate is too low currently, by the series of the research, point out the problem of the land compensate in our country, analyze the standard of the land compensate to find out the causation At last, combine with the theories of Marx land rent and price, land market, land expropriation, compensation of the overseas, puts forwards the modify formula of the land expropriation compensation Charge of land compensate =average production value with the forward three years / deoxidize rate (1-1/(1+ deoxidize rate)year Charge of subsidy= average production value with the forward three years×compensate years
引文
[1]邓小平文选第三卷.北京:人民出版社,1993.
[2]黄道霞主编.建国以来农业合作化史料汇编.北京:中共党史出版社,1992.
[3]杜润生主编.中国农村改革决策纪事.北京:中央文献出版社,1989.
[4]杨丽英、王兴荣.中国土地制度变迁与现代化行程,理论与现代化,2001
[5]王环.从新农村建设的角度看美国农地产权制度,世界农业,2007
[6]陈勇.英国土地制度及其实践,山东国土资源,2007
[7]张术环.当代日本农地制度及其对中国新农村建设的启发,世界农业,2007
[8]保护耕地问题调研组.我国耕地面临的严峻形势和政策性建议,中国土地科学,1997,11(1):1～11
[9]陈百明,周小萍.中国近期耕地资源与粮食综合生产能力的变化态势,资源科学,2004,26(5):38～45
[10]国土资源部地籍管理司.2003 年全国土地利用变更调查报告.北京:中国大地出社,2004.1～23
[11]黄征学.我国耕地流失中的政府行为研究.南开学报,2004,(3):29～35
[12]木佳.中国耕地靠什么保护现行征地制度已不适用,中国工商时报,2004-03-03(4)
[13]申保珍.违规占用耕地现象十分严重,农民日报,2004-06-25(2)
[14]王大操.《充分认识耕地保护的国策地位,关于我国耕地保护政策的思考与建议》.经济日报,2003-06-24(3)
[15]麻侃.《试论土地征收补偿制度》,2007-9-20
[16]周其仁.《产权与制度变迁——中国改革的经验研究》,北京大学出版社 2004 年版
[17]刘冼等.《国内外土地征收制度的实践及其对我国征地制度改革的启示》,《农业经 济》2002 年第 5 期
[18]城调队.《北京市经济增长率与通货膨胀率变化情况分析》,2005-05-30
[19]陈霞.国外农村土地城市化的比较研究[J].科技进步与对策,2000(6):112-113
[20]张千帆.公平补偿与征收权的宪法限制[J].法学研究,2005(2):25-37
[21]周大伟.美国土地征收和房屋拆迁中的司法原则和判例———兼议中国城市房屋拆迁管理规范的改革[J].北京规划建设,2004(1):174-177
[22]陈和午.土地征收补偿制度的国际比较及借鉴[J].世界农业,2004(8):13-15
[23]S.Dem an.The realestate takeover-Application ofGrossm an and H arttheory[J].InternationalReview ofFinancialAnalysis,2000(9)
[24]李珍贵.美国土地征收制度[J].中国土地,2001(4):45-46
[25]徐萍,刘勇.我国土地征收改革的新思路———区分征收和征购[J].重庆国土资源,2004(1):27-30
[26]刘晓英,南灵.明晰农地产权,改革征地补偿[J].农村经济,2005(1):30-32
[27]鹿心社.研究征地问题探索改革之路[M].北京:中国大地出版社,2002.
[28]刘丽,王正立.世界主要国家的土地征收补偿原则[J].国土资源情报,2004,(1):1-5.
[29]王正立,刘丽.国外土地征收补偿程序及纠纷解决[J].国土资源情报,2004,(1):6-8.
[30]王正立,刘丽.国外土地征收补偿标准方式及支付时间[J].国土资源情报,2004,(1):9-13.
[31]薛刚凌,王霁霞.土地征收补偿制度研究[J].中国政法大学学报,2005,23(2):86-94.
[32]张芝年.英国政府怎么征地[J].农村工作通讯,2004,(11):52.
[33]Office ofthe Deputy Prim e M inister:Com pulsory purchase and Com pensation-Com pensation to AgriculturalOwners and Occupiers[EB/OL],2004-10.
[34]Office ofthe Deputy Prim e M inister:Com pulsory purchase and Com pensation-Com pensation to ResidentialOwners and Occupiers[EB/OL],2004-10.
[35]钟京涛.英国土地争议裁判制度及启示[J].河南国土资源,2005,(5):34-35.
[36]Plim m erFrances and Dubben Nigel.The Land ofM ake Believe:An Overview ofthe Assessm entofCom pensation forLand Taken on Com pulsory Acquisition in the United Kingdom[EB/OL],2003-12-04.
[37]张红,于楠,谭峻.对完善中国现行征地制度的思考[J].中国土地科学,2005,19(1):38-43.
[38]邹晓云,张晓玲,柴志春.征地补偿测算方法研讨会综述[J].中国土地科学,2004,18(3):63-64.
[2]黄道霞主编.建国以来农业合作化史料汇编.北京:中共党史出版社,1992.
[3]杜润生主编.中国农村改革决策纪事.北京:中央文献出版社,1989.
[4]杨丽英、王兴荣.中国土地制度变迁与现代化行程,理论与现代化,2001
[5]王环.从新农村建设的角度看美国农地产权制度,世界农业,2007
[6]陈勇.英国土地制度及其实践,山东国土资源,2007
[7]张术环.当代日本农地制度及其对中国新农村建设的启发,世界农业,2007
[8]保护耕地问题调研组.我国耕地面临的严峻形势和政策性建议,中国土地科学,1997,11(1):1～11
[9]陈百明,周小萍.中国近期耕地资源与粮食综合生产能力的变化态势,资源科学,2004,26(5):38～45
[10]国土资源部地籍管理司.2003 年全国土地利用变更调查报告.北京:中国大地出社,2004.1～23
[11]黄征学.我国耕地流失中的政府行为研究.南开学报,2004,(3):29～35
[12]木佳.中国耕地靠什么保护现行征地制度已不适用,中国工商时报,2004-03-03(4)
[13]申保珍.违规占用耕地现象十分严重,农民日报,2004-06-25(2)
[14]王大操.《充分认识耕地保护的国策地位,关于我国耕地保护政策的思考与建议》.经济日报,2003-06-24(3)
[15]麻侃.《试论土地征收补偿制度》,2007-9-20
[16]周其仁.《产权与制度变迁——中国改革的经验研究》,北京大学出版社 2004 年版
[17]刘冼等.《国内外土地征收制度的实践及其对我国征地制度改革的启示》,《农业经 济》2002 年第 5 期
[18]城调队.《北京市经济增长率与通货膨胀率变化情况分析》,2005-05-30
[19]陈霞.国外农村土地城市化的比较研究[J].科技进步与对策,2000(6):112-113
[20]张千帆.公平补偿与征收权的宪法限制[J].法学研究,2005(2):25-37
[21]周大伟.美国土地征收和房屋拆迁中的司法原则和判例———兼议中国城市房屋拆迁管理规范的改革[J].北京规划建设,2004(1):174-177
[22]陈和午.土地征收补偿制度的国际比较及借鉴[J].世界农业,2004(8):13-15
[23]S.Dem an.The realestate takeover-Application ofGrossm an and H arttheory[J].InternationalReview ofFinancialAnalysis,2000(9)
[24]李珍贵.美国土地征收制度[J].中国土地,2001(4):45-46
[25]徐萍,刘勇.我国土地征收改革的新思路———区分征收和征购[J].重庆国土资源,2004(1):27-30
[26]刘晓英,南灵.明晰农地产权,改革征地补偿[J].农村经济,2005(1):30-32
[27]鹿心社.研究征地问题探索改革之路[M].北京:中国大地出版社,2002.
[28]刘丽,王正立.世界主要国家的土地征收补偿原则[J].国土资源情报,2004,(1):1-5.
[29]王正立,刘丽.国外土地征收补偿程序及纠纷解决[J].国土资源情报,2004,(1):6-8.
[30]王正立,刘丽.国外土地征收补偿标准方式及支付时间[J].国土资源情报,2004,(1):9-13.
[31]薛刚凌,王霁霞.土地征收补偿制度研究[J].中国政法大学学报,2005,23(2):86-94.
[32]张芝年.英国政府怎么征地[J].农村工作通讯,2004,(11):52.
[33]Office ofthe Deputy Prim e M inister:Com pulsory purchase and Com pensation-Com pensation to AgriculturalOwners and Occupiers[EB/OL],2004-10.
[34]Office ofthe Deputy Prim e M inister:Com pulsory purchase and Com pensation-Com pensation to ResidentialOwners and Occupiers[EB/OL],2004-10.
[35]钟京涛.英国土地争议裁判制度及启示[J].河南国土资源,2005,(5):34-35.
[36]Plim m erFrances and Dubben Nigel.The Land ofM ake Believe:An Overview ofthe Assessm entofCom pensation forLand Taken on Com pulsory Acquisition in the United Kingdom[EB/OL],2003-12-04.
[37]张红,于楠,谭峻.对完善中国现行征地制度的思考[J].中国土地科学,2005,19(1):38-43.
[38]邹晓云,张晓玲,柴志春.征地补偿测算方法研讨会综述[J].中国土地科学,2004,18(3):63-64.