中学化学环境教育的理论与实践探讨
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摘要
本文是一篇探讨中学化学教学中实施环境教育的论文。文中阐述了环境及其问题、教育的概念，分析了化学与环境问题、化学教学与环境教育的关系，明确了中学化学环境教育的目标、内容与原则，探讨了中学化学环境教育的方法和途径，通过了教学尝试，取得了一定的教学成果。
环境问题主要源于人类对自然资源和生态环境的不合理利用和破坏，因此，要提高人们的环境意识，正确认识环境和环境问题，使人的行为与环境相和谐，加强环境教育是一条必由之路。
中学环境教育的主要任务是加强中学生的环境意识，在尚未开设专门的环境教育课的情况下，化学教学是实施环境教育的主要途径。在化学教学中实施环境教育，不仅是化学学科教育的主要任务之一，也是实施可持续发展战略的必然要求，有利于提高学生的综合素质。
中学化学环境教育是中学环境教育目标具体化的重要部分，是实现中学环境教育目标的关键环节。在中学化学教学中开展环境教育的基本理念是：一、通过渗透教学，利用化学课堂传授环保知识。即以教材为基础，以教育目标为依据，以化学知识与环保知识的结合点为核心，以学生的可接受性为原则，准确把握渗透的内容，做到寓环境教育渗透于课堂教学之中。二、注重操作，利用化学实验培养环保技能。结合化学实验操作，意在培养学生保护环境“从我做起”，让学生从自我动手中分析、构思、设计环保装置，培养学生在实验中仍至生活中预防、减少直至消除环境污染的分析、判断、设计、实施等基本技能，让学生从接受环境教育阶段上升到动手保护环境的自觉行动，以促使学生知、情、意、行统一协调发展。三、拓宽渠道，利用课外活动参与解决环境问题。化学课外活动是以环境化学和绿色行动为主要载体，以充分提高学生的环境意识、树立正确的环境价值观与态度、强化学生的环境行为习惯、培养学生参与解决环境问题的技能为目标，以最新的现代环境知识、环境观念和学生的直接经验为主要内容，以适应当地环境特点和时代发展需要，充分发挥学生的主体性、发展学生的全面整体素质。学生只有深入社会实践，积极参加各种活动课，在活动中一方面获得真切的感受，体会到环境保护的重要性，另一方面可使学生较好掌握环境化学有关知识，发展环保技能，提高学生灵活运用知识初步解决实际环境问题的能力。
通过教学尝试以及有关问卷调查，结果表明：在中学化学教学过程中开展环境教育是可行的、必要的，实施的方法和途径是有效的，教学的效果是明显的。当然，在教学中仍存在不少问题，还有待于进一步的发展和完善。
This article is a thesis in which how to enforce environmental education in the chemistry teaching of the middle school, this article expound the environment and its matters. educational concept, it also analyses the relationships include the chemistry and the environmental problem, chemistry teaching and the environmental education, pinpoint the target, content and principle of the chemistry environmental education in the middle school, besides, we discussed the method and the path of the chemistry teaching, to this instructional attempt, we get a bit of teaching achievements.
The environmental problem is main from the people's conduct, natural resources and environment have been irrationality using and wreck, so, if we want improve people's environmental consciousness, the only way is have a right cognition of environment and environmental problem, make people's conduct is assort with environment and aggrandize the environmental education.
In the middle school, the assignment of the environmental education is enhance the students' environmental consciousness, before the special field of the environmental education established, chemistry teaching is the main way to executed environmental education, executed environmental education in the chemistry teaching is not only one of the assignment of chemistry education, it also is necessary request to executed continue development, it is propitious to improved students' integrated diathesis.
Chemistry environmental education is an important part of environment education target in the middle school and it is a pivotal part for the environmental education's target. In middle school, we carry out environmental education, Its basic concept are: first, by way of infiltrate teaching, impart the knowledge of the environmentalism in the chemistry class, it means that we make the text as the basic, make the educate target as warranty, make coalescent of chemistry knowledge and protect environment as a core, and make students' acceptability as principle, grasp osmotic content exactly, make the environmental education in the class teaching. Second, pay attention to the practice, foster craftsmanship using the chemistry experiment, integrate chemistry experiment manipulation, we can foster the students' protect environment: "doing first from me", let students analyses, think and design environment protecting device in the practice ,foster students craftsmanship like analyses , verdict , design and implement of prevent , reduce or dispel environmental pollution in the experimentation or in the life, and let students raise from accept environmental education to protect environment themselves, make the students evolve assort with knowledge, feeling, consciousness and action. Third: carve out channel, using extracurricular action to solve environmental problem, chemistry extracurricular action is use environmental chemistry and green action a main carrier, the goal is improve students environmental consciousness, establish right environmental valuable, concept and attitude, consolidate students habits of environmental action, foster students craftsmanship which is how to solve environmental problem, and the trait is fit for environmental trait and need of the epoch development, bring into play students initiation plenitude, enhance students'
entirety of diathesis, the students none but go deep into the society practice, join many kinds of exercise actively, they can get clear experience, realize the importance of the protect environment, on the other hand, they can study the knowledge about environmental chemistry, develop craftsmanship about protect environment, improve the students' ability of using the knowledge to solve actual environmental problem.
From teaching attempt and text investigate, the result indication: It's doable and necessary to launch environmental education in the chemistry teaching at middle school, the method and the way is effective is very evidenced. Certainly, there are many matters in the teaching, it must be more develop and completed.
环境问题主要源于人类对自然资源和生态环境的不合理利用和破坏，因此，要提高人们的环境意识，正确认识环境和环境问题，使人的行为与环境相和谐，加强环境教育是一条必由之路。
中学环境教育的主要任务是加强中学生的环境意识，在尚未开设专门的环境教育课的情况下，化学教学是实施环境教育的主要途径。在化学教学中实施环境教育，不仅是化学学科教育的主要任务之一，也是实施可持续发展战略的必然要求，有利于提高学生的综合素质。
中学化学环境教育是中学环境教育目标具体化的重要部分，是实现中学环境教育目标的关键环节。在中学化学教学中开展环境教育的基本理念是：一、通过渗透教学，利用化学课堂传授环保知识。即以教材为基础，以教育目标为依据，以化学知识与环保知识的结合点为核心，以学生的可接受性为原则，准确把握渗透的内容，做到寓环境教育渗透于课堂教学之中。二、注重操作，利用化学实验培养环保技能。结合化学实验操作，意在培养学生保护环境“从我做起”，让学生从自我动手中分析、构思、设计环保装置，培养学生在实验中仍至生活中预防、减少直至消除环境污染的分析、判断、设计、实施等基本技能，让学生从接受环境教育阶段上升到动手保护环境的自觉行动，以促使学生知、情、意、行统一协调发展。三、拓宽渠道，利用课外活动参与解决环境问题。化学课外活动是以环境化学和绿色行动为主要载体，以充分提高学生的环境意识、树立正确的环境价值观与态度、强化学生的环境行为习惯、培养学生参与解决环境问题的技能为目标，以最新的现代环境知识、环境观念和学生的直接经验为主要内容，以适应当地环境特点和时代发展需要，充分发挥学生的主体性、发展学生的全面整体素质。学生只有深入社会实践，积极参加各种活动课，在活动中一方面获得真切的感受，体会到环境保护的重要性，另一方面可使学生较好掌握环境化学有关知识，发展环保技能，提高学生灵活运用知识初步解决实际环境问题的能力。
通过教学尝试以及有关问卷调查，结果表明：在中学化学教学过程中开展环境教育是可行的、必要的，实施的方法和途径是有效的，教学的效果是明显的。当然，在教学中仍存在不少问题，还有待于进一步的发展和完善。
This article is a thesis in which how to enforce environmental education in the chemistry teaching of the middle school, this article expound the environment and its matters. educational concept, it also analyses the relationships include the chemistry and the environmental problem, chemistry teaching and the environmental education, pinpoint the target, content and principle of the chemistry environmental education in the middle school, besides, we discussed the method and the path of the chemistry teaching, to this instructional attempt, we get a bit of teaching achievements.
The environmental problem is main from the people's conduct, natural resources and environment have been irrationality using and wreck, so, if we want improve people's environmental consciousness, the only way is have a right cognition of environment and environmental problem, make people's conduct is assort with environment and aggrandize the environmental education.
In the middle school, the assignment of the environmental education is enhance the students' environmental consciousness, before the special field of the environmental education established, chemistry teaching is the main way to executed environmental education, executed environmental education in the chemistry teaching is not only one of the assignment of chemistry education, it also is necessary request to executed continue development, it is propitious to improved students' integrated diathesis.
Chemistry environmental education is an important part of environment education target in the middle school and it is a pivotal part for the environmental education's target. In middle school, we carry out environmental education, Its basic concept are: first, by way of infiltrate teaching, impart the knowledge of the environmentalism in the chemistry class, it means that we make the text as the basic, make the educate target as warranty, make coalescent of chemistry knowledge and protect environment as a core, and make students' acceptability as principle, grasp osmotic content exactly, make the environmental education in the class teaching. Second, pay attention to the practice, foster craftsmanship using the chemistry experiment, integrate chemistry experiment manipulation, we can foster the students' protect environment: "doing first from me", let students analyses, think and design environment protecting device in the practice ,foster students craftsmanship like analyses , verdict , design and implement of prevent , reduce or dispel environmental pollution in the experimentation or in the life, and let students raise from accept environmental education to protect environment themselves, make the students evolve assort with knowledge, feeling, consciousness and action. Third: carve out channel, using extracurricular action to solve environmental problem, chemistry extracurricular action is use environmental chemistry and green action a main carrier, the goal is improve students environmental consciousness, establish right environmental valuable, concept and attitude, consolidate students habits of environmental action, foster students craftsmanship which is how to solve environmental problem, and the trait is fit for environmental trait and need of the epoch development, bring into play students initiation plenitude, enhance students'
entirety of diathesis, the students none but go deep into the society practice, join many kinds of exercise actively, they can get clear experience, realize the importance of the protect environment, on the other hand, they can study the knowledge about environmental chemistry, develop craftsmanship about protect environment, improve the students' ability of using the knowledge to solve actual environmental problem.
From teaching attempt and text investigate, the result indication: It's doable and necessary to launch environmental education in the chemistry teaching at middle school, the method and the way is effective is very evidenced. Certainly, there are many matters in the teaching, it must be more develop and completed.
引文
[1] 陶秀成、宫世国、邵明望著．环境化学．安徽大学出版社．1999．5
[2]、[10]、[11]、[13] 黄春保、马容明．环境化学污染及防治．武汉测绘科技大学出版社．1992．
[3] 普通高中化学课程标准
[4] [美国]Breslow，R著．华彤文等译．化学的今天和明天．科技出版社．1998．10
[5] 强俊超．谈中学化学教学中的环境教育．中学化学教学参考．2000．(6)：54-55
[6] 徐辉、祝怀新著．国际环境教育的理论与实践．人民教育出版社．1996．2
[7]、[8] 徐厚铨、李杰．环境教育的使命与途径．山东医科大学学报(社会科学版)．1996．(2)：7-10
[9] 曲格平著，《中国的环境与发展》，中国环境科学出版社，1992
[12] 第比利斯政府间环境教育会议宣言和建议 第二号建议
[14] 李志云，化学教学应怎样渗透环境保护知识．中教育星多媒体资源库
[15] 邵敏、赵美萍．环境化学．中国环境科学出版社．2001．3
[16] 闫廷娟．人、环境与可持续发展．北京航空航天大学出版社．2001．3
[17] 陶秀成、宫世国、邵明望著．环境化学．安徽大学出版社．1999．5
[18] 景晓岗．初涉中学化学环境活动课．上海环境教育．1999．3
[]、杨龙海。对中小学环境教育的几点思考．现代中小学教育．2000．(3)：4-6
[]、曹青阳．关于我国环境教育的几个问题．环境教育．1999．(4)：32-34
[]、国家环境保护总局宣教司．全国公众环境意识调查报告．环境教育．1999
[]、赵润、孙振宇．关于环境教育的认识与研究
[]、鲁兴树．简论学校环境教育的原则．环境教育．2002．2
[]、刘克军、侯俊云．浅谈中学化学教学中的环境教育．济南教育学报．2001．5
[]、陈金林．寓环境教育于化学教学之中．中教育星多媒体资源库
[]、冯克诚、刘以林、张文珍．素质教育的目标与实施．华语教学出版社
[] 王长华．找准结合点—在中学化学中渗透环境教育．教育研究．1997．4
[]、刘云恭、徐华夏．寓环保教育于化学教学之中．中教育星多媒体资源库
[]、袁鸿涛．一个演示实验中环境污染问题的彻底根治．化学教学．2001．5
[]、江山．中学化学中的环境教育．安庆师范学院学报．2002．2
[]、曹杰．寓德育于环境教育之中．绿色教育通讯．第五期
[]、周帼雄．化学教学中如何开展环境教育．山东教育学院学报．2001．2
[] 余超然．中国中小学环境教育研究的回顾．中国环境报社
[]、王冬桦．《教育环境与环境教育——21世纪世界基础教育热点展望》
[]、北京师范大学环境教育中心等编．可持续发展教育教师培训手册
[]、张正国、耿锦英．环境教育促进学生全面发展．环境教育．2002．2
[] 朱立峰主编，《化学在社会生活中》，广东人民出版社，2001。
[] 刘天齐主编，《环境保护》，化学工业出版社，1996
[1]、中国环境保护网 http://www.zhb.gov.cn.
[2]、中国国际环境保护网 http://www.65.com.cn
[3]、中国环保在线 http://www.zhnep.net/
[4]、环境及持续发展教育网 http://www.ied.edu.hk.
[5]、中学化学资源网 http://www.huaxue.hxtoy.com.cn/
[6]、教育教学论文网 http://www.minaol.com/
[7]、中教育星多媒体资源库 http://www.EDUSTAR.com/
[8]、绿色学校 http://www.h14z.com/
[9]、北大附中远程教育网 http://www.PKUSCHOOL.com/
[2]、[10]、[11]、[13] 黄春保、马容明．环境化学污染及防治．武汉测绘科技大学出版社．1992．
[3] 普通高中化学课程标准
[4] [美国]Breslow，R著．华彤文等译．化学的今天和明天．科技出版社．1998．10
[5] 强俊超．谈中学化学教学中的环境教育．中学化学教学参考．2000．(6)：54-55
[6] 徐辉、祝怀新著．国际环境教育的理论与实践．人民教育出版社．1996．2
[7]、[8] 徐厚铨、李杰．环境教育的使命与途径．山东医科大学学报(社会科学版)．1996．(2)：7-10
[9] 曲格平著，《中国的环境与发展》，中国环境科学出版社，1992
[12] 第比利斯政府间环境教育会议宣言和建议 第二号建议
[14] 李志云，化学教学应怎样渗透环境保护知识．中教育星多媒体资源库
[15] 邵敏、赵美萍．环境化学．中国环境科学出版社．2001．3
[16] 闫廷娟．人、环境与可持续发展．北京航空航天大学出版社．2001．3
[17] 陶秀成、宫世国、邵明望著．环境化学．安徽大学出版社．1999．5
[18] 景晓岗．初涉中学化学环境活动课．上海环境教育．1999．3
[]、杨龙海。对中小学环境教育的几点思考．现代中小学教育．2000．(3)：4-6
[]、曹青阳．关于我国环境教育的几个问题．环境教育．1999．(4)：32-34
[]、国家环境保护总局宣教司．全国公众环境意识调查报告．环境教育．1999
[]、赵润、孙振宇．关于环境教育的认识与研究
[]、鲁兴树．简论学校环境教育的原则．环境教育．2002．2
[]、刘克军、侯俊云．浅谈中学化学教学中的环境教育．济南教育学报．2001．5
[]、陈金林．寓环境教育于化学教学之中．中教育星多媒体资源库
[]、冯克诚、刘以林、张文珍．素质教育的目标与实施．华语教学出版社
[] 王长华．找准结合点—在中学化学中渗透环境教育．教育研究．1997．4
[]、刘云恭、徐华夏．寓环保教育于化学教学之中．中教育星多媒体资源库
[]、袁鸿涛．一个演示实验中环境污染问题的彻底根治．化学教学．2001．5
[]、江山．中学化学中的环境教育．安庆师范学院学报．2002．2
[]、曹杰．寓德育于环境教育之中．绿色教育通讯．第五期
[]、周帼雄．化学教学中如何开展环境教育．山东教育学院学报．2001．2
[] 余超然．中国中小学环境教育研究的回顾．中国环境报社
[]、王冬桦．《教育环境与环境教育——21世纪世界基础教育热点展望》
[]、北京师范大学环境教育中心等编．可持续发展教育教师培训手册
[]、张正国、耿锦英．环境教育促进学生全面发展．环境教育．2002．2
[] 朱立峰主编，《化学在社会生活中》，广东人民出版社，2001。
[] 刘天齐主编，《环境保护》，化学工业出版社，1996
[1]、中国环境保护网 http://www.zhb.gov.cn.
[2]、中国国际环境保护网 http://www.65.com.cn
[3]、中国环保在线 http://www.zhnep.net/
[4]、环境及持续发展教育网 http://www.ied.edu.hk.
[5]、中学化学资源网 http://www.huaxue.hxtoy.com.cn/
[6]、教育教学论文网 http://www.minaol.com/
[7]、中教育星多媒体资源库 http://www.EDUSTAR.com/
[8]、绿色学校 http://www.h14z.com/
[9]、北大附中远程教育网 http://www.PKUSCHOOL.com/