我国水权交易法律问题探讨
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摘要
水资源是一种既具有经济价值又具有生态环境价值的极为宝贵的自然资源，同时也是中国乃至世界最为稀缺的资源。随着人口的增加和经济的发展，21世纪的中国将面临更加严重的水资源短缺的压力。如何优化水资源配置，提高用水效率，已成为我国目前急需解决的问题。从美、澳等国家目前的研究成果和改革趋势来看，都将政府和市场的结合作为解决这一问题的有效途径，即在国家水资源所有权下，允许水资源使用权的合法交易。
本文从水权交易的含义入手，提出了狭义的水权是指在国家水资源所有权下对水资源的一种使用权。通过利用自由市场环境主义这种环境管理新思路，提出了在我国社会经济体制改革过程中，国家应该允许并鼓励这种水权进行交易。文章的第二部分对我国水权交易的现状及发展缓慢的原因进行了剖析，同时分析了我国适时开展水权交易的必要性与可行性。文章的第三部分探讨了水权交易的前提基础—水权的初始界定，在借鉴美国等发达国家水权交易方面理论及经验的基础上，提出了水权初始界定的理论依据及法律程序。文章的最后部分通过参照排污权和土地使用权的交易，对我国水权交易的主体、客体、交易方式、具体规则以及保障机构等提出了自己的见解。
Being a kind of precious natural resources since the economic and ecological value, water will be the most scarce resource not only in China but in the world. Especially in this century, with an increase in population and the development of economy, China will face the stress coming of water badly, and now is being in dire need of allocating and using water effectively. Referring to the successful experiences of western countries dealing with this problem, our country should permit the trade in the right to use water going on state-owned water resources premise.
Four parts in this paper: first of all, the author clearly defines water rights as the right of using state-owned water resources in narrow sence, and according to Free Market Environmentalism, the author puts forward that China should stimulate the trade of this kind of right with the reform of market economy. Secondly, the paper gives the anatomy of our county's realities and then analyses the significance and feasibility of water right trade. Thirdly, the author makes a study on the basis of water right trade, that is, first allocation of water right. Referring to developed countries' experiences, the paper probes into the academic bases and legal procedures of the allocation in this part. Finally, the paper researches into the subject, object, mode, regulations and guaranteed institutions of water trade.
本文从水权交易的含义入手，提出了狭义的水权是指在国家水资源所有权下对水资源的一种使用权。通过利用自由市场环境主义这种环境管理新思路，提出了在我国社会经济体制改革过程中，国家应该允许并鼓励这种水权进行交易。文章的第二部分对我国水权交易的现状及发展缓慢的原因进行了剖析，同时分析了我国适时开展水权交易的必要性与可行性。文章的第三部分探讨了水权交易的前提基础—水权的初始界定，在借鉴美国等发达国家水权交易方面理论及经验的基础上，提出了水权初始界定的理论依据及法律程序。文章的最后部分通过参照排污权和土地使用权的交易，对我国水权交易的主体、客体、交易方式、具体规则以及保障机构等提出了自己的见解。
Being a kind of precious natural resources since the economic and ecological value, water will be the most scarce resource not only in China but in the world. Especially in this century, with an increase in population and the development of economy, China will face the stress coming of water badly, and now is being in dire need of allocating and using water effectively. Referring to the successful experiences of western countries dealing with this problem, our country should permit the trade in the right to use water going on state-owned water resources premise.
Four parts in this paper: first of all, the author clearly defines water rights as the right of using state-owned water resources in narrow sence, and according to Free Market Environmentalism, the author puts forward that China should stimulate the trade of this kind of right with the reform of market economy. Secondly, the paper gives the anatomy of our county's realities and then analyses the significance and feasibility of water right trade. Thirdly, the author makes a study on the basis of water right trade, that is, first allocation of water right. Referring to developed countries' experiences, the paper probes into the academic bases and legal procedures of the allocation in this part. Finally, the paper researches into the subject, object, mode, regulations and guaranteed institutions of water trade.
引文
[1]姜文来．水资源价值论．北京：科学出版社，1999
[2]John R Teerink著，刘斌译．美国日本水权水价水分配．天津：天津科学技术出版社，2000：31—38
[3]米健．用益权的实质及其现实思考．政法论坛．1999(4)
[4]蔡守秋．水权体系和水市场．中国法学．2001年增刊
[5]史尚宽．物权法论．北京：中国政法大学出版社，2000
[6]Janet C N.Beneficial Use, Waste, and Forfeiture: the Inefficient Search for Efficiency in Western Water Use. Environmental Law, 1998.28(4)
[7]蔡守秋．论水权转让的范围和条件．城市环境．2002(1)
[8]Rosegrant. Mark. W and Renato Gazmuri Scheleyer, Tradble Water Rights; Experiences in Reforming Water Allocation Policy. Irrigation Support Project for Asia and the near East. Sponsored by the U.S. Agency for international Development, 1994
[9]Dellapenna, Joseph, The Importance of Getting Names Right: The Myth of Markets for Water. Wlilliam and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review, 2000, 25(2)
[10]http/www. hwcc. com. cn
[11]孟庆瑜．我国自然资源产权制度的改革与创新．中国人口资源与环境，2003，13(1)
[12]丁栋虹，贾砚林，丁梅芳．共有财产资源产权结构的特点与利用行为．中国环境科学，1999，(5)
[13]李坚明，黄宗煌．地下水水权交易制度下之用水决策与取水许可证之价格分析．台湾：农业经济半年刊，2000．6
[14]单飞跃．经济法学．长沙：中南工业大学出版社，1999
[15]Larry Simpson, Klas Ringskog, Water Markets in the Americas. The World Bank Washington, D.c. 1997
[16]欧盟利用经济手段保护环境所涉及的法律问题．外国法译评，1999，(1)
[17]William Goldforb, Water Law. Fourth Edition. Lewis publishers, Inc. 1998
[18]罗伯特．考特，托马斯．尤伦．法和经济学．上海：上海人民出版社，1994
[19]Dellapenna, Joseph, The Regulated Riparian Version of the Asce Model. Water Code: The Third Way to Allocate Water. Water Resources Bulletin, American
Water Resources Association, 1994, 30(2)
[20]张仁田，金忠青，童利忠．水资源的价值及全成本水价的制定．扬州大学学报(自然科学版)，水利工程科学研究专集，2000：77—84
[21]林纪东等．新编六法十书之台湾水利法．第15条．台湾：台湾五南图书出版公司，1986
[22]Howe, C W, Schurmeier, DR, and Shaw, W.D. Innovative Approaches to Water Allocation: The Potential for Water Markets. Water Resources Research, 1996,22(4)
[23]Kverdokk, Tradable CO_2 Emmission Permits: Initial Distribution as a Justice Problem, CSERGE GEC. Working Paper, 1992
[24]张兰生等．实用环境经济学．北京：清华大学出版社，1992．7
[25]Terry L A, Continental Water Marketing, Fraser Institute, 1994
[26]傅静坤．20世纪契约法．北京：法律出版社，1997：170
[27][澳]阿乐克斯·加德纳．水资源法改革(尤明青译)．环境资源法论丛，第1期．北京：法律出版社，2001
[28]Anderson, Mandelker, Tarlock, Environmental Protection, Law and Policy,Little, Brown and Company, 1984
[29]孟志敏．水权交易市场——水资源配置的手段．中国水利，2000．12
[30]王金霞等，国外水权交易的经验及对中国的启示．农业技术经济．2002(5)
[31]权会昌．美国农业立法．经济科学出版社．1997(4)
[32]汪恕程．水权和水市场：实现水资源优化配置的经济手段．中国水利，2000(11)
[33]慎海雄，王磊．我国首笔用水权交易成交——义乌出资两亿元，买来上游东阳水．人民日报，2001，2．16；王磊．两亿元买清水——国内第一笔水权交易详记．人民日报(华东版)．2001．2．20
[34]Dellapenna, Joseph, Riparian Rights. In: Waters and Water Rights. The Michie Co. Charlottesville, Virginia, 1991(7)
[35]Dellapenna, Joseph, Regulated Riparianism. In: Waters and Water Rights. The Michie Co. Charlottesville, Virginia, 1991(9)
[36]Williams, S., The Requirement of Beneficial Use as a Cause of Waste in Water Resource Development. Natural Resources Journal, 1993
[2]John R Teerink著，刘斌译．美国日本水权水价水分配．天津：天津科学技术出版社，2000：31—38
[3]米健．用益权的实质及其现实思考．政法论坛．1999(4)
[4]蔡守秋．水权体系和水市场．中国法学．2001年增刊
[5]史尚宽．物权法论．北京：中国政法大学出版社，2000
[6]Janet C N.Beneficial Use, Waste, and Forfeiture: the Inefficient Search for Efficiency in Western Water Use. Environmental Law, 1998.28(4)
[7]蔡守秋．论水权转让的范围和条件．城市环境．2002(1)
[8]Rosegrant. Mark. W and Renato Gazmuri Scheleyer, Tradble Water Rights; Experiences in Reforming Water Allocation Policy. Irrigation Support Project for Asia and the near East. Sponsored by the U.S. Agency for international Development, 1994
[9]Dellapenna, Joseph, The Importance of Getting Names Right: The Myth of Markets for Water. Wlilliam and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review, 2000, 25(2)
[10]http/www. hwcc. com. cn
[11]孟庆瑜．我国自然资源产权制度的改革与创新．中国人口资源与环境，2003，13(1)
[12]丁栋虹，贾砚林，丁梅芳．共有财产资源产权结构的特点与利用行为．中国环境科学，1999，(5)
[13]李坚明，黄宗煌．地下水水权交易制度下之用水决策与取水许可证之价格分析．台湾：农业经济半年刊，2000．6
[14]单飞跃．经济法学．长沙：中南工业大学出版社，1999
[15]Larry Simpson, Klas Ringskog, Water Markets in the Americas. The World Bank Washington, D.c. 1997
[16]欧盟利用经济手段保护环境所涉及的法律问题．外国法译评，1999，(1)
[17]William Goldforb, Water Law. Fourth Edition. Lewis publishers, Inc. 1998
[18]罗伯特．考特，托马斯．尤伦．法和经济学．上海：上海人民出版社，1994
[19]Dellapenna, Joseph, The Regulated Riparian Version of the Asce Model. Water Code: The Third Way to Allocate Water. Water Resources Bulletin, American
Water Resources Association, 1994, 30(2)
[20]张仁田，金忠青，童利忠．水资源的价值及全成本水价的制定．扬州大学学报(自然科学版)，水利工程科学研究专集，2000：77—84
[21]林纪东等．新编六法十书之台湾水利法．第15条．台湾：台湾五南图书出版公司，1986
[22]Howe, C W, Schurmeier, DR, and Shaw, W.D. Innovative Approaches to Water Allocation: The Potential for Water Markets. Water Resources Research, 1996,22(4)
[23]Kverdokk, Tradable CO_2 Emmission Permits: Initial Distribution as a Justice Problem, CSERGE GEC. Working Paper, 1992
[24]张兰生等．实用环境经济学．北京：清华大学出版社，1992．7
[25]Terry L A, Continental Water Marketing, Fraser Institute, 1994
[26]傅静坤．20世纪契约法．北京：法律出版社，1997：170
[27][澳]阿乐克斯·加德纳．水资源法改革(尤明青译)．环境资源法论丛，第1期．北京：法律出版社，2001
[28]Anderson, Mandelker, Tarlock, Environmental Protection, Law and Policy,Little, Brown and Company, 1984
[29]孟志敏．水权交易市场——水资源配置的手段．中国水利，2000．12
[30]王金霞等，国外水权交易的经验及对中国的启示．农业技术经济．2002(5)
[31]权会昌．美国农业立法．经济科学出版社．1997(4)
[32]汪恕程．水权和水市场：实现水资源优化配置的经济手段．中国水利，2000(11)
[33]慎海雄，王磊．我国首笔用水权交易成交——义乌出资两亿元，买来上游东阳水．人民日报，2001，2．16；王磊．两亿元买清水——国内第一笔水权交易详记．人民日报(华东版)．2001．2．20
[34]Dellapenna, Joseph, Riparian Rights. In: Waters and Water Rights. The Michie Co. Charlottesville, Virginia, 1991(7)
[35]Dellapenna, Joseph, Regulated Riparianism. In: Waters and Water Rights. The Michie Co. Charlottesville, Virginia, 1991(9)
[36]Williams, S., The Requirement of Beneficial Use as a Cause of Waste in Water Resource Development. Natural Resources Journal, 1993