煤矿员工不安全行为的心理因素分析及对策研究
摘要
安全生产是煤炭企业生存与科学发展的前提。煤矿事故不仅会给国家和企业造成大量的经济损失,妨碍安全生产的正常运行,而且必然给伤者及家人带来无法估计的精神伤害。大量煤矿事故的调查结果表明,煤矿事故的发生,大多是由人的不安全行为造成的,而人的不安全心理又是引发不安全行为的根本原因。
针对我国近几年煤炭安全生产现状,分析了我国现阶段煤矿安全生产和管理中存在的问题,并且按照“环境影响心理——心理支配行为——不安全行为导致事故”这样的事故发生过程,借助心理学理论、现代管理学理论等相关知识,通过理论分析、调查访问和事故案例统计的研究方法,对煤矿员工的行为模式、煤矿员工个性心理因素、社会心理因素以及环境对矿工安全心理的影响等进行分析得出,引发不安全行为的个性心理因素主要有:麻痹心理、侥幸心理、捷径心理、被迫心理、摆脱心理、逞能心理、恐慌心理和逆反心理;社会心理因素有:人际关系、家庭关系、群体行为、国家的有关政策、法规、煤炭的市场价格;环境因素有:作业环境和生活环境。根据分析得出的影响因素,提出了加强从业人员的安全教育工作;加强培训和考核,提高职工队伍素质;给矿工以人文关怀,做好思想和情绪的调解;建设企业安全文化;改进煤矿装备和井下工作环境;加强安全监察员在安全生产中的监督作用;发挥矿工家属在安全保证中的作用;运用经济手段强化安全管理等八个方面的对策。
Safe production is the premise of the existence and scientific development of coal enterprises. Coalmine accidents can not only cause great economic loss to the country and enterprises but also are bound to bring great spiritual harm to the wounded and their families. The investigation results of a great deal of coalmine accidents show that the happening of coalmine accidents was mostly caused by people’s unsafe behaviors and their unsafe psyche is the basic reason to cause their unsafe behaviors.
Based on the recent coalmine safe production situation of our country, analyzing the problems of coalmine safe production and management, according to the accidents happening process of“environment influencing psyche——psyche predominating behaviors——unsafe behaviors causing accidents”, with the help of psychology theories and relative knowledge of modern management theories, using the research methodology of theory analysis, investigation and interview, and accidents and cases statistics, making analysis of coalmine staff’s behavior patterns, personal and social psychological reasons and the influence of environment on their safe psyche, this dissertation finds that the personal psychological reasons that cause unsafe behaviors mainly are: numb psyche, lucky psyche, shortcut psyche, compelled psyche, breaking away psyche, showing off psyche, panic psyche and going-against psyche; social psychological reasons are: interpersonal relationship, family relationship, group behaviors and related national policy, regulation and market price of coal; environmental reasons are working and living environments. This dissertation points out strategies from eight parts: enforcing safety education, enforcing train and assessment, enhancing staff’s quality, giving coalminer humanity care and mediating their thoughts and mood, constructing enterprises safety culture, improving working environment under the shaft, strengthening the urging function of the safety supervisors, developing the function of coalminer relatives in the guarantee of safety; using economic methods to enforce safety management.
针对我国近几年煤炭安全生产现状,分析了我国现阶段煤矿安全生产和管理中存在的问题,并且按照“环境影响心理——心理支配行为——不安全行为导致事故”这样的事故发生过程,借助心理学理论、现代管理学理论等相关知识,通过理论分析、调查访问和事故案例统计的研究方法,对煤矿员工的行为模式、煤矿员工个性心理因素、社会心理因素以及环境对矿工安全心理的影响等进行分析得出,引发不安全行为的个性心理因素主要有:麻痹心理、侥幸心理、捷径心理、被迫心理、摆脱心理、逞能心理、恐慌心理和逆反心理;社会心理因素有:人际关系、家庭关系、群体行为、国家的有关政策、法规、煤炭的市场价格;环境因素有:作业环境和生活环境。根据分析得出的影响因素,提出了加强从业人员的安全教育工作;加强培训和考核,提高职工队伍素质;给矿工以人文关怀,做好思想和情绪的调解;建设企业安全文化;改进煤矿装备和井下工作环境;加强安全监察员在安全生产中的监督作用;发挥矿工家属在安全保证中的作用;运用经济手段强化安全管理等八个方面的对策。
Safe production is the premise of the existence and scientific development of coal enterprises. Coalmine accidents can not only cause great economic loss to the country and enterprises but also are bound to bring great spiritual harm to the wounded and their families. The investigation results of a great deal of coalmine accidents show that the happening of coalmine accidents was mostly caused by people’s unsafe behaviors and their unsafe psyche is the basic reason to cause their unsafe behaviors.
Based on the recent coalmine safe production situation of our country, analyzing the problems of coalmine safe production and management, according to the accidents happening process of“environment influencing psyche——psyche predominating behaviors——unsafe behaviors causing accidents”, with the help of psychology theories and relative knowledge of modern management theories, using the research methodology of theory analysis, investigation and interview, and accidents and cases statistics, making analysis of coalmine staff’s behavior patterns, personal and social psychological reasons and the influence of environment on their safe psyche, this dissertation finds that the personal psychological reasons that cause unsafe behaviors mainly are: numb psyche, lucky psyche, shortcut psyche, compelled psyche, breaking away psyche, showing off psyche, panic psyche and going-against psyche; social psychological reasons are: interpersonal relationship, family relationship, group behaviors and related national policy, regulation and market price of coal; environmental reasons are working and living environments. This dissertation points out strategies from eight parts: enforcing safety education, enforcing train and assessment, enhancing staff’s quality, giving coalminer humanity care and mediating their thoughts and mood, constructing enterprises safety culture, improving working environment under the shaft, strengthening the urging function of the safety supervisors, developing the function of coalminer relatives in the guarantee of safety; using economic methods to enforce safety management.
引文
[1]黄成军.安全行为的心理分析[J].安全、健康和环境,2004(12):23.
[2]刘轶松.安全管理中人的不安全行为的探讨[J].西部探矿工程,2005(6):226.
[3]孙汝亭,宋书文.管理心理学[M].南宁:人民出版社,1989:18-21.
[4]尹贻勤.煤矿安全问题的心理学分析[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1992:10-25.
[5]林泽炎.人为事故预防学[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江教育出版社,1998:12-15.
[6]陈昌祺.安全生产与心理学[M].重庆:重庆出版社,1985:1-5.
[7]赵朝义,丁玉兰.人为失误及其辨识技术的研究[J].工业安全与环保,2002,28(5):40-43.
[8]毛海峰.有意违章行为动因分析与控制对策探讨[J].中国安全科学学报,2003,13(2):19-21.
[9]黄清武.人的不安全行为干预技术[J].安全与健康,2002(12):31-32.
[10]彭澎.组织管理因素对人因事故的作用与影响[J].人类工效学,2001,7(2):35.
[11] HEINRICH H. Industrial accident prevention[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980: 112-113.
[12] RASMUSSENA B, PETERSENB E K. Plant functional modeling as a basis for assessing the impact of management on plant safety[J]. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 1999: 201-207.
[13] VREDENBURGH G A. Organizational safety: which management practices are most effective in reducing employee injury rate[J]. Journal of Safety Research, 2002(33): 259-276.
[14] McDONALD N, CORRIGAN S, DALY C, et al. Safety management systems and safety culture in aircraft maintenance organization[J]. Safety Science,2000(34): 151-176.
[15] GOETSCH D L. Occupational safety and health for technologist, engineers and managers[M]. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1999: 334-345.
[16] KELLY T P, McDERMID J A. A systematic approach to safety case maintenance[J]. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 2001(71): 271-284.
[17] MITCHISON N, PAPADAKIS G A. Safety management systems under serve II: implementation and assessment[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 1999(12): 43-51.
[18] FRANK E B Jr. Management guide to loss control[M]. Atlanta: Institute Press, 1974: 167-199.
[19] SURRY J. Industrial accident research: a human engineering appraisal[C]. Canada: University of Toronto, 1969.
[20] LAWRENCE A C. Human error as a cause of accidents in gold mining[J]. Journal of Safety Research, 1974, 16(2): 121-124.
[21]邵辉,王凯.安全心理学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004:122-130.
[22] MULLEN J. Investigating factors that influence individual safety behavior at work[J]. Journal of Safety Research, 2004(35): 275-285.
[23] STETZER H. The role of safety climate and communication in accident interpretation: implications for learning from negative events[J]. Academy of management journal, 1998, 141(6): 644-657.
[24] PRUSSIA E G. Mental models of safety: do managers and employees see eye to eye[J]. Journal of Safety Research, 2003(34): 143-156.
[25]陈红.中国煤矿重大事故中的不安全行为研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2006:16.
[26]刘潜,徐德蜀.安全科学技术也是第一生产力[J].中国安全科学学报,1992(2):3.
[27]林伯泉.安全学原理[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,2002:10-12.
[28] O’TOOLE M. The relationship between employees, perceptions of safety and organizational culture[J]. Journal of Safety Research, 2002(33): 231-243.
[29] KATHLEEN M. The concept of degraded images applied to hazard recognition training in mining for reduction of lost-time injuries[J]. Journal of Safety Research, 2003(34): 515-525.
[30] HICKMAN S J, GELLER E S. A safety self-management intervention for mining operations[J]. Journal of Safety Research, 2003(34): 299-308.
[31] RECHENYHIN D. Project safety as a sustainable competitive advantage[J]. Journal of safety research, 2004(35): 297-308.
[32]邵辉,王凯.安全心理学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004:37-38.
[33]林伯泉,周延编.安全系统工程[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2003:13-14.
[34]朱红青,陈国.煤矿事故调查[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2002:112-124.
[35]陈红.中国煤矿重大事故中的不安全行为研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2006:22.
[36]国家安全生产监督管理总局. 2005年和2006年度煤矿安全生产分析[EB/OL]. http://www.chinasafety.gov.cn, 2007-3-10.
[37]刘轶松.安全管理中人的不安全行为的探讨[J].西部探矿工程,2005(6):21-23.
[38]谢民,崔保燕.浅谈安全管理中人的不安全行为及对策[J]. 2006,3(1):31.
[39]田水承.第三类危险源辨识与控制研究[D].北京:北京理工大学,2001.
[40]余学文.浅谈人的心理因素与煤矿安全的关系[J].江西煤炭安全,1999(4):30.
[41]郝志强.浅析人的不安全行为的原因及对策[J].采矿技术,2004(4):39.
[42]李华炜,周立新.煤矿生产中不安全行为产生原因及控制措施[J].煤矿安全,2005(6):65.
[43]毕作枝.故意性不安全行为发生的原因及预防对策[J].煤炭企业管理,2006(8).
[44] MULLEN J. Investigating factors that influence individual safety behavior at work[J]. Journal of Safety Research, 2004(35): 275-285.
[45]余学文.浅谈人的心理因素与煤矿安全的关系[J].江西煤炭科技,1999(4):30.
[46]邵辉,王凯.安全心理学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004:33.
[47]陈宝智.安全原理[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2002:67.
[48]苗久合.塑造本质型安全人[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,2006(10):9-14.
[49] GELLER E S. Working safe: how to help people actively care for health and safety[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001.
[50] DAVISON G C, NEALE J M. Abnormal psychology clinical approach[M]. 4th ed. New York: wiley,1986.
[51]张展.安全心理的作用[J].劳动保护,2006(6):16.
[52]赵家振,崔丽琴,李勇军,等.煤矿井下气候参数和劳动强度对矿工生理参数影响的研究[J].中国安全科学学报,1998,2(1):46-48.
[53]孟清.煤矿员工安全心理行为分析[J].矿业安全与环保,2003(6):42.
[54]刘祜.浅谈安全管理与人的心理[J].内蒙古科技与经济,2006(9):68.
[55]张圣国.企业安全文化的研究与实践[J].山东煤炭科技,2003(4):47.
[56]郝志强.浅析人的不安全行为的原因及对策[J].采矿技术,2004,12(4):40.
[57]车卫真.从业人员安全心理分析[D].太原:太原理工大学,2004.
[58]林金本,黄俊才.运用安全心理学原理控制人的不安全行为[J].安全与健康,2006(3):34.
[59]郝桂明,王玉新,王建伟.建立煤矿安全生产长效机制的思考[J].山东煤炭科技,2006(1):69.
[2]刘轶松.安全管理中人的不安全行为的探讨[J].西部探矿工程,2005(6):226.
[3]孙汝亭,宋书文.管理心理学[M].南宁:人民出版社,1989:18-21.
[4]尹贻勤.煤矿安全问题的心理学分析[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1992:10-25.
[5]林泽炎.人为事故预防学[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江教育出版社,1998:12-15.
[6]陈昌祺.安全生产与心理学[M].重庆:重庆出版社,1985:1-5.
[7]赵朝义,丁玉兰.人为失误及其辨识技术的研究[J].工业安全与环保,2002,28(5):40-43.
[8]毛海峰.有意违章行为动因分析与控制对策探讨[J].中国安全科学学报,2003,13(2):19-21.
[9]黄清武.人的不安全行为干预技术[J].安全与健康,2002(12):31-32.
[10]彭澎.组织管理因素对人因事故的作用与影响[J].人类工效学,2001,7(2):35.
[11] HEINRICH H. Industrial accident prevention[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980: 112-113.
[12] RASMUSSENA B, PETERSENB E K. Plant functional modeling as a basis for assessing the impact of management on plant safety[J]. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 1999: 201-207.
[13] VREDENBURGH G A. Organizational safety: which management practices are most effective in reducing employee injury rate[J]. Journal of Safety Research, 2002(33): 259-276.
[14] McDONALD N, CORRIGAN S, DALY C, et al. Safety management systems and safety culture in aircraft maintenance organization[J]. Safety Science,2000(34): 151-176.
[15] GOETSCH D L. Occupational safety and health for technologist, engineers and managers[M]. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1999: 334-345.
[16] KELLY T P, McDERMID J A. A systematic approach to safety case maintenance[J]. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 2001(71): 271-284.
[17] MITCHISON N, PAPADAKIS G A. Safety management systems under serve II: implementation and assessment[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 1999(12): 43-51.
[18] FRANK E B Jr. Management guide to loss control[M]. Atlanta: Institute Press, 1974: 167-199.
[19] SURRY J. Industrial accident research: a human engineering appraisal[C]. Canada: University of Toronto, 1969.
[20] LAWRENCE A C. Human error as a cause of accidents in gold mining[J]. Journal of Safety Research, 1974, 16(2): 121-124.
[21]邵辉,王凯.安全心理学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004:122-130.
[22] MULLEN J. Investigating factors that influence individual safety behavior at work[J]. Journal of Safety Research, 2004(35): 275-285.
[23] STETZER H. The role of safety climate and communication in accident interpretation: implications for learning from negative events[J]. Academy of management journal, 1998, 141(6): 644-657.
[24] PRUSSIA E G. Mental models of safety: do managers and employees see eye to eye[J]. Journal of Safety Research, 2003(34): 143-156.
[25]陈红.中国煤矿重大事故中的不安全行为研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2006:16.
[26]刘潜,徐德蜀.安全科学技术也是第一生产力[J].中国安全科学学报,1992(2):3.
[27]林伯泉.安全学原理[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,2002:10-12.
[28] O’TOOLE M. The relationship between employees, perceptions of safety and organizational culture[J]. Journal of Safety Research, 2002(33): 231-243.
[29] KATHLEEN M. The concept of degraded images applied to hazard recognition training in mining for reduction of lost-time injuries[J]. Journal of Safety Research, 2003(34): 515-525.
[30] HICKMAN S J, GELLER E S. A safety self-management intervention for mining operations[J]. Journal of Safety Research, 2003(34): 299-308.
[31] RECHENYHIN D. Project safety as a sustainable competitive advantage[J]. Journal of safety research, 2004(35): 297-308.
[32]邵辉,王凯.安全心理学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004:37-38.
[33]林伯泉,周延编.安全系统工程[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2003:13-14.
[34]朱红青,陈国.煤矿事故调查[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2002:112-124.
[35]陈红.中国煤矿重大事故中的不安全行为研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2006:22.
[36]国家安全生产监督管理总局. 2005年和2006年度煤矿安全生产分析[EB/OL]. http://www.chinasafety.gov.cn, 2007-3-10.
[37]刘轶松.安全管理中人的不安全行为的探讨[J].西部探矿工程,2005(6):21-23.
[38]谢民,崔保燕.浅谈安全管理中人的不安全行为及对策[J]. 2006,3(1):31.
[39]田水承.第三类危险源辨识与控制研究[D].北京:北京理工大学,2001.
[40]余学文.浅谈人的心理因素与煤矿安全的关系[J].江西煤炭安全,1999(4):30.
[41]郝志强.浅析人的不安全行为的原因及对策[J].采矿技术,2004(4):39.
[42]李华炜,周立新.煤矿生产中不安全行为产生原因及控制措施[J].煤矿安全,2005(6):65.
[43]毕作枝.故意性不安全行为发生的原因及预防对策[J].煤炭企业管理,2006(8).
[44] MULLEN J. Investigating factors that influence individual safety behavior at work[J]. Journal of Safety Research, 2004(35): 275-285.
[45]余学文.浅谈人的心理因素与煤矿安全的关系[J].江西煤炭科技,1999(4):30.
[46]邵辉,王凯.安全心理学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004:33.
[47]陈宝智.安全原理[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2002:67.
[48]苗久合.塑造本质型安全人[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,2006(10):9-14.
[49] GELLER E S. Working safe: how to help people actively care for health and safety[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001.
[50] DAVISON G C, NEALE J M. Abnormal psychology clinical approach[M]. 4th ed. New York: wiley,1986.
[51]张展.安全心理的作用[J].劳动保护,2006(6):16.
[52]赵家振,崔丽琴,李勇军,等.煤矿井下气候参数和劳动强度对矿工生理参数影响的研究[J].中国安全科学学报,1998,2(1):46-48.
[53]孟清.煤矿员工安全心理行为分析[J].矿业安全与环保,2003(6):42.
[54]刘祜.浅谈安全管理与人的心理[J].内蒙古科技与经济,2006(9):68.
[55]张圣国.企业安全文化的研究与实践[J].山东煤炭科技,2003(4):47.
[56]郝志强.浅析人的不安全行为的原因及对策[J].采矿技术,2004,12(4):40.
[57]车卫真.从业人员安全心理分析[D].太原:太原理工大学,2004.
[58]林金本,黄俊才.运用安全心理学原理控制人的不安全行为[J].安全与健康,2006(3):34.
[59]郝桂明,王玉新,王建伟.建立煤矿安全生产长效机制的思考[J].山东煤炭科技,2006(1):69.