夏热冬冷地区低碳住宅技术策略的CO_2减排效用研究
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摘要
在全球面临能源危机和气候危机的形势下,2009年哥本哈根会议前夕,中国政府提出到2020年单位国内生产总值CO2排放比2005年下降40%至45%的发展战略目标。当“低碳经济”方兴未艾之际,“低碳住宅”的概念也应运而生。而夏热冬冷地区是我国气候分区中住宅总面积最高的地区,根据“十一五”规划,该地区的新建住宅节能任务量占全国新建住宅任务总量的50.8%,因此这一地区的住宅节能和CO2减排对实现我国全局性的“节能减排”目标具有重要意义。针对目前夏热冬冷地区存在对低碳住宅概念认识模糊、有低碳住宅技术策略却无低碳程度评价的问题,本文尝试量化分析低碳住宅技术策略的CO2减排效用。
文中首先通过认知调研、国内外实践分析,从微观层面总结了低碳住宅建设的基本技术策略。然后转换视角,借助技术创新理论从中观层面将低碳住宅技术策略划分为改良性低碳住宅技术策略和革新性低碳住宅技术策略两类,并进一步提出,前者CO2减排作用显现的关键阶段是住宅生命周期中的使用阶段,主要依赖标准规范推动；后者作用显现的关键阶段是建造阶段,主要依赖工业化生产方式的推动。
在明确了两个作用阶段后,分别采用计算机模拟和数学模型计算的方式对夏热冬冷地区住宅这两个阶段低碳住宅技术的CO2减排效用进行量化分析。1)对于使用阶段,使用权威的EnergyPlus/DesignBuilder软件,对四种不同节能减排程度的低碳技术组合进行模拟计算。四种组合对应四种不同的情景,严格根据现有或即将出台的国家标准规范进行推导,因此能够比较贴切地反映或预测该地区目前和将来一段时间内的低碳住宅CO2排放水平。2)对于建造阶段,进一步细分为建材生产、建材运输和营造施工3个分阶段,借鉴建筑全生命周期能耗的数学模型,提出各阶段的CO2排放数学模型,然后通过案例分析,对比传统方式和工业化方式在建造阶段带来的CO2排放差异。
结果显示,在满足居民合理舒适度的前提下,按照国家相关节能标准(含近期可能出台的标准)要求采取低碳措施后,夏热冬冷地区住宅使用过程中的能耗和CO2排放参考范围如下：总能耗(折算成标准电)区间为62.2-37.0kWh/(m2·a),中度优化时为47.7kWh/(m2·a)；CO2排放区间是36.0-21.7kg-CO2/(m2·a),中度优化值为25.7kg-CO2/(m2·a)。对比不采取任何低碳措施的情况,“节能减排”相对值如下：总能耗节能区间为：24.9%-55.3%,中度优化时,节能42.4%；总CO2减排区间为：30.3%-58.1%,中度优化时,减排50.3%。就建造阶段而言,工业化方式能够实现CO2减排14.6%,建造阶段的CO2排放量为296.2kg-CO2/m2。以使用时间50年计,采取低碳技术策略后,夏热冬冷地区低碳住宅使用阶段和建造阶段总的CO2排放区间为2096.2-1381.2kg-CO2/m2,其中建造阶段的CO2排放占使用阶段的16.5%-27.3%。
结论包括：从生命周期的CO2减排总量来看,夏热冬冷地区住宅使用阶段的低碳住宅技术策略效用远高于建造阶段,但后者的低碳住宅技术策略在单位时间内的作用效率更高。如果能在使用阶段和建造阶段均使用低碳技术策略,则可趋近CO2减排效用的最大化。对具体低碳技术策略的CO2减排效用而言,使用阶段,采用可再生能源和提高电器能效是最有效的方式；建造阶段,在提高生产效率的同时,如果能提高预制率、减少钢材和水泥等主要建材用量并提高其可回收再利用的性能,则更有利于该阶段的CO2减排。
Facing energy crisis and climate crisis around the world, before the Copenhagen conference, China announced CO2 intensity target for 2020 that reducing the CO2 emissions per unit of GDP in 2020 by 40 to 45 percent compared with the level of 2005. Under this background, the "low-carbon housing" concept emerges with the ascendant "low-carbon economy". The Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone (HSCW) covers the most densely populated areas in China compared to other climate zones, which leads to considerable energy consumption and CO2 emission in the residential building sector. Energy saving in these areas would affect 50.8% of national goal in this sector according to China's the Eleventh Five-year Plan. The purpose of this paper is to make quantified assessment to the effect of low-carbon housing technology in this area.
Firstly, made summary of primary low-carbon housing technologies on the basis of field research and international practice exploring, then classified the technology into two categories:improved ones and innovative ones using the theory of Tecnlogy Innovation. Furthermore, pointed out that the former take CO2 reduction effect mainly on occupancy phase of life cycle stage with the push of code and the latter work well during construction phase, triggered by industrial production methods.
Secondly, made quantified analysis on the technologies efforts of the two phases with computer simulation and mathematical model.1) For the occupancy phase, presented an energy modeling study with Design Builder/Energy plus software to quantify the annual amount of operational energy consumption and CO2 emission of major types of residential building by comparing four illustrative scenarios. Each scenario has a close relationship with relevant national energy conservation/efficiency standards.2) For the construction phase, the phase was subdivided into manufacture, transportation and erection, mathematics models of CO2 emission are set up for each one. Case study was made to compare the differences between factory-build and traditional methods on CO2 emission.
The respective results indicate that when low-carbon housing measures are taken, the range of total energy consumption is 62.2-37.0 kWh/(m2·yr) the CO2 emission range is 36.0-21.7 kg/(m2·yr) Compared to conditions without the measures, the potential range of energy saving is 24.9-55.3% while CO2 emission reduction is 30.3-58.1%. The total CO2 emission in construction phase is 296.2kg-CO2/m2, the CO2 reduction can achieve 14.6% by factory build method in construction phase. The range of CO2 emission in the whole phase which covers occupancy and construction is 2096.2-1381.2kg-CO2/m2 when the life time of housing is calculated as 50 years.
The conclusions include that, the low-carbon housing technologies make stronger effect in occupancy phase rather than construction phase during the whole life time, but the latter works more efficient. If the technologies are taken in both of the two phases, the CO2 reduction can be maximized. For the specific technologies, making use of renewable energy and high energy efficiency household appliances are the most effective choices in occupancy phase. In the construction phase, the pre-frication and on-site assembly plays significant role in CO2 reduction. The effect would be better if the ratios of prefabrication and recyclable materials rise in the main body of housing structure.
文中首先通过认知调研、国内外实践分析,从微观层面总结了低碳住宅建设的基本技术策略。然后转换视角,借助技术创新理论从中观层面将低碳住宅技术策略划分为改良性低碳住宅技术策略和革新性低碳住宅技术策略两类,并进一步提出,前者CO2减排作用显现的关键阶段是住宅生命周期中的使用阶段,主要依赖标准规范推动；后者作用显现的关键阶段是建造阶段,主要依赖工业化生产方式的推动。
在明确了两个作用阶段后,分别采用计算机模拟和数学模型计算的方式对夏热冬冷地区住宅这两个阶段低碳住宅技术的CO2减排效用进行量化分析。1)对于使用阶段,使用权威的EnergyPlus/DesignBuilder软件,对四种不同节能减排程度的低碳技术组合进行模拟计算。四种组合对应四种不同的情景,严格根据现有或即将出台的国家标准规范进行推导,因此能够比较贴切地反映或预测该地区目前和将来一段时间内的低碳住宅CO2排放水平。2)对于建造阶段,进一步细分为建材生产、建材运输和营造施工3个分阶段,借鉴建筑全生命周期能耗的数学模型,提出各阶段的CO2排放数学模型,然后通过案例分析,对比传统方式和工业化方式在建造阶段带来的CO2排放差异。
结果显示,在满足居民合理舒适度的前提下,按照国家相关节能标准(含近期可能出台的标准)要求采取低碳措施后,夏热冬冷地区住宅使用过程中的能耗和CO2排放参考范围如下：总能耗(折算成标准电)区间为62.2-37.0kWh/(m2·a),中度优化时为47.7kWh/(m2·a)；CO2排放区间是36.0-21.7kg-CO2/(m2·a),中度优化值为25.7kg-CO2/(m2·a)。对比不采取任何低碳措施的情况,“节能减排”相对值如下：总能耗节能区间为：24.9%-55.3%,中度优化时,节能42.4%；总CO2减排区间为：30.3%-58.1%,中度优化时,减排50.3%。就建造阶段而言,工业化方式能够实现CO2减排14.6%,建造阶段的CO2排放量为296.2kg-CO2/m2。以使用时间50年计,采取低碳技术策略后,夏热冬冷地区低碳住宅使用阶段和建造阶段总的CO2排放区间为2096.2-1381.2kg-CO2/m2,其中建造阶段的CO2排放占使用阶段的16.5%-27.3%。
结论包括：从生命周期的CO2减排总量来看,夏热冬冷地区住宅使用阶段的低碳住宅技术策略效用远高于建造阶段,但后者的低碳住宅技术策略在单位时间内的作用效率更高。如果能在使用阶段和建造阶段均使用低碳技术策略,则可趋近CO2减排效用的最大化。对具体低碳技术策略的CO2减排效用而言,使用阶段,采用可再生能源和提高电器能效是最有效的方式；建造阶段,在提高生产效率的同时,如果能提高预制率、减少钢材和水泥等主要建材用量并提高其可回收再利用的性能,则更有利于该阶段的CO2减排。
Facing energy crisis and climate crisis around the world, before the Copenhagen conference, China announced CO2 intensity target for 2020 that reducing the CO2 emissions per unit of GDP in 2020 by 40 to 45 percent compared with the level of 2005. Under this background, the "low-carbon housing" concept emerges with the ascendant "low-carbon economy". The Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone (HSCW) covers the most densely populated areas in China compared to other climate zones, which leads to considerable energy consumption and CO2 emission in the residential building sector. Energy saving in these areas would affect 50.8% of national goal in this sector according to China's the Eleventh Five-year Plan. The purpose of this paper is to make quantified assessment to the effect of low-carbon housing technology in this area.
Firstly, made summary of primary low-carbon housing technologies on the basis of field research and international practice exploring, then classified the technology into two categories:improved ones and innovative ones using the theory of Tecnlogy Innovation. Furthermore, pointed out that the former take CO2 reduction effect mainly on occupancy phase of life cycle stage with the push of code and the latter work well during construction phase, triggered by industrial production methods.
Secondly, made quantified analysis on the technologies efforts of the two phases with computer simulation and mathematical model.1) For the occupancy phase, presented an energy modeling study with Design Builder/Energy plus software to quantify the annual amount of operational energy consumption and CO2 emission of major types of residential building by comparing four illustrative scenarios. Each scenario has a close relationship with relevant national energy conservation/efficiency standards.2) For the construction phase, the phase was subdivided into manufacture, transportation and erection, mathematics models of CO2 emission are set up for each one. Case study was made to compare the differences between factory-build and traditional methods on CO2 emission.
The respective results indicate that when low-carbon housing measures are taken, the range of total energy consumption is 62.2-37.0 kWh/(m2·yr) the CO2 emission range is 36.0-21.7 kg/(m2·yr) Compared to conditions without the measures, the potential range of energy saving is 24.9-55.3% while CO2 emission reduction is 30.3-58.1%. The total CO2 emission in construction phase is 296.2kg-CO2/m2, the CO2 reduction can achieve 14.6% by factory build method in construction phase. The range of CO2 emission in the whole phase which covers occupancy and construction is 2096.2-1381.2kg-CO2/m2 when the life time of housing is calculated as 50 years.
The conclusions include that, the low-carbon housing technologies make stronger effect in occupancy phase rather than construction phase during the whole life time, but the latter works more efficient. If the technologies are taken in both of the two phases, the CO2 reduction can be maximized. For the specific technologies, making use of renewable energy and high energy efficiency household appliances are the most effective choices in occupancy phase. In the construction phase, the pre-frication and on-site assembly plays significant role in CO2 reduction. The effect would be better if the ratios of prefabrication and recyclable materials rise in the main body of housing structure.
引文
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