主观幸福的经济学初探
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摘要
从中国的现实来看,构建和谐社会和践行科学发展观的历史背景要求我们必须转变传统发展观念,发展经济的同时必须兼顾人们幸福生活的实现。然而,作为人类发展终极目标的幸福,长期以来并没有在经济学领域引起足够的重视,直到最近,这一状况才得以改善。Easterlin (1974)发现的“收入-幸福悖论”引起了诸多学者的研究兴趣,并基于不同的角度对与幸福相关的问题进行了经济学分析。
在对“收入-幸福悖论”进行研究时,一些学者基于其样本发现收入的提高能够显著改善人们的主观幸福感水平,另外一些学者基于不同的样本得到的结果却与之相反。这些截然相反的结果可能意味着不同的经济环境决定了收入与主观幸福感关系的不同表现形式。既然收入对主观幸福感的影响在不同的环境下具有不同的表现形式,那么,具有现实意义的一个问题便是：在中国的经济转型为人们的物质生活带来了极大改善的同时,人们的主观幸福感水平得到了普遍提升吗?如果没有,还有哪些因素影响居民的主观幸福感水平?这些因素对主观幸福感作用的微观机制是什么?我们应当如何评价中国社会转型对国民生活产生的影响?正是基于以上考虑,本研究运用来自于2007年针对武汉市城镇居民主观幸福感调查所获得的数据,对这些问题进行分析。
具体而言,本文的研究主要围绕如下两个问题展开：(1)根据调查问卷所获取的数据对2007年武汉市城镇居民主观幸福感水平的决定因素进行考察；(2)对转型期中国社会不同群体居民主观幸福感差异的形成原因进行剖析。
论文第一章为导论,这一部分主要介绍了本论文选题的背景及意义,并对本文的研究内容、研究方法等问题进行说明。特别的,作为分析的一个基础,为了不至于引起争论,这一部分还专门对本文将采用的幸福的含义以及本文所采用的数据进行阐述和说明。
第二章为文献综述部分。首先,这一部分主要对当前经济学领域关于主观幸福感决定因素的研究文献进行了介绍和评述,这种介绍主要从三个层面展开：(1)个性与人口统计学因素；(2)经济层面的因素；(3)政治层面的因素。其次,这一部分还对关于中国居民主观幸福感状况的研究文献进行了总结,这些文献可以被视为写作本文过程中极好的参考资料。最后,结合对以上两个方面文献的介绍和评述,本章总结了当前的研究所形成的共识以及有待解决的问题。
第三章作为本文分析的一个理论基础,主要对经济学领域对幸福研究的演变过程进行介绍,并主要解决三个问题：(1)结合本文的分析背景和研究思路,对幸福的定义进行探讨；(2)从当前世界各国经济发展的实践出发,阐述幸福对人们的重要性；(3)结合当前的研究现状,对幸福与经济学不断融合的过程进行说明。
第四章和第五章是本文的主体部分。在这两章,笔者试图解决两个问题：(1)根据2007年武汉市城镇居民的主观幸福感数据,对Easterlin(1974)提出的“收入-幸福悖论”进行分析；(2)从人口统计学的角度出发,对主观幸福感的决定因素进行考察。第四章的主要研究结果表明,当仅考虑绝对收入时,绝对收入对主观幸福感有显著的正影响,而在同时考虑相对收入的情形下,一方面绝对收入对主观幸福感的正效应减弱,另一方面相对收入对主观幸福感将产生负影响。因此,这说明在对“收入-幸福悖论”进行解释时,必须结合人们的收入在其生活的环境中所处地位而进行综合考量。第五章的分析主要考察年龄、教育程度与工作满意度与主观幸福感之间的关系。分析结果表明,年龄与主观幸福感之间存在一种典型的U型线关系,即随着年龄的增长,人们的主观幸福感水平表现出一种先减后增的趋势,而教育与主观幸福感之间存在着一种负相关关系。由于教育不仅能够为我们带来生产性价值,也能为我们带来消费性价值,因此,两者之间的这种负相关关系需要我们结合教育所具备的这两个功能进行理解。从工作满意度与主观幸福感之间的关系来看,本章的研究实践说明运用溢出模型对这两者的关系进行分析更为恰当,所得到的结论还说明,工作满意度对主观幸福感有一种随着年龄而减弱的正效应。
第六章从政治经济学的分析角度出发,说明单纯以GDP为目标的发展模式并不能衡量经济发展的真实绩效,特别是在中国社会转型的特殊背景下,尽管GDP的增长在一定程度上能够改善人们的物质生活水平,但是,仍然不能忽视隐藏在其背后的各类问题。基于这一认识,本章提出对社会成员福利分布状况的考察,不能单纯从收入分配的角度出发,而必须在此基础上构建一个能够包含反映人类发展各维度因素的幸福指数。
本论文最后一部分为研究结论和展望,对本文前面章节的主要研究结果进行总结,并结合本文分析所存在的不足,对未来的进一步深入研究进行了展望。
For Chinese social situation, the constructing of harmonious society and practising the scientific development idea require us to change the traditional development thought. It also needs to improve citizens' well-being in the process of developing economy. As the ultimate objective of human development, well-being has not been concerned in economics for a long time. After establishing the "Easterlin Paradox" by Easterlin (1974), this situation was improved and well-being also attracted the researching interest from many researchers.
When examining Easterlin Paradox, some researchers found that higer income can lead to higher subjective well-being (SWB) from their samples, whereas other researchers established the contrary relationship from different samples. It probably means that the specifical economic circumstance may determine the different relationship between income and SWB. Since income has different effect on SWB under different circumstances, how to evaluate Chinese citizens' SWB in the process of social transition? Which factors determines citizens' SWB level in China? What is the micro-mechanism between these factors and SWB? Employing the SWB data from urban Wuhan in 2007, this dissertation will discuss these questions in detail.
Specifically, based on the the SWB data from urban Wuhan in 2007, the dissertation studies the determinants of SWB. Meanwhile, from the particular backgrounds of social transition in China, it also considers the relative problems of SWB form the lens of political economy.
Chapter one is introduction. In this part it mainly introduces the backgrounds and signification for this study. Simultaneously, it also demonstrates the main researching content and means. Particularly, as an analytical base, in this part the dissertation also clarifies the content of well-being.
Chapter two reviews the existing literature. First, this chapter introduces and reviews the existing literature about the determinants of SWB from the following three levels:(1) personality and demographical factors; (2) economic factors; (3) political factors. Second, it also concludes the researching literature about Chinese citizens'SWB. Finally, combining the above introduction and review, this chapter summarizes the agreement and remaining issues in the existing literature.
As a theoretical base, chapter three introduces the evolving process of SWB research in economics. This chapter mainly answers the following three questions:(1) discussing the concept of well-being under the analytical circumstance of this dissertation; (2) explaining the importance of well-being for human being from the practice; (3) demonstrating the evolving process of well-being and economics.
Chapter four and chapter five are the main part of this dissertation. In these two chapters, we try to solve two problems:(1) according to the data about urban Wuhan in 2007, chapter four examines the "Easterlin Paraox"; (2) from the demographical level, chapter five surveys the determinants of SWB. The main conclusions in chapter four indicate that it has a positive effect on SWB when the econometrical model only considers absolute income. However, if the econometrical model includes the relative income, the positive effect from absolute income will decrease and relative income will implement a negative effect on SWB. These conclusions imply that we can not restrain our research in absolute income to explain "Easterlin Paraox". Chapter five mainly surveys the relationships among age, education, job satisfaction and SWB. Based on the conclusions, there has a U-shape relationship between age and SWB. It reveals that SWB firstly decrease and then increase with the increasing of age. As far as education concerned, the results imply that education has a negative effect on SWB. Since education can create both productive value and consuming value for us, therefore, for understanding this result, it needs us to consider these two factors. The results also indicate that the spill-over model is the best model to analysis the relationship between job satisfaction and SWB. From chapter five, we also establish a positive relationship between job satisfaction and SWB. And this positive effect decreases with the increasing of age.
From the lens of political economy, chapter six clarifies that GDP can not really measure the performance of economic development, especially under the backgrounds of social transition in China. GDP growth can improve the physical living standard of human being, however, we can not ignore the latent various problems in this process. Based on this consideration, this chapter argues that we should develop a happiness index. Such an index should reflect the real situation of various levels in our life.
The last part of the dissertation is conclusions and perspectives for SWB research. This part mainly sums up the researching results in this dissertation. It also analyses the drawbacks and proposes the future researching issues.
在对“收入-幸福悖论”进行研究时,一些学者基于其样本发现收入的提高能够显著改善人们的主观幸福感水平,另外一些学者基于不同的样本得到的结果却与之相反。这些截然相反的结果可能意味着不同的经济环境决定了收入与主观幸福感关系的不同表现形式。既然收入对主观幸福感的影响在不同的环境下具有不同的表现形式,那么,具有现实意义的一个问题便是：在中国的经济转型为人们的物质生活带来了极大改善的同时,人们的主观幸福感水平得到了普遍提升吗?如果没有,还有哪些因素影响居民的主观幸福感水平?这些因素对主观幸福感作用的微观机制是什么?我们应当如何评价中国社会转型对国民生活产生的影响?正是基于以上考虑,本研究运用来自于2007年针对武汉市城镇居民主观幸福感调查所获得的数据,对这些问题进行分析。
具体而言,本文的研究主要围绕如下两个问题展开：(1)根据调查问卷所获取的数据对2007年武汉市城镇居民主观幸福感水平的决定因素进行考察；(2)对转型期中国社会不同群体居民主观幸福感差异的形成原因进行剖析。
论文第一章为导论,这一部分主要介绍了本论文选题的背景及意义,并对本文的研究内容、研究方法等问题进行说明。特别的,作为分析的一个基础,为了不至于引起争论,这一部分还专门对本文将采用的幸福的含义以及本文所采用的数据进行阐述和说明。
第二章为文献综述部分。首先,这一部分主要对当前经济学领域关于主观幸福感决定因素的研究文献进行了介绍和评述,这种介绍主要从三个层面展开：(1)个性与人口统计学因素；(2)经济层面的因素；(3)政治层面的因素。其次,这一部分还对关于中国居民主观幸福感状况的研究文献进行了总结,这些文献可以被视为写作本文过程中极好的参考资料。最后,结合对以上两个方面文献的介绍和评述,本章总结了当前的研究所形成的共识以及有待解决的问题。
第三章作为本文分析的一个理论基础,主要对经济学领域对幸福研究的演变过程进行介绍,并主要解决三个问题：(1)结合本文的分析背景和研究思路,对幸福的定义进行探讨；(2)从当前世界各国经济发展的实践出发,阐述幸福对人们的重要性；(3)结合当前的研究现状,对幸福与经济学不断融合的过程进行说明。
第四章和第五章是本文的主体部分。在这两章,笔者试图解决两个问题：(1)根据2007年武汉市城镇居民的主观幸福感数据,对Easterlin(1974)提出的“收入-幸福悖论”进行分析；(2)从人口统计学的角度出发,对主观幸福感的决定因素进行考察。第四章的主要研究结果表明,当仅考虑绝对收入时,绝对收入对主观幸福感有显著的正影响,而在同时考虑相对收入的情形下,一方面绝对收入对主观幸福感的正效应减弱,另一方面相对收入对主观幸福感将产生负影响。因此,这说明在对“收入-幸福悖论”进行解释时,必须结合人们的收入在其生活的环境中所处地位而进行综合考量。第五章的分析主要考察年龄、教育程度与工作满意度与主观幸福感之间的关系。分析结果表明,年龄与主观幸福感之间存在一种典型的U型线关系,即随着年龄的增长,人们的主观幸福感水平表现出一种先减后增的趋势,而教育与主观幸福感之间存在着一种负相关关系。由于教育不仅能够为我们带来生产性价值,也能为我们带来消费性价值,因此,两者之间的这种负相关关系需要我们结合教育所具备的这两个功能进行理解。从工作满意度与主观幸福感之间的关系来看,本章的研究实践说明运用溢出模型对这两者的关系进行分析更为恰当,所得到的结论还说明,工作满意度对主观幸福感有一种随着年龄而减弱的正效应。
第六章从政治经济学的分析角度出发,说明单纯以GDP为目标的发展模式并不能衡量经济发展的真实绩效,特别是在中国社会转型的特殊背景下,尽管GDP的增长在一定程度上能够改善人们的物质生活水平,但是,仍然不能忽视隐藏在其背后的各类问题。基于这一认识,本章提出对社会成员福利分布状况的考察,不能单纯从收入分配的角度出发,而必须在此基础上构建一个能够包含反映人类发展各维度因素的幸福指数。
本论文最后一部分为研究结论和展望,对本文前面章节的主要研究结果进行总结,并结合本文分析所存在的不足,对未来的进一步深入研究进行了展望。
For Chinese social situation, the constructing of harmonious society and practising the scientific development idea require us to change the traditional development thought. It also needs to improve citizens' well-being in the process of developing economy. As the ultimate objective of human development, well-being has not been concerned in economics for a long time. After establishing the "Easterlin Paradox" by Easterlin (1974), this situation was improved and well-being also attracted the researching interest from many researchers.
When examining Easterlin Paradox, some researchers found that higer income can lead to higher subjective well-being (SWB) from their samples, whereas other researchers established the contrary relationship from different samples. It probably means that the specifical economic circumstance may determine the different relationship between income and SWB. Since income has different effect on SWB under different circumstances, how to evaluate Chinese citizens' SWB in the process of social transition? Which factors determines citizens' SWB level in China? What is the micro-mechanism between these factors and SWB? Employing the SWB data from urban Wuhan in 2007, this dissertation will discuss these questions in detail.
Specifically, based on the the SWB data from urban Wuhan in 2007, the dissertation studies the determinants of SWB. Meanwhile, from the particular backgrounds of social transition in China, it also considers the relative problems of SWB form the lens of political economy.
Chapter one is introduction. In this part it mainly introduces the backgrounds and signification for this study. Simultaneously, it also demonstrates the main researching content and means. Particularly, as an analytical base, in this part the dissertation also clarifies the content of well-being.
Chapter two reviews the existing literature. First, this chapter introduces and reviews the existing literature about the determinants of SWB from the following three levels:(1) personality and demographical factors; (2) economic factors; (3) political factors. Second, it also concludes the researching literature about Chinese citizens'SWB. Finally, combining the above introduction and review, this chapter summarizes the agreement and remaining issues in the existing literature.
As a theoretical base, chapter three introduces the evolving process of SWB research in economics. This chapter mainly answers the following three questions:(1) discussing the concept of well-being under the analytical circumstance of this dissertation; (2) explaining the importance of well-being for human being from the practice; (3) demonstrating the evolving process of well-being and economics.
Chapter four and chapter five are the main part of this dissertation. In these two chapters, we try to solve two problems:(1) according to the data about urban Wuhan in 2007, chapter four examines the "Easterlin Paraox"; (2) from the demographical level, chapter five surveys the determinants of SWB. The main conclusions in chapter four indicate that it has a positive effect on SWB when the econometrical model only considers absolute income. However, if the econometrical model includes the relative income, the positive effect from absolute income will decrease and relative income will implement a negative effect on SWB. These conclusions imply that we can not restrain our research in absolute income to explain "Easterlin Paraox". Chapter five mainly surveys the relationships among age, education, job satisfaction and SWB. Based on the conclusions, there has a U-shape relationship between age and SWB. It reveals that SWB firstly decrease and then increase with the increasing of age. As far as education concerned, the results imply that education has a negative effect on SWB. Since education can create both productive value and consuming value for us, therefore, for understanding this result, it needs us to consider these two factors. The results also indicate that the spill-over model is the best model to analysis the relationship between job satisfaction and SWB. From chapter five, we also establish a positive relationship between job satisfaction and SWB. And this positive effect decreases with the increasing of age.
From the lens of political economy, chapter six clarifies that GDP can not really measure the performance of economic development, especially under the backgrounds of social transition in China. GDP growth can improve the physical living standard of human being, however, we can not ignore the latent various problems in this process. Based on this consideration, this chapter argues that we should develop a happiness index. Such an index should reflect the real situation of various levels in our life.
The last part of the dissertation is conclusions and perspectives for SWB research. This part mainly sums up the researching results in this dissertation. It also analyses the drawbacks and proposes the future researching issues.
引文
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