基于质量安全的吉林省水稻生产组织模式与政策保障机制研究
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摘要
随着社会经济发展和生活水平提高,人们对稻米的要求,不仅限于数量上的满足,更开始追求质量安全上的保障。吉林省稻米由于其良好的品质和口感,倍受消费者欢迎,需求量不断增加,每年向国内销售稻米250万吨左右,向国外销售20万吨左右,在我国水稻生产和消费中占有重要地位。然而,近年来水稻有害物质含量超标现象不断发生,吉林省政府认识到水稻质量安全生产的重要性,不断加强检测和管理,但其安全形势仍然不容乐观。影响水稻质量安全的环节很多,仅靠加工、流通以及销售环节的努力显然无法保障其质量安全,因此突出作为“源头”的生产环节的安全控制显得尤为重要。目前,吉林省水稻生产主体仍以家庭生产的小农户为主。众多分散的小农户在生产资料的选用、生产标准采用上千差万别,导致水稻生产得不到应有的质量安全保障。国内外农业产业组织的理论与实践已经证明,农业产业组织能够有效地将分散的小农户组织起来,按照国家标准、行业标准等监督农户的质量安全生产行为。因此通过转变生产组织模式的视角研究水稻质量安全控制问题,对于规范稻农的生产行为,提升吉林省水稻质量安全等级具有重要的理论价值与现实意义。
     本研究以保障水稻的质量安全供给和消费为目标,基于稻农生产行为的视角对当前水稻质量安全生产进行系统分析,在此基础上进一步分析不同生产组织模式对稻农生产行为的影响,通过对国外发达地区水稻安全生产组织模式的借鉴,探讨政府政策对保障水稻质量安全的内在机制。
     本研究共分为八章,主要研究内容和结论如下:
     第一章、第二章为本研究的绪论、概念界定、理论基础和研究评述部分。阐明本研究的研究背景写意义、研究内容、研究方法和技术路线等,同时界定了本研究涉及的研究概念与范围,探讨了基础理论以及评述了对国内外相关研究成果,为进一步研究工作打下了基础。
     第三章概括分析了吉林省质量安全稻米的需求与供给情况。吉林省稻米因其良好的品质倍受消费者欢迎,消费区域不断扩大,消费人群不断增加,市场占有率更是快速提高,呈现出供不应求局面。处于世界黄金水稻带的吉林,拥有优越的自然生产条件,同时拥有日益健全、良好的基础设施,但近年来吉林省水稻质量安全生产不容乐观,农药、化肥的滥用现象十分严重。
     第四章从经济学的角度分析稻农质量安全生产行为、同时剖析影响其行为的内外部因素、在此基础上运用实地调研数据和计量统计方法分析吉林省稻农质量安全生产行为,结果表明:稻农的行为态度、主观规范、控制认知对稻农质量安全控制行为有决定性影响。同时,行为态度受到稻农特征、外部环境、产业导向的影响;主观规范受到外部环境、产业导向的影响;控制认知受到质量安全认知、外部环境和产业导向的影响。
     第五章对吉林省水稻生产组织模式进行大体分类,并分析水稻生产组织模式形成的动因以及比较不同生产组织模式的质量安全水平,同时以实证的方法分析吉林省稻农选择水稻安全生产组织模式的行为及其影响因素,结果表明:吉林省现有的水稻生产组织模式中,较为安全的生产组织模式依次为“公司+基地+稻农”、“专业合作社+稻农”、“公司+稻农”、“市场+稻农”。稻农选择质量安全生产组织模式受年龄、文化程度、种植规模、专业化程度、溢价幅度、稻米市场安全性评价、同行影响、标准技术生产情况、质量安全稻米认知、禁限化学用品认知等因素的影响,不同因素具体影响方向和程度有所差异。
     第六章是对国外发达国家水稻质量安全现状、生产组织模式以及质量安全相关政策的概要性介绍。在水稻生产组织模式上,美国根据自身自然经济条件,主要采用合同型组织模式;而日本与韩国主要采用合作型组织模式(如农业协同组合)。美国、日本、韩国等发达国家对水稻质量安全关注较早,目前质量安全生产情况优于国内,同时,拥有全面、完善的水稻质量安全相关法律法规以及强大的监管力度。
     第七章是对水稻质量安全生产过程中政策保障机制的分析。政府的监管与扶持等政策能够有效保障水稻的质量安全。完善的质量安全生产组织模式能够有效组织、协调稻农与产业化组织之间协作关系,以保障水稻质量安全,而政府在稻农积极参与产业化组织以及产业化组织有效纳入稻农到组织中起到倡导、推动、支持、服务作用。
     第八章总结了本研究的主要研究结果,并提出了相应建议,在此基础上进一步阐述了未来可研究的空间。
With the increasing development of social economy and living level, people's demand for rice not limited to the number of satisfied, more to the pursuit of quality safety guarantee. The rice in Jilin province welcomed by consumers because of its good quality and taste, its demand is increasing, the domestic sales are2500000tons each year, foreign sales are about200000tons, occupy the important position in the production and consumption of rice in China. However, in recent years harmful substance content in rice exceed the standard phenomenon occurs unceasingly, the government of Jilin province has realized the importance of safe production of rice, continue to strengthen the monitoring and management, but the security situation is still not optimistic. Many factors affecting rice quality and safety, by processing, circulation and sales efforts apparently unable to guarantee the quality and safety, so prominent as the " production safety control the source " is very important. At present, the main rice production in Jilin province is still mainly to small household production. Many scattered small farmers in the selection of the means of production, production standards use differ in thousands of ways, resulting in rice production can not guarantee the quality and safety should be. The theory and practice of domestic and foreign agricultural industry organization has already proved, agricultural industry organization can effectively dispersed small farmers to organize, in accordance with the quality and safety production behavior of national standards and industry standards, such as supervision and farmers. Therefore, the safety control problem of rice quality change from the perspective of production organization pattern, for the production of norms of behavior of farmers, has important significance to improve safety level of rice quality in Jilin province.
     In this paper, in order to ensure the quality and safety of supply and consumption of rice for rice production behavior, from the perspective of systematic analysis of current safety production based on rice quality, on the basis of further analysis of influence of different production organization modes of rice production behavior, through to the overseas developed area agricultural product safety production organization mode for reference, discuss government policy to ensure the quality and safety of the internal mechanism of rice.
     This paper is divided into eight chapters, the main research contents and conclusions are as follows:
     The first chapter, the second chapter is the introduction, concept definition, theoretical basis and research section. It explains the research background and significance, research contents, research methods and technical route, at the same time, research on the concept and scope of the definition, basic theories and reviews the related research achievements at home and abroad, providing a basis for the further research work.
     The third chapter analyzes the demand and supply of quality and safety of rice in Jilin province. Jilin rice welcomed by consumers because of its good quality, and expand consumption area, increasing consumer groups, market share is rapidly improve, showing a shortage situation. Jilin is in the golden rice area in the world, has superior natural conditions of production, at the same time has the increasingly perfect infrastructure, but in recent years Jilin province rice production safety is not optimistic, the phenomenon of abuse of pesticide, fertilizer is very serious.
     The fourth chapter analyze the rice quality and safety production behavior from the perspective of economics, and analyze the internal and external factors influencing its behavior, on this basis, analyze the quality and safety producing behavior of Jilin rice farmers by using field survey data and statistical,the result shows that:most behavioral attitude, subjective norm, the cognitive control have a decisive effect on the rice quality and safety control behavior. At the same time, behavior attitude influenced by farmers'characteristics, external environment, industry orientation; Subjective norms effected by the external environment, industry orientation; control effect of cognitive subject cognitive, the quality and safety of the external environment and industry orientation.
     The fifth chapter general classification of rice production in Jilin province organization model, and analysis of reasons for organizational model of rice production and quality safety productivity production organization mode to compare different, while the empirical analysis method for rice farmers in Jilin province choose the safe production mode of organization of rice and its influence factors, the results show that:in the existing rice production organization mode in Jilin province, safe mode in order to " professional cooperatives+farmers "," company+farmers "," market+farmers"". Rice farmers select safe production organization pattern was effected by age, culture degree, planting scale, the degree of specialization, the premium rate, the rice market safety assessment, peer influence, standard production, quality and safety of rice, restriction of chemical products of cognition etc, different specific factors affecting the direction and extent are different.
     The sixth chapter is the introduction of the related policy in developed countries in agricultural products quality and safety situation. For organizational model in rice production, the United States, according to their natural and economic conditions, chooses the contract organization mode. However, Japan and South Korea take the cooperative organization mode (such as the Agricultural Cooperative). The United States, Japan, South Korea and other developed countries concern about the quality and safety of rice very early, the current production situation in those countries is better than domestic. Meanwhile, they have comprehensive, strict laws and regulations, as well as supervision about rice quality and safety.
     The seventh chapter is the analysis of government mechanism for rice quality in the process of safety production. Government regulation and support policy can effectively ensure the quality and safety of rice. The perfect quality and safety production organization mode can effectively organize and cooperate the relationship between rice farmers and industry organizations, in order to ensure the quality and safety of rice, and the government has the initiative, promote, support, service function for rice farmers actively participate in industrialization and industrial organization effectively draw rice farmers into the tissue
     The eighth chapter summarized the main research results of this paper, and put forward corresponding suggestions, on this basis described the future study space.
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