城市生活垃圾处理系统生命周期评价
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摘要
本文在全面综述生命周期评价的技术演变及研究现状的基础之上建构起以ISO14040生命周期评价—原则和框架为指导原则的城市生活垃圾处理系统生命周期评价模型，并进一步深入建立起综合了环境可持续性、经济可承受性、社会可接受性以及技术可行性多方面因素的多因素评估模型。围绕城市生活垃圾处理系统生命周期评价模型，在环境影响定量化方面引入了环境影响潜值的计算方法；在多因素评模型中，使用了基于隶属度的模糊识别方法，并首次系统的将模糊综合评判方法应用于城市生活垃圾处理系统的生命周期评价领域，从而在环境影响定量化和多因素综合评判方面为生命周期评价提供了工具，使城市生活垃圾处理向着可持续的方向发展。
On basis of summarizing the evolvement of techniques and the state of life cycle assessment (LCA), the paper establishes a set of LCA model on municipal waste (MSW) treatment system which is supervised by ISO 14040 Environmental Management -Life Cycle Assessment- Pricipals and Framework. In addition, the paper has set up a multi-factors evaluating model of life cycle impact assessment integrating acpects on environmental sustainability, economy capability, society acceptability and technology feasibility. In order to realize
environment impact quantification, the calculation of environmental impact potential are introduced. Furthermore, fuzzy comprehensive methods based on relative membership degree have been applied to the MSW life cycle assessment fields for the first time. These methods can provide effective tools for LCA environment impact quantification and multi-factors comprehensive evaluation, by using it, the municipal solid waste treatment will consequentially develop in a more sustainable way.
On basis of summarizing the evolvement of techniques and the state of life cycle assessment (LCA), the paper establishes a set of LCA model on municipal waste (MSW) treatment system which is supervised by ISO 14040 Environmental Management -Life Cycle Assessment- Pricipals and Framework. In addition, the paper has set up a multi-factors evaluating model of life cycle impact assessment integrating acpects on environmental sustainability, economy capability, society acceptability and technology feasibility. In order to realize
environment impact quantification, the calculation of environmental impact potential are introduced. Furthermore, fuzzy comprehensive methods based on relative membership degree have been applied to the MSW life cycle assessment fields for the first time. These methods can provide effective tools for LCA environment impact quantification and multi-factors comprehensive evaluation, by using it, the municipal solid waste treatment will consequentially develop in a more sustainable way.
引文
[1]杨建新，面向产品的环境管理工具：产品生命周期评价，环境科学，1999，20(1)：100～103
[2]Junichi Kasai, Life cycle assessment, Evaluation method for sustainable development, JSAE Review,1999(20): 387-393
[3]Editorial, Cleaner production tools: LCA and beyond, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2002.10: 403～406
[4]Anne-Marie, Tillman, Significance of decision-making for LCA methodology, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2000(20): 113-123
[5]A.H.Verschoor, The use of life cycle methods by seven major companies, Journal of cleaner production,1999(7): 375-382
[6]M.A.Curran, life-cycle based government policies. Iht J. LCA, 1997.2(1): 39-43
[7]杨建新，王如松，生命周期评价的回顾与展望， 环境科学进展，1998,6(2)：21～28
[8]Consoli F, Allen D, Boustead Ⅰ, Guidelines for life-cycle assessment: a code of practice,SETAC.Pensacola, FL,1993
[9]ISO14040: Environmental Management-Life Cycle Assessment-Pricipals and Framework, 1997(E).[S].
[10]ISO14041: Environmental Management-Life Cycle Assessment-Goal and Scope Definition and Inventory Analysis, 1998(E).[S].
[11]ISO14042: Environmental Management-Life Cycle Assessment-Life Cycle Impact Assessment,2000(E).[S].
[12]ISO14043: Environmental Management-Life Cycle Assessment-Life Cycle Interpretation,2000(E).[S].
[13]Tomas Ekvall, Allocation in ISO 14041—a critical review, 2001(9): 197-208
[14]周仲凡，王吉，陈文明，生命周期设计用于产品环境要求设计初探，环境科学研究，1999,12(3)：1～5
[15]项平，薛军，生命周期评价在工程分析中的应用，环境导报，1999，5：28～29
[16]李军，陈庄，产品生命周期工程中废弃物控制与治理研究，重庆环境科学，1999,21(4)：55～60
[17]Gregory A. Norris, Integrating life cycle cost analysis and LCA, Int. J. LCA, 2001.6(2): 118-121
[18]叶茂，生命周期矩阵在评价环境标志产品中的应用，江苏环境科技，2000．13(1)：24～27
[19]辛志伟，郭连城，张永真，王金枝，应用简式生命周期矩阵评价环境标志产品，环境保护，1996．6：23～25
[21]Gred Ulrich Scholl, The environmental benefits to German companies through application of LCA,Journal of cleaner production, 1998(6): 247-257
[22]Editorial, Cleaner production tools: LCA and beyond, J. of Cleaner Production, 2002(10): 403-406
[23]Wathanyu. A, Life cycle assessment of a catalytic converter for passenger cars, J. of cleaner production,2001(9): 395-403
[25]陈士明，刘正乾，塑料与纸包装材料的生命周期评价研究，南昌航空工业学院学报，2000．14(3)：82～84
[26]Amerlia L C. Jane C P. Life-cycle assessment and economic evaluation of recycling: a case study,Resources Conservation and Recycling, 1996.17: 75-96.
[27]Finnveden G Life cycle assessment as a decision support tool-the case of recycling versus incineration of paper, Resourse,Conservation and Recycling, 1998(24): 235-56
[28]Craighill AM, Life cycle assessment and economic evaluation of recycling: a case study. Resourse,
Conservation and Recycling, 1996(17): 75-96
[29]Molgaard C, Environmental impacts by disposal of plastics from municipal solid waste, Resourse,Conservation and Recycling, 1995(15): 51-63
[30]Fletcher BL, A model of plastics recycling: does recycling reduce the amount of waste? Resourse,Conservation and Recycling, 1996(17): 141-51
[31]F.J.Dennision, Life cycle assessment: comparing strategic options for the manis infrastructure-part 1, Wat. Sci. Tech, 1999.39(10-11): 315-319
[32]Mary Ann Curran. Using LCA-based approaches to evaluate pollution, Environmental Progress,1995.14(4): 247-253.
[33]G.E. Kniel, Life Cycle Assessment applied to process design: Environmental and ecnomic analysis and optimisition of a nitric acid plant, Environ. Progr, 1996.15(4): 221-228
[34]A.Azapagic, The application of life cycle assessment to processs optimization, Computer and chemical engineering, 1999(23): 1509-1526
[35]Kniel G E, Delmarco K, Petrie J G,Life-cycle assessment applied to process design: environmental and economic analysis and optimization of a nitric acid plant, Environmental Progress, 1996.15(4):221-227
[36]J.R.Barton, Life cycle assessment for waste management, Waste management, 1996.16:35-50 [37] Sakai. S, Municipal solid waste management in Janpan, Waste management, 1996.16:395
[37]Sakai. S, Municipal solid waste management in Janpan, Waste management, 1996.16: 395(22)
[38]吴玉萍，董锁成，当代城市生活垃圾处理技术现状与展望，城市环境与城市生态，2001，14(1)：15～17
[39]J.R.Barton, D.Dalley, V.S.Patel, Life Cycle assessment for waste management, Waste management,1996.16:35～50
[40]Renbi Bai, Mardina Sutanto, The pratice challenges of solid waste management in Singapore, Waste management, 2002.22:557～567
[41]International Source Book on Environmentally Sound Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Management,UNEP International Environmental Technology Center: Technical Publication Services, 1996.6
[42]Sakal. S, World trends in municipal solid waste management, Waste management, 1996.16:341 (22)
[43]Sawell. S.E, An overview of municipal solid waste management in Canada, Waste management,1996.16:351
[44]Vehlow. J, Municipal solid waste management in Gremany, Waste management, 1996.16:367
[45]韩怀芬，金漫彤，迟春娟等，适合我国国情的城市生活垃圾处理方法，环境污染与防治，2000,22(60)：40～41
[46]唐鸿寿，王如松，城市生活垃圾处理和管理，气象出版社，2002．1：203～211
[47]吴德礼，朱申红，城市生活垃圾的综合处理技术与发展方向，2002，15(4)：25～32
[48]CECO中国生态网2001年中国城市垃圾处理现状调查报告
[49]刘京媛，中国城市生活垃圾处理现状与对策，城建机械，2001．4：13～16
[50]段世江，我国城市生活垃圾问题及管理对策探讨，河北大学学报，2001．26(1)：83～87
[51]张亚新，城市生活垃圾资源化处理与可持续发展，苏州城建环保学院学报1999．16(3)：73～77
[52]屈超蜀，唐炜柏，代贵，城市生活垃圾处理工程，重庆大学出版社，1994．7：36～46
[53]张莲花，城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场填土层工程特性及净化机理研究，1999．3增刊：129～143
[54]张益，陶华，垃圾处理处置技术及工程实例，化学工业出版社，2002．5：158～191
[55]李国学，张福锁，固体废物堆肥化与有机复混肥生产，化学工业出版社，2000．1：19～31
[56]陈世和，中国大陆城市生活垃圾堆肥技术概况，环境科学，1994．15(1)：53～56
[57]张益，赵由才，生活垃圾焚烧技术，化学工业出版社，2000．8：50～51
[58]王华，城市生活垃圾焚烧技术二恶英零排放化，冶金工业出版社，20019．21～27
[2]Junichi Kasai, Life cycle assessment, Evaluation method for sustainable development, JSAE Review,1999(20): 387-393
[3]Editorial, Cleaner production tools: LCA and beyond, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2002.10: 403～406
[4]Anne-Marie, Tillman, Significance of decision-making for LCA methodology, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2000(20): 113-123
[5]A.H.Verschoor, The use of life cycle methods by seven major companies, Journal of cleaner production,1999(7): 375-382
[6]M.A.Curran, life-cycle based government policies. Iht J. LCA, 1997.2(1): 39-43
[7]杨建新，王如松，生命周期评价的回顾与展望， 环境科学进展，1998,6(2)：21～28
[8]Consoli F, Allen D, Boustead Ⅰ, Guidelines for life-cycle assessment: a code of practice,SETAC.Pensacola, FL,1993
[9]ISO14040: Environmental Management-Life Cycle Assessment-Pricipals and Framework, 1997(E).[S].
[10]ISO14041: Environmental Management-Life Cycle Assessment-Goal and Scope Definition and Inventory Analysis, 1998(E).[S].
[11]ISO14042: Environmental Management-Life Cycle Assessment-Life Cycle Impact Assessment,2000(E).[S].
[12]ISO14043: Environmental Management-Life Cycle Assessment-Life Cycle Interpretation,2000(E).[S].
[13]Tomas Ekvall, Allocation in ISO 14041—a critical review, 2001(9): 197-208
[14]周仲凡，王吉，陈文明，生命周期设计用于产品环境要求设计初探，环境科学研究，1999,12(3)：1～5
[15]项平，薛军，生命周期评价在工程分析中的应用，环境导报，1999，5：28～29
[16]李军，陈庄，产品生命周期工程中废弃物控制与治理研究，重庆环境科学，1999,21(4)：55～60
[17]Gregory A. Norris, Integrating life cycle cost analysis and LCA, Int. J. LCA, 2001.6(2): 118-121
[18]叶茂，生命周期矩阵在评价环境标志产品中的应用，江苏环境科技，2000．13(1)：24～27
[19]辛志伟，郭连城，张永真，王金枝，应用简式生命周期矩阵评价环境标志产品，环境保护，1996．6：23～25
[21]Gred Ulrich Scholl, The environmental benefits to German companies through application of LCA,Journal of cleaner production, 1998(6): 247-257
[22]Editorial, Cleaner production tools: LCA and beyond, J. of Cleaner Production, 2002(10): 403-406
[23]Wathanyu. A, Life cycle assessment of a catalytic converter for passenger cars, J. of cleaner production,2001(9): 395-403
[25]陈士明，刘正乾，塑料与纸包装材料的生命周期评价研究，南昌航空工业学院学报，2000．14(3)：82～84
[26]Amerlia L C. Jane C P. Life-cycle assessment and economic evaluation of recycling: a case study,Resources Conservation and Recycling, 1996.17: 75-96.
[27]Finnveden G Life cycle assessment as a decision support tool-the case of recycling versus incineration of paper, Resourse,Conservation and Recycling, 1998(24): 235-56
[28]Craighill AM, Life cycle assessment and economic evaluation of recycling: a case study. Resourse,
Conservation and Recycling, 1996(17): 75-96
[29]Molgaard C, Environmental impacts by disposal of plastics from municipal solid waste, Resourse,Conservation and Recycling, 1995(15): 51-63
[30]Fletcher BL, A model of plastics recycling: does recycling reduce the amount of waste? Resourse,Conservation and Recycling, 1996(17): 141-51
[31]F.J.Dennision, Life cycle assessment: comparing strategic options for the manis infrastructure-part 1, Wat. Sci. Tech, 1999.39(10-11): 315-319
[32]Mary Ann Curran. Using LCA-based approaches to evaluate pollution, Environmental Progress,1995.14(4): 247-253.
[33]G.E. Kniel, Life Cycle Assessment applied to process design: Environmental and ecnomic analysis and optimisition of a nitric acid plant, Environ. Progr, 1996.15(4): 221-228
[34]A.Azapagic, The application of life cycle assessment to processs optimization, Computer and chemical engineering, 1999(23): 1509-1526
[35]Kniel G E, Delmarco K, Petrie J G,Life-cycle assessment applied to process design: environmental and economic analysis and optimization of a nitric acid plant, Environmental Progress, 1996.15(4):221-227
[36]J.R.Barton, Life cycle assessment for waste management, Waste management, 1996.16:35-50 [37] Sakai. S, Municipal solid waste management in Janpan, Waste management, 1996.16:395
[37]Sakai. S, Municipal solid waste management in Janpan, Waste management, 1996.16: 395(22)
[38]吴玉萍，董锁成，当代城市生活垃圾处理技术现状与展望，城市环境与城市生态，2001，14(1)：15～17
[39]J.R.Barton, D.Dalley, V.S.Patel, Life Cycle assessment for waste management, Waste management,1996.16:35～50
[40]Renbi Bai, Mardina Sutanto, The pratice challenges of solid waste management in Singapore, Waste management, 2002.22:557～567
[41]International Source Book on Environmentally Sound Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Management,UNEP International Environmental Technology Center: Technical Publication Services, 1996.6
[42]Sakal. S, World trends in municipal solid waste management, Waste management, 1996.16:341 (22)
[43]Sawell. S.E, An overview of municipal solid waste management in Canada, Waste management,1996.16:351
[44]Vehlow. J, Municipal solid waste management in Gremany, Waste management, 1996.16:367
[45]韩怀芬，金漫彤，迟春娟等，适合我国国情的城市生活垃圾处理方法，环境污染与防治，2000,22(60)：40～41
[46]唐鸿寿，王如松，城市生活垃圾处理和管理，气象出版社，2002．1：203～211
[47]吴德礼，朱申红，城市生活垃圾的综合处理技术与发展方向，2002，15(4)：25～32
[48]CECO中国生态网2001年中国城市垃圾处理现状调查报告
[49]刘京媛，中国城市生活垃圾处理现状与对策，城建机械，2001．4：13～16
[50]段世江，我国城市生活垃圾问题及管理对策探讨，河北大学学报，2001．26(1)：83～87
[51]张亚新，城市生活垃圾资源化处理与可持续发展，苏州城建环保学院学报1999．16(3)：73～77
[52]屈超蜀，唐炜柏，代贵，城市生活垃圾处理工程，重庆大学出版社，1994．7：36～46
[53]张莲花，城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场填土层工程特性及净化机理研究，1999．3增刊：129～143
[54]张益，陶华，垃圾处理处置技术及工程实例，化学工业出版社，2002．5：158～191
[55]李国学，张福锁，固体废物堆肥化与有机复混肥生产，化学工业出版社，2000．1：19～31
[56]陈世和，中国大陆城市生活垃圾堆肥技术概况，环境科学，1994．15(1)：53～56
[57]张益，赵由才，生活垃圾焚烧技术，化学工业出版社，2000．8：50～51
[58]王华，城市生活垃圾焚烧技术二恶英零排放化，冶金工业出版社，20019．21～27