在华跨国企业气候战略制定主动性程度影响机制研究
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摘要
尽管目前气候变化仍然是一个有争议的话题,但它已被认为是当代企业环境和社会最大的威胁。由于气候变化的“外部性”的特质,没有一个国家愿意、并有能力单独解决这个问题,全球化增加了公众对跨国公司的可持续发展的关注,跨国公司既是气候变化问题的“制造者”,也是问题的“解决者”。与此同时,气候变化已经成为跨国公司全球一体化和当地响应时面临的一个独特的挑战。随着目前跨国研究从总部视角转向子公司视角,跨国公司在东道国的环境战略已经引起了人们极大的关注。由于跨国公司在东道国的气候变化响应越来越多得受到来自政府、投资者等广泛的社会压力,因此,需要找出跨国公司在东道国应对气候变化的背后逻辑。研究主要集中在三个具体问题：是什么因素激励和／或抑制企业应对气候变化的行动(压力或资源)影响跨国公司应对气候变化的显着的外部和内部变量是什么;这些变量对跨国公司气候响应的影响程度如何?
通过对106家总部在中国的跨国公司进行问卷调查,采用结构方程和多元回归对搜集到的数据进行分析,实证结果显示,跨国公司在东道国感受到的强制压力、环境声誉和资源能力对其气候战略制定的主动性程度产生正向影响；规范压力和模仿压力没有产生影响；全球一体化的战略导向对跨国公司的外部因素和内部因素与气候战略的主动性程度之间没有调节作用,但对气候战略的主动性程度有直接反向作用。这可能与中国的气候管理氛围不浓,感受的制度压力不够强有关。
这项研究可能的主要贡献是从子公司的角度出发,整合了包含强制压力、规范压力、模仿压力、环境声誉、资源／能力和战略导向等因素,结合企业社会责任、环境管理、制度理论和资源基础观点以及全球管理文献,提出一个综合性的理论框架；本研究解释了跨国公司在发展中国家东道国的气候战略的主动性程度的影响因素,填补了现有的有关跨公司在中国的气候管理的空白,为跨国公司在中国的气候管理提供宝贵的见解和理论贡献；另外,本文采用问卷调研获得第一手数据,并采用结构方程建模来测试在华跨国企业的气候战略的主动性程度也是本研究的贡献。
本论文所构建的跨国公司在华气候传略主动型战略的影响模型,弥补了前人气候管理研究终影响因素不系统的缺陷,从一个新的的东道国视角来研究跨国公司的气候应对行为,这是对气候管理理论的拓展。作者搜集了东道国的一手数据,从而改变了前人原有的气候管理研究基本上是从二手数据(非东道国数据)进行研究的不足,有效地揭示了发展中东道国的气候管理行为具有主要的现实意义和理论价值。本论文所提出的东道国气候主动型战略管理模型既可适用于跨国公司在东道国的气候管理行为,也有助于预测国内企业的气候行为。论文从企业内部和外部分析跨国公司在东道国的气候主动型战略的驱动因素,对东道国政府提高气候管理的有效性有现实的参考意义。
本研究有以下局限性。首先,由于问卷涉及到经理人员的感知,因此,企业在回答此类问题的时候,容易造成认知与实际情况存有差异；其次,在问卷设计上,由于现有量表不成熟,也没有专门针对中国情境下的问卷设计,因此量表的设计需要进一步的完善；最后,由于问卷的反馈是通过邮件或网上问卷,很难确定填写问卷的人的背景和职业,因此,问卷反馈存有误差。
尽管如此,本文还是提供了未来的研究方向。首先,本研究主要采用了一年的数据,因此可以将本研究的数据来源延长至三年或更长的时间来检查假设是否存在,取样方法可以拓展到访谈等方式；其次,本研究可以参考其他的成熟量表,并扩展到其他发展中国家或新兴国家进行验证。第三,未来的研究可以深入到组织层面(员工和上下游企业)、行业层面,以揭示与气候变化相关的组织和部门更为复杂的具体问题。未来的研究需要继续探索在中国的所有关键利益相关者如何应对气候变化的科学性和政策反应,什么样的方法将是鼓励跨国公司应对气候变化的集体行为最有效的方式,中国企业如何抓住气候变化带来的低碳机会?本研究结果可以提供一个更深入的了解企业对气候变化的关注和什么样的条件将是最有利于鼓励企业采取主动性的气候行动。
本研究对政策制定者的建议是,对跨国公司提供政策援助可以发挥其推动环保监管的积极性,同时提升国内企业的环境管理能力,达到更高的环保标准；提供激励机制以刺激跨国公司气候环境的的创新。对于跨国公司和中国企业,建议他们从气候变化中把握低碳发展机会,发展低碳产品和服务,并获得新的绿色竞争优势。
While climate change remains a subject of intense debate, it has become increasingly recognized as one of the greatest contemporary threats to the environment and society. For the "Externality" nature of climate change, no country would like to resolve the problem, solely, nor they have the ability to fulfill the target. Globalization has caused increasing attention about firm-level ecological sustainable development. Multinational companies(MNCs)have been known to be the "problem" of climate change, and also the "solution", climate change has imposed a unique challenge to MNCs leveraging global integration and national responsiveness. With the evolving of present research of global strategy from headquarters perspectives to subsidiaries positioning, environment strategy of subsidiaries have attracted great concern, existing academic and pratical literatures have come to contradictory conclusions,making it still unclear what motivates their proactive behaviors in host countries. The overall aim of this research is to critically evaluate, against theoretical and conceptual criteria, how MNCs in China have responded proactively to increasing pressures from government, investors and wider society to address climate change and what is the logic behind the phenomenon. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine if (and to what extent) there was diversity in MNCs'responses to climate change across the main industry sectors in China, as well as to explain why this is so. The study focused on three specific research questions:what are the underlying drivers (pressures and resources) which motivate and/or inhibit corporate action to address climate change; what are the significant external and internal variables that affect MNCs'responses to climate change; and to what extent are corporate climate responses influenced by institutional pressure/environmental reputation, and resource/ability?
Reviewing the research findings analysis, this study raised a theoretical framework of determinants of MNCs climate strategy proactivity, analyzing the influences of coercive isomorphism、normative isomorphism、mimetic isomorphism、environmental reputation and resource/ability, the moderating effect of strategic orientation is also examined. The empirical analysis is carried out by using data collected through questionnaire survey of106 multinational companies located in China; structure equation model and multiple regression analysis are used to test the hypotheses. The findings were explained in ways anticipated by the literature, but in other cases, the results diverged from expected outcomes. Coercive isomorphism、environmental reputation and resource/ability ware the most commonly attributed motivation influencing corporate responses to climate change, normative isomorphism、mimetic isomorphism didn't act effectively; and strategic orientation didn't mediate as we expected.
The primary contribution in this study is to develop a comprehensive theoretical framework from subsidiaries perspectives, consisting coercive isomorphism、normative isomorphism、mimetic isomorphism、environmental reputation、resource/ability、 strategic orientation factors, by integrating environmental management, institutional theory、 resource-based view、corporate social responsibility, as well as global management literatures, this study offers valuable insights into explanation of MNCs'climate management in developing host countries, filling the gaps between existing environment theories. Beyond the theoretical contribution, structural equation modeling was employed to test the relationships proposed; empirical approach was developed to measure various dimensions related to climate strategy and the determinant factors, which also account for the contributions.
This study is subject to several limitations.First,due to the unavailability of all objective measures of climate strategy in China,the analyses are relying on survey and self-report data,which may raise variance,this may result in restricts of the findings. Second,owing to the difficulty of collecting data,and the participated survey includes only primarily large companies operating in china, makes it difficult to generalize the findings.
In spite of these limitations.the results highlight several fruitful contributions for future exploration. Since our study focuses on one year data,the present research setting should be extended to three years or even longer time to examine whether the relationships exist. second,the implication can be extended to the other developing countries or emerging countries. future research could provide deeper insights by targeting a range of employees, and materials, by organisation and by industry sector, to reveal a greater complexity of organizational and sector-specific issues associated with climate change. Future research needs to continue to explore how all the key stakeholders in China are responding to climate change science and policy, and what methods will be most effective in encouraging collective behavioral changes.Overall, the insights gained from this study may provide a greater understanding of the concerns of the business community towards climate change and what conditions will be most conductive to encouraging corporate climate change action.
The implications for policy-maker is that MNCs may promote proactive environment practices by providing regulatory assistance On environmental protection and,as well as upgrading the capacities of domestic firms to meet tightening environmental standards.It is necessary for environment institutions to provide mechanisms to stimulus climate innovation for the MNCs. For the other Chinese corporations,we advise them to grasp the low-carbon opportunity from climate change,and gain the new green competitive advantage.
通过对106家总部在中国的跨国公司进行问卷调查,采用结构方程和多元回归对搜集到的数据进行分析,实证结果显示,跨国公司在东道国感受到的强制压力、环境声誉和资源能力对其气候战略制定的主动性程度产生正向影响；规范压力和模仿压力没有产生影响；全球一体化的战略导向对跨国公司的外部因素和内部因素与气候战略的主动性程度之间没有调节作用,但对气候战略的主动性程度有直接反向作用。这可能与中国的气候管理氛围不浓,感受的制度压力不够强有关。
这项研究可能的主要贡献是从子公司的角度出发,整合了包含强制压力、规范压力、模仿压力、环境声誉、资源／能力和战略导向等因素,结合企业社会责任、环境管理、制度理论和资源基础观点以及全球管理文献,提出一个综合性的理论框架；本研究解释了跨国公司在发展中国家东道国的气候战略的主动性程度的影响因素,填补了现有的有关跨公司在中国的气候管理的空白,为跨国公司在中国的气候管理提供宝贵的见解和理论贡献；另外,本文采用问卷调研获得第一手数据,并采用结构方程建模来测试在华跨国企业的气候战略的主动性程度也是本研究的贡献。
本论文所构建的跨国公司在华气候传略主动型战略的影响模型,弥补了前人气候管理研究终影响因素不系统的缺陷,从一个新的的东道国视角来研究跨国公司的气候应对行为,这是对气候管理理论的拓展。作者搜集了东道国的一手数据,从而改变了前人原有的气候管理研究基本上是从二手数据(非东道国数据)进行研究的不足,有效地揭示了发展中东道国的气候管理行为具有主要的现实意义和理论价值。本论文所提出的东道国气候主动型战略管理模型既可适用于跨国公司在东道国的气候管理行为,也有助于预测国内企业的气候行为。论文从企业内部和外部分析跨国公司在东道国的气候主动型战略的驱动因素,对东道国政府提高气候管理的有效性有现实的参考意义。
本研究有以下局限性。首先,由于问卷涉及到经理人员的感知,因此,企业在回答此类问题的时候,容易造成认知与实际情况存有差异；其次,在问卷设计上,由于现有量表不成熟,也没有专门针对中国情境下的问卷设计,因此量表的设计需要进一步的完善；最后,由于问卷的反馈是通过邮件或网上问卷,很难确定填写问卷的人的背景和职业,因此,问卷反馈存有误差。
尽管如此,本文还是提供了未来的研究方向。首先,本研究主要采用了一年的数据,因此可以将本研究的数据来源延长至三年或更长的时间来检查假设是否存在,取样方法可以拓展到访谈等方式；其次,本研究可以参考其他的成熟量表,并扩展到其他发展中国家或新兴国家进行验证。第三,未来的研究可以深入到组织层面(员工和上下游企业)、行业层面,以揭示与气候变化相关的组织和部门更为复杂的具体问题。未来的研究需要继续探索在中国的所有关键利益相关者如何应对气候变化的科学性和政策反应,什么样的方法将是鼓励跨国公司应对气候变化的集体行为最有效的方式,中国企业如何抓住气候变化带来的低碳机会?本研究结果可以提供一个更深入的了解企业对气候变化的关注和什么样的条件将是最有利于鼓励企业采取主动性的气候行动。
本研究对政策制定者的建议是,对跨国公司提供政策援助可以发挥其推动环保监管的积极性,同时提升国内企业的环境管理能力,达到更高的环保标准；提供激励机制以刺激跨国公司气候环境的的创新。对于跨国公司和中国企业,建议他们从气候变化中把握低碳发展机会,发展低碳产品和服务,并获得新的绿色竞争优势。
While climate change remains a subject of intense debate, it has become increasingly recognized as one of the greatest contemporary threats to the environment and society. For the "Externality" nature of climate change, no country would like to resolve the problem, solely, nor they have the ability to fulfill the target. Globalization has caused increasing attention about firm-level ecological sustainable development. Multinational companies(MNCs)have been known to be the "problem" of climate change, and also the "solution", climate change has imposed a unique challenge to MNCs leveraging global integration and national responsiveness. With the evolving of present research of global strategy from headquarters perspectives to subsidiaries positioning, environment strategy of subsidiaries have attracted great concern, existing academic and pratical literatures have come to contradictory conclusions,making it still unclear what motivates their proactive behaviors in host countries. The overall aim of this research is to critically evaluate, against theoretical and conceptual criteria, how MNCs in China have responded proactively to increasing pressures from government, investors and wider society to address climate change and what is the logic behind the phenomenon. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine if (and to what extent) there was diversity in MNCs'responses to climate change across the main industry sectors in China, as well as to explain why this is so. The study focused on three specific research questions:what are the underlying drivers (pressures and resources) which motivate and/or inhibit corporate action to address climate change; what are the significant external and internal variables that affect MNCs'responses to climate change; and to what extent are corporate climate responses influenced by institutional pressure/environmental reputation, and resource/ability?
Reviewing the research findings analysis, this study raised a theoretical framework of determinants of MNCs climate strategy proactivity, analyzing the influences of coercive isomorphism、normative isomorphism、mimetic isomorphism、environmental reputation and resource/ability, the moderating effect of strategic orientation is also examined. The empirical analysis is carried out by using data collected through questionnaire survey of106 multinational companies located in China; structure equation model and multiple regression analysis are used to test the hypotheses. The findings were explained in ways anticipated by the literature, but in other cases, the results diverged from expected outcomes. Coercive isomorphism、environmental reputation and resource/ability ware the most commonly attributed motivation influencing corporate responses to climate change, normative isomorphism、mimetic isomorphism didn't act effectively; and strategic orientation didn't mediate as we expected.
The primary contribution in this study is to develop a comprehensive theoretical framework from subsidiaries perspectives, consisting coercive isomorphism、normative isomorphism、mimetic isomorphism、environmental reputation、resource/ability、 strategic orientation factors, by integrating environmental management, institutional theory、 resource-based view、corporate social responsibility, as well as global management literatures, this study offers valuable insights into explanation of MNCs'climate management in developing host countries, filling the gaps between existing environment theories. Beyond the theoretical contribution, structural equation modeling was employed to test the relationships proposed; empirical approach was developed to measure various dimensions related to climate strategy and the determinant factors, which also account for the contributions.
This study is subject to several limitations.First,due to the unavailability of all objective measures of climate strategy in China,the analyses are relying on survey and self-report data,which may raise variance,this may result in restricts of the findings. Second,owing to the difficulty of collecting data,and the participated survey includes only primarily large companies operating in china, makes it difficult to generalize the findings.
In spite of these limitations.the results highlight several fruitful contributions for future exploration. Since our study focuses on one year data,the present research setting should be extended to three years or even longer time to examine whether the relationships exist. second,the implication can be extended to the other developing countries or emerging countries. future research could provide deeper insights by targeting a range of employees, and materials, by organisation and by industry sector, to reveal a greater complexity of organizational and sector-specific issues associated with climate change. Future research needs to continue to explore how all the key stakeholders in China are responding to climate change science and policy, and what methods will be most effective in encouraging collective behavioral changes.Overall, the insights gained from this study may provide a greater understanding of the concerns of the business community towards climate change and what conditions will be most conductive to encouraging corporate climate change action.
The implications for policy-maker is that MNCs may promote proactive environment practices by providing regulatory assistance On environmental protection and,as well as upgrading the capacities of domestic firms to meet tightening environmental standards.It is necessary for environment institutions to provide mechanisms to stimulus climate innovation for the MNCs. For the other Chinese corporations,we advise them to grasp the low-carbon opportunity from climate change,and gain the new green competitive advantage.
引文
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