具有能量补给的无线传感器网络分簇路由算法研究
|
摘要
随着环境采能技术的日趋成熟,许多研究学者开始致力于探索环境采能技术在无线传感器网络(WSN)中的应用。无线传感器网络工作环境中存在多种形式的能量,将环境能量采集并加以利用,可以改善无线传感器网络电池受限的技术缺憾。太阳光照和机械振动是WSN一般应用环境中普遍存在的,对于具有环境采能的WSN,结合这两种能量补给的特点来研究有能量采集感知的WSN分簇路由问题,将会取得更高的能效和收益。
本论文分析了太阳能、振动能补给的特点,设计了相应的能量补给模型,并且在各自的能量补给模型下,分别设计相适应的WSN分簇路由关键技术,包括：簇首选择机制、分簇机制、簇间路由机制。
太阳能补给情况下,设计梯形能量补给模型,将网络划分为三个时期：耗能期、储能期和稳定期,各个时期采用不同的工作模式。无能量补给或能量补给较小时为耗能期,此时尽可能减小网络能耗；能量补给较大但全网能量水平不高时,需为网络存储能量,为储能期,同样采用节能的工作模式；当网络中能量补给充足,全网能量水平较高时,扩大节点通信半径,减小簇数目,使储能与耗能维持稳定,充分利用补给的能量,进入稳定期。
振动能补给情况下,设计能量补给为正态分布的补给规律。采用区域划分方法,将网络按距基站远近分为不同层次区域,不同区域采用不同通信半径,从而平衡网络中节点的能量分布；簇首选择根据区域划分时计算的通信半径值来计算,同时考虑节点能量补给与剩余能量因素,使能量得到补给且剩余能量充足的节点被选为簇首的概率大,使越靠近基站的簇半径越小,从而均衡网络能耗。
这两种能量补给下的路由算法均可适应各自的能量补给情况,能高效利用补给能量,且让网络有较好的生存能力。
With the development of environmental energy adopted from nature technology, many researchers began to explore the environment energy to use in Wireless Sensor Network(WSN). There are various forms of energy in the WSN working environment. Making use of the environmental energy in WSN can transform its battery-constrained. Solar and mechanical vibration energy widely exist in WSN environment. It is effective and beneficial to study on the energy replenishment and energy-aware clustering routing.
This thesis researched on clustering routing in WSN under solar energy replenishment and vibrational energy replenishment, designed the adapting routing algorithm for WSN, contains:cluster head selection mechanism, clustering mechanism, cluster routing mechanism.
In solar power replenishment situation, the energy replenishment model is designed as trapezoidal. The network working period is divided into three: energy consumption, energy storage and stabilization period. The work forms are different in each period. When there is no energy havesting or energy is less harvesting, it is energy consumption period; In this period, energy consumption would be minimized as possible. It is needful in energy storage period too. When the energy is supplied sufficient and energy level of the network is high, the node communication radius should be expanded, the number of clusters will be reduced, so that energy replenishment and energy consumption may remains satable. It is going into the stability, and the replenishing energy is full used.
In vibrational power replenishment situation, energy replenishment model is designed as normal distribution law. The network is divided into many regions according to the distance from the base station, and different regions use different communication radius to balance the energy distribution of nodes in the network. Cluster head be selected based on regional communication radius, node residual energy factor and energy supplying, so that the nodes closer to the base station is more probable to balance the network energy consumption.
The algorithms we designed in this thesis can suit for each energy replenishment situation. It is energy efficient and the network has a better survive ability.
本论文分析了太阳能、振动能补给的特点,设计了相应的能量补给模型,并且在各自的能量补给模型下,分别设计相适应的WSN分簇路由关键技术,包括：簇首选择机制、分簇机制、簇间路由机制。
太阳能补给情况下,设计梯形能量补给模型,将网络划分为三个时期：耗能期、储能期和稳定期,各个时期采用不同的工作模式。无能量补给或能量补给较小时为耗能期,此时尽可能减小网络能耗；能量补给较大但全网能量水平不高时,需为网络存储能量,为储能期,同样采用节能的工作模式；当网络中能量补给充足,全网能量水平较高时,扩大节点通信半径,减小簇数目,使储能与耗能维持稳定,充分利用补给的能量,进入稳定期。
振动能补给情况下,设计能量补给为正态分布的补给规律。采用区域划分方法,将网络按距基站远近分为不同层次区域,不同区域采用不同通信半径,从而平衡网络中节点的能量分布；簇首选择根据区域划分时计算的通信半径值来计算,同时考虑节点能量补给与剩余能量因素,使能量得到补给且剩余能量充足的节点被选为簇首的概率大,使越靠近基站的簇半径越小,从而均衡网络能耗。
这两种能量补给下的路由算法均可适应各自的能量补给情况,能高效利用补给能量,且让网络有较好的生存能力。
With the development of environmental energy adopted from nature technology, many researchers began to explore the environment energy to use in Wireless Sensor Network(WSN). There are various forms of energy in the WSN working environment. Making use of the environmental energy in WSN can transform its battery-constrained. Solar and mechanical vibration energy widely exist in WSN environment. It is effective and beneficial to study on the energy replenishment and energy-aware clustering routing.
This thesis researched on clustering routing in WSN under solar energy replenishment and vibrational energy replenishment, designed the adapting routing algorithm for WSN, contains:cluster head selection mechanism, clustering mechanism, cluster routing mechanism.
In solar power replenishment situation, the energy replenishment model is designed as trapezoidal. The network working period is divided into three: energy consumption, energy storage and stabilization period. The work forms are different in each period. When there is no energy havesting or energy is less harvesting, it is energy consumption period; In this period, energy consumption would be minimized as possible. It is needful in energy storage period too. When the energy is supplied sufficient and energy level of the network is high, the node communication radius should be expanded, the number of clusters will be reduced, so that energy replenishment and energy consumption may remains satable. It is going into the stability, and the replenishing energy is full used.
In vibrational power replenishment situation, energy replenishment model is designed as normal distribution law. The network is divided into many regions according to the distance from the base station, and different regions use different communication radius to balance the energy distribution of nodes in the network. Cluster head be selected based on regional communication radius, node residual energy factor and energy supplying, so that the nodes closer to the base station is more probable to balance the network energy consumption.
The algorithms we designed in this thesis can suit for each energy replenishment situation. It is energy efficient and the network has a better survive ability.
引文
[1]孙利民,李建中,陈渝,等.无线传感器网络[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005.3-24
[2]Johan Ankarberg, Alfred Carlsson. Wireless Sensor System for Railroad Cars[C]. Technical Report-D3 Project. Chamlers Halmers University of Technology,2005
[3]E.M. Yeatman. Advances In Power Sources For Wireless Sensor Nodes[C]. Proceedings of 1st International Workshop on Body Sensor Networks, London, April 6-7,2004
[4]Mateu, Loreto, Moll, et al. Review of energy harvesting techniques and application for microelectronics[C]. In:Proceedings of the SPIE, VLSI Circuits and Systems Ⅱ,2005, V5837:359-373
[5]Roundy S., Leland E.S., Baker J., et al. Improving Power Output for Vibration-Based Energy Scavengers[J]. Pervasive Computing, IEEE,2005, v4(1): 28-36
[6]Beedy S. P., Tudor M. J., Koukharenko, et al. Micromachined silicon Generator for Harvesting Power from Vibrations[C]. In Proceedings of The 4th International Workshop in Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications(PowerMEMS 2004), pp.104-107, Kyoto, Japan.
[7]James E.P., Tudor M.J., Beeby S.P., et al. An investigation of self-powered systems for condition monitoring applications[J]. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical,2004, V110(1-3):171-176
[8]Li W. J., Wen Z., Wong P. K., et al. A micromachined vibration-induced power generator for low power sensors of robotic systems[C]. In Proceedings of Eight International Symposium on Robotics with Applications, June 2000
[9]温中泉,温志渝,陈光淼,等.微型振动式发电机振了系统的理论计算及仿真[J].光学精密工程,2003,11(1)：45-48
[10]方科,李欣欣,杨志刚,等.压电式能量红区装置的研究现状[J].传感器与微系统,2006,V25(10)：7-10
[11]Roundy S., Wright P. K., and Rabaey J. A Study of low level vibrations as a power source for wireless sensor nodes[J]. Computer Communications,2003, 26(11):1131-1144
[12]S.W.Anns, C.P.Townsend, D.L.Churchill, et al. Power Management for Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensors[C]. In:SPIE Int'l Symposium on Smart Structures & Smart Materials,9-March-2005, San Diego, CA
[13]Clemens Moser, Davide Brunelli, Lothar Thiele. Real-time scheduling for energy harvesting sensor nodes[J]. In:Real-Time Systems, Springer Netherlands, 2007, V37(3):233-260
[14]EDGAR H C. Wrieless Sensor Networks:Archiectures and Protocols[M]. Boca Raton:Auerbach Publications,2004
[15]Kemal Akkaya, Mohamed Younis. A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks[J]. Ad Hoc Networks,2005,3(3):325-349
[16]沈波,张世永,钟亦平.无线传感器网络分簇路由协议[J].软件学报,2006,17(7)：1588-1600
[17]Ye Ming Lu, Vincent W.S.Wong. An energy-efficient multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks[J]. Int. J. Commun. Syst.2007;20:747-766
[18]Tetsuya Kawai. A Fast and Reliable Transmission Mechanism of Urgent Information in Sensor Networks[C]. In:Proc. Of the 3rd International Conference of Networked Sensing Systems, Jun.2006
[19]张朋,陈明,何彭举.一种能量有效控制的实时无线传感器网络路由协议[J].传感技术学报,2007,V20(9)：2065-2069
[20]Vogt T, Ritter H, Schiller J, et al. Solar-aware clustering in wireless sensor networks[C]. In:Proceedings of 9th IEEE symposium on computers and communications, June 2004
[21]V. Raghunathan, A.Kansal, J.Hsu, et al. Design Consideration for Solar Energy Harvesting Wireless Embedded System[C]. In:IPSN 2005.4th Int. Symposium on Information Proceeding in Sensor Networks,457-462
[22]Gao Yi, Sun Guiling, Li Weixiang, et al. Wireless sensor node design based on solar energy supply[J]. Power Electronics and Intelligent Transportation System (PEITS),2009, Page(s):203-207
[23]Joseph V., Sharma V., Mukherji U., et al. Joint power control, scheduling and routing for multicast in multihop energy harvesting sensor networks [J]. Ultra Modern Telecommunications & Workshops,2009, Page(s):1-8
[24]Barnes M., Conway C., Mathews J., et al. ENS:An Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network Platform[J]. Systems and Networks Communications (ICSNC), 2010,Page(s):83-87
[25]Hasenfratz David, Meier Andreas, Moser Clemens, et al. Thiele, Lothar. Analysis, Comparison, and Optimization of Routing Protocols for Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing (SUTC),2010, Page(s):19-26
[26]Longbi Lin, Ness B. Shroff, R. Srikant. Asymptotically Optimal Power-Aware Routing for Multihop Wireless Networks with Renewable Energy Sources[J]. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,2007, V15(5):1021-1034
[27]樊晓平,杨玺,刘少强,等.具有能量补给的无线传感器网络分簇路由算法[J].计算机工程,2008.6,34(11)：120-122
[28]Heinzelman W, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks[C]. In:Proc. of the 33rd Annual Hawaii Int'l Conf. on System Sciences. Maui, IEEE Computer Society,2000:3005-3014
[29]Heinzelman W, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,2002,1(4):660-670
[30]Younis O, Fahmy S. HEED:A hybrid energy-efficient distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2004,3 (4):660-669
[31]Lindsey S, Raghavendra CS. PEGASIS:Power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems[C]. In:Proc. of the IEEE Aerospace Conf. Montana, IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society,2002:1125-1130
[32]A. Manjeshwar and D. Agrawal. TEEN:a Routing Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Network[C]. In:International Proc. of the 15th Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium,2001,2009-2015
[33]Lei Zhang, Zheng Hu, Yinong Li, et al. Grouping-based Clustering Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. In:International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing,21-25 Sept. 2007,2452-2455
[34]Soro S, Heinzelman W. Prolonging the lifetime of wireless sensor networks via unequal clustering[C]. In:Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Algorithms for Wireless, Mobile, Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks, Denver, CO, 2005
[35]李成法,陈贵海,叶懋,等.一种基于非均匀分簇的无线传感器网络路由协议[J].计算机学报,Jan.2007,30(1)：28-36
[36]Bencan Gong, Layuan Li, Shaorong Wang, et al. Multihop Routing Protocol with Unequal Clustering for Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. Computing, Communication, Control, and Management,2008. Page(s):552-556
[37]P. Tillapart, S.Thammarojsakul, T.Thumthawatworn, et al. An Approach to Hybrid Clustering and Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. In:Proc of the IEEE Aerospace Conference,5-12 March 2005,1-8
[38]Zhu X., Shen L., Yum T.-S.P. Hausdorff Clustering and Minimum Energy Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks. Vehicular Technology[J]. IEEE Transactions on Volume 58, Issue 2, Feb.2009 Page(s):990-997
[39]郝晓辰,房艳.一种无线传感器网络的簇数目优化方法[J].传感技术学报,2008,21(8)：1432-1436
[40]G.V.Crosby, N. Pissinou. Evolution of Cooperation in Multi-Class Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. In:Proc of the 32nd IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks,15-18 Oct.2007,489-495
[41]郭彬,李喆.无线传感器网络中基于剩余能量的联合选举动态成簇路由算法[J].电子与信息学报,2007,29(12)：3006-3010
[42]高迪,陈彬.基于事件驱动的无线传感器网络动态分簇路由算法[J].系统仿真学报,2008,20(11)：2836-2839
[43]刘新华,李方敏.无线传感器网络中一种能量均衡的分布式成簇算法[J].传感技术学报,2007,20(11)：2465-2469
[44]Zhang Jian-wu, Ji Ying-ying, Zhang Ji-ji, et al. A Weighted Clustering Algorithm Based Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks[C].2008 ISECS International Colloquium on Control, and Management, Volume 2,3-4 Aug. 2008,599-602
[45]Zheng Zeng-Wei, Wu Zhao-Hui, Lin Huai-Zhong. Clustering routing algorithm using game-theoretic techniques for WSNs[C]. In:Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium, Circuits and Systems,23-26 May 2004,4:904-907
[46]杨宁,田辉,黄平,等.基于博弈理论的无线传感器网络分布式节能路由算法[J].电子与信息学报,2008,30(5)：1230-1233
[47]Wen-Sheng Guo, Yong Liao, Nan Sang, et al. The Improvement of Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. International Conference on Apperceiving Computing and Intelligence Analysis,13-15 Dec.2008,338-342
[48]Zhenhua Yu, Yu Liu, Yuanli Cai. Design of an Energy-Efficient Distributed Multi-level Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing,2008. WiCOM'08.4th International Conference on 12-14 Oct.2008 Page(s):1-4
[49]J. J. Lotf, M. N. Bonab, S. Khorsandi. A Novel cluster-based routing protocol with extending lifetime for wireless sensor networks[C].2008 WOCN'08.5th IFIP International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications Networks,5-7 May 2008,1-5
[50]He Huang, Yun Xu, Yu-e Sun, et al. Cluster-based load balancing multi-path routing protocol in wireless sensor networks[C]. Intelligent Control and Automation,2008. WCICA 2008.7th World Congress on 25-27 June 2008 Page(s):6692-6696
[51]Jae Duck Yu, Kyung Tae Kim, Bo Yle Jung, et al. An Energy Efficient Chain-Based Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. International Workshop on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (WAINA'09),26-29 May,2009,383-388
[52]郑明才,张大方,赵小超.最小跳数路由的网络行为特征分析[J].计算机应用,2007,27(10)：2552-2555
[53]郑明才,赵小超,张大方.最小跳数路由无线传感器网络中的路由数估计[J].计算机工程与应用,2007,43(15)：151-156
[54]梁华为,陈万明.一种无线传感器网络蚁群优化路由算法[J].传感技术学报,2007.11,20(11)：2450-2455
[55]王结太,许家栋.基于蚁群算法的无线传感器网络路由协议[J].系统仿真学报,2008,20(18)：4898-4901
[56]Salehpour A.-A, Mirmobin B, Afzali-Kusha S, et al. An energy efficient routing protocol for cluster-based wireless sensor networks using ant colony optimization[C]. Innovations in Information Technology,2008. IIT 2008. International Conference on 16-18 Dec.2008 Page(s):455-459
[57]S. Varma, N. Nigam, U. S. Tiwary. Base station initiated dynamic routing protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network using clustering[C]. In: Proc of the 4th International Conference on Wireless Communication and Sensor Networks,27-29 Dec.2008,1-6
[58]Ming Zhang, Chenglong Gong, Yanhong Lu. An Novel Dynamic Clustering Algorithm Based on Geographical Location for Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. International Symposium on Information Science and Engineering,20-22 Dec. 2008,1:565-568
[59]Yuhua Liu, Jingju Gao, Longquan Zhu, et al. Distributed Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Cluster Maintenance[C]. In:Proc of the 2nd International Conference on Future Generation Communication and Networking, 13-15 Dec.2008,373-376
[60]苏淼,钱海.基于蚁群的无线传感器双簇头算法[J].计算机工程,2008,34(13)：174-177
[61]熊科,樊晓平,刘少强,等.一种基于非均匀分簇双簇头的无线传感器网络分簇算法[J].传感技术学报,2008,21(7)：1207-1211
[62]罗光春,李炯.基于多层极小支配集聚类的WSN路由算法研究[J].通信学报,2007,28(8)：129-132
[63]黎天人,罗娟,李仁发.基于通信范围约束的传感器网络多层分簇算法[J].计算机工程与应用,2009,45(4)：98-101
[64]Muruganathan S.D., Fapojuwo A.O. A Hybrid Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on a Two-Level Clustering Hierarchy with Enhanced Energy Efficiency[C]. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2008. WCNC 2008. IEEE March 31 2008-April 3 2008 Page(s):2051-2056
[65]Jakobsen Mikkel Koefoed, Madsen Jan, Hansen Michael R.. DEHAR:A distributed energy harvesting aware routing algorithm for ad-hoc multi-hop wireless sensor networks[J]. World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks,2010,1-9
[2]Johan Ankarberg, Alfred Carlsson. Wireless Sensor System for Railroad Cars[C]. Technical Report-D3 Project. Chamlers Halmers University of Technology,2005
[3]E.M. Yeatman. Advances In Power Sources For Wireless Sensor Nodes[C]. Proceedings of 1st International Workshop on Body Sensor Networks, London, April 6-7,2004
[4]Mateu, Loreto, Moll, et al. Review of energy harvesting techniques and application for microelectronics[C]. In:Proceedings of the SPIE, VLSI Circuits and Systems Ⅱ,2005, V5837:359-373
[5]Roundy S., Leland E.S., Baker J., et al. Improving Power Output for Vibration-Based Energy Scavengers[J]. Pervasive Computing, IEEE,2005, v4(1): 28-36
[6]Beedy S. P., Tudor M. J., Koukharenko, et al. Micromachined silicon Generator for Harvesting Power from Vibrations[C]. In Proceedings of The 4th International Workshop in Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications(PowerMEMS 2004), pp.104-107, Kyoto, Japan.
[7]James E.P., Tudor M.J., Beeby S.P., et al. An investigation of self-powered systems for condition monitoring applications[J]. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical,2004, V110(1-3):171-176
[8]Li W. J., Wen Z., Wong P. K., et al. A micromachined vibration-induced power generator for low power sensors of robotic systems[C]. In Proceedings of Eight International Symposium on Robotics with Applications, June 2000
[9]温中泉,温志渝,陈光淼,等.微型振动式发电机振了系统的理论计算及仿真[J].光学精密工程,2003,11(1)：45-48
[10]方科,李欣欣,杨志刚,等.压电式能量红区装置的研究现状[J].传感器与微系统,2006,V25(10)：7-10
[11]Roundy S., Wright P. K., and Rabaey J. A Study of low level vibrations as a power source for wireless sensor nodes[J]. Computer Communications,2003, 26(11):1131-1144
[12]S.W.Anns, C.P.Townsend, D.L.Churchill, et al. Power Management for Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensors[C]. In:SPIE Int'l Symposium on Smart Structures & Smart Materials,9-March-2005, San Diego, CA
[13]Clemens Moser, Davide Brunelli, Lothar Thiele. Real-time scheduling for energy harvesting sensor nodes[J]. In:Real-Time Systems, Springer Netherlands, 2007, V37(3):233-260
[14]EDGAR H C. Wrieless Sensor Networks:Archiectures and Protocols[M]. Boca Raton:Auerbach Publications,2004
[15]Kemal Akkaya, Mohamed Younis. A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks[J]. Ad Hoc Networks,2005,3(3):325-349
[16]沈波,张世永,钟亦平.无线传感器网络分簇路由协议[J].软件学报,2006,17(7)：1588-1600
[17]Ye Ming Lu, Vincent W.S.Wong. An energy-efficient multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks[J]. Int. J. Commun. Syst.2007;20:747-766
[18]Tetsuya Kawai. A Fast and Reliable Transmission Mechanism of Urgent Information in Sensor Networks[C]. In:Proc. Of the 3rd International Conference of Networked Sensing Systems, Jun.2006
[19]张朋,陈明,何彭举.一种能量有效控制的实时无线传感器网络路由协议[J].传感技术学报,2007,V20(9)：2065-2069
[20]Vogt T, Ritter H, Schiller J, et al. Solar-aware clustering in wireless sensor networks[C]. In:Proceedings of 9th IEEE symposium on computers and communications, June 2004
[21]V. Raghunathan, A.Kansal, J.Hsu, et al. Design Consideration for Solar Energy Harvesting Wireless Embedded System[C]. In:IPSN 2005.4th Int. Symposium on Information Proceeding in Sensor Networks,457-462
[22]Gao Yi, Sun Guiling, Li Weixiang, et al. Wireless sensor node design based on solar energy supply[J]. Power Electronics and Intelligent Transportation System (PEITS),2009, Page(s):203-207
[23]Joseph V., Sharma V., Mukherji U., et al. Joint power control, scheduling and routing for multicast in multihop energy harvesting sensor networks [J]. Ultra Modern Telecommunications & Workshops,2009, Page(s):1-8
[24]Barnes M., Conway C., Mathews J., et al. ENS:An Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network Platform[J]. Systems and Networks Communications (ICSNC), 2010,Page(s):83-87
[25]Hasenfratz David, Meier Andreas, Moser Clemens, et al. Thiele, Lothar. Analysis, Comparison, and Optimization of Routing Protocols for Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing (SUTC),2010, Page(s):19-26
[26]Longbi Lin, Ness B. Shroff, R. Srikant. Asymptotically Optimal Power-Aware Routing for Multihop Wireless Networks with Renewable Energy Sources[J]. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,2007, V15(5):1021-1034
[27]樊晓平,杨玺,刘少强,等.具有能量补给的无线传感器网络分簇路由算法[J].计算机工程,2008.6,34(11)：120-122
[28]Heinzelman W, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks[C]. In:Proc. of the 33rd Annual Hawaii Int'l Conf. on System Sciences. Maui, IEEE Computer Society,2000:3005-3014
[29]Heinzelman W, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,2002,1(4):660-670
[30]Younis O, Fahmy S. HEED:A hybrid energy-efficient distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2004,3 (4):660-669
[31]Lindsey S, Raghavendra CS. PEGASIS:Power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems[C]. In:Proc. of the IEEE Aerospace Conf. Montana, IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society,2002:1125-1130
[32]A. Manjeshwar and D. Agrawal. TEEN:a Routing Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Network[C]. In:International Proc. of the 15th Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium,2001,2009-2015
[33]Lei Zhang, Zheng Hu, Yinong Li, et al. Grouping-based Clustering Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. In:International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing,21-25 Sept. 2007,2452-2455
[34]Soro S, Heinzelman W. Prolonging the lifetime of wireless sensor networks via unequal clustering[C]. In:Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Algorithms for Wireless, Mobile, Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks, Denver, CO, 2005
[35]李成法,陈贵海,叶懋,等.一种基于非均匀分簇的无线传感器网络路由协议[J].计算机学报,Jan.2007,30(1)：28-36
[36]Bencan Gong, Layuan Li, Shaorong Wang, et al. Multihop Routing Protocol with Unequal Clustering for Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. Computing, Communication, Control, and Management,2008. Page(s):552-556
[37]P. Tillapart, S.Thammarojsakul, T.Thumthawatworn, et al. An Approach to Hybrid Clustering and Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. In:Proc of the IEEE Aerospace Conference,5-12 March 2005,1-8
[38]Zhu X., Shen L., Yum T.-S.P. Hausdorff Clustering and Minimum Energy Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks. Vehicular Technology[J]. IEEE Transactions on Volume 58, Issue 2, Feb.2009 Page(s):990-997
[39]郝晓辰,房艳.一种无线传感器网络的簇数目优化方法[J].传感技术学报,2008,21(8)：1432-1436
[40]G.V.Crosby, N. Pissinou. Evolution of Cooperation in Multi-Class Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. In:Proc of the 32nd IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks,15-18 Oct.2007,489-495
[41]郭彬,李喆.无线传感器网络中基于剩余能量的联合选举动态成簇路由算法[J].电子与信息学报,2007,29(12)：3006-3010
[42]高迪,陈彬.基于事件驱动的无线传感器网络动态分簇路由算法[J].系统仿真学报,2008,20(11)：2836-2839
[43]刘新华,李方敏.无线传感器网络中一种能量均衡的分布式成簇算法[J].传感技术学报,2007,20(11)：2465-2469
[44]Zhang Jian-wu, Ji Ying-ying, Zhang Ji-ji, et al. A Weighted Clustering Algorithm Based Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks[C].2008 ISECS International Colloquium on Control, and Management, Volume 2,3-4 Aug. 2008,599-602
[45]Zheng Zeng-Wei, Wu Zhao-Hui, Lin Huai-Zhong. Clustering routing algorithm using game-theoretic techniques for WSNs[C]. In:Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium, Circuits and Systems,23-26 May 2004,4:904-907
[46]杨宁,田辉,黄平,等.基于博弈理论的无线传感器网络分布式节能路由算法[J].电子与信息学报,2008,30(5)：1230-1233
[47]Wen-Sheng Guo, Yong Liao, Nan Sang, et al. The Improvement of Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. International Conference on Apperceiving Computing and Intelligence Analysis,13-15 Dec.2008,338-342
[48]Zhenhua Yu, Yu Liu, Yuanli Cai. Design of an Energy-Efficient Distributed Multi-level Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing,2008. WiCOM'08.4th International Conference on 12-14 Oct.2008 Page(s):1-4
[49]J. J. Lotf, M. N. Bonab, S. Khorsandi. A Novel cluster-based routing protocol with extending lifetime for wireless sensor networks[C].2008 WOCN'08.5th IFIP International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications Networks,5-7 May 2008,1-5
[50]He Huang, Yun Xu, Yu-e Sun, et al. Cluster-based load balancing multi-path routing protocol in wireless sensor networks[C]. Intelligent Control and Automation,2008. WCICA 2008.7th World Congress on 25-27 June 2008 Page(s):6692-6696
[51]Jae Duck Yu, Kyung Tae Kim, Bo Yle Jung, et al. An Energy Efficient Chain-Based Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. International Workshop on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (WAINA'09),26-29 May,2009,383-388
[52]郑明才,张大方,赵小超.最小跳数路由的网络行为特征分析[J].计算机应用,2007,27(10)：2552-2555
[53]郑明才,赵小超,张大方.最小跳数路由无线传感器网络中的路由数估计[J].计算机工程与应用,2007,43(15)：151-156
[54]梁华为,陈万明.一种无线传感器网络蚁群优化路由算法[J].传感技术学报,2007.11,20(11)：2450-2455
[55]王结太,许家栋.基于蚁群算法的无线传感器网络路由协议[J].系统仿真学报,2008,20(18)：4898-4901
[56]Salehpour A.-A, Mirmobin B, Afzali-Kusha S, et al. An energy efficient routing protocol for cluster-based wireless sensor networks using ant colony optimization[C]. Innovations in Information Technology,2008. IIT 2008. International Conference on 16-18 Dec.2008 Page(s):455-459
[57]S. Varma, N. Nigam, U. S. Tiwary. Base station initiated dynamic routing protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network using clustering[C]. In: Proc of the 4th International Conference on Wireless Communication and Sensor Networks,27-29 Dec.2008,1-6
[58]Ming Zhang, Chenglong Gong, Yanhong Lu. An Novel Dynamic Clustering Algorithm Based on Geographical Location for Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. International Symposium on Information Science and Engineering,20-22 Dec. 2008,1:565-568
[59]Yuhua Liu, Jingju Gao, Longquan Zhu, et al. Distributed Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Cluster Maintenance[C]. In:Proc of the 2nd International Conference on Future Generation Communication and Networking, 13-15 Dec.2008,373-376
[60]苏淼,钱海.基于蚁群的无线传感器双簇头算法[J].计算机工程,2008,34(13)：174-177
[61]熊科,樊晓平,刘少强,等.一种基于非均匀分簇双簇头的无线传感器网络分簇算法[J].传感技术学报,2008,21(7)：1207-1211
[62]罗光春,李炯.基于多层极小支配集聚类的WSN路由算法研究[J].通信学报,2007,28(8)：129-132
[63]黎天人,罗娟,李仁发.基于通信范围约束的传感器网络多层分簇算法[J].计算机工程与应用,2009,45(4)：98-101
[64]Muruganathan S.D., Fapojuwo A.O. A Hybrid Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on a Two-Level Clustering Hierarchy with Enhanced Energy Efficiency[C]. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2008. WCNC 2008. IEEE March 31 2008-April 3 2008 Page(s):2051-2056
[65]Jakobsen Mikkel Koefoed, Madsen Jan, Hansen Michael R.. DEHAR:A distributed energy harvesting aware routing algorithm for ad-hoc multi-hop wireless sensor networks[J]. World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks,2010,1-9