生态工业园中的生态产业链系统构建研究
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摘要
生态工业是指人类仿照自然生态系统物质循环的方式来规划工业生产系统的一种经济发展模式。生态工业园(eco-industrial parks,EIPs)是生态工业的重要实践形式。EIPs中的生态产业链(eco-industrial chain,EIC)系统构建是工业生态学理论的重要研究领域。面对日益严峻的资源短缺和工业污染问题,人类的工业活动应当模仿自然生态系统,使工业系统和谐地纳入自然界物质循环和能量流动的大系统中,一个生产过程的废物或副产品成为另一个生产过程的原料,使整个工业体系“进化”为各种资源(物质、能源、水和原料)循环流动的闭环系统(closed-loop circle),实现经济效益、环境效益和社会效益的有机统一。
本文从EIC的链接及其生态效率、EIC系统构建、EIC系统运营的稳定性评价3个维度,对生态工业园中的生态产业链系统的构建及稳定性问题进行了比较系统的研究。
工业生态学理论是园区生态产业链的重要研究基础,它所涉及的内容非常广泛,循环经济理论、清洁生产和绿色制造理论、生态工业园区的理论与实践等,都与生态产业链的研究有着密切的联系。通过对相关领域理论和实践的研究发现,基于工业生态学理论指导,作为区域层面的循环经济实践的载体——生态工业园区的建设,从生产领域到消费领域都必然要求贯彻以清洁生产和绿色制造为核心内容的循环经济理念。
生态工业园是建立在一定地域上的、由生态产业链系统内相互链接的制造企业和服务企业共同形成的企业社区,在该社区内,各成员单位通过共同管理环境事宜和经济事宜来获取最大的环境效益、经济效益和社会效益。生态产业链系统是在生态工业园区内,结合区域经济发展的实际,基于成熟的产业规划基础上,借鉴并运用自然生态规律,人为构建起来的,以废物和副产品为纽带,最终实现资源、能源等在区域范围内循环流动,经济效益、环境效益和社会效益最大化的工业生态系统。
搜寻成本、信息成本、谈判成本、讨价还价和决策成本等事先的交易成本,以及履约成本、风险成本等事后的交易成本,都不利于生态工业园中的生态产业链企业稳健发展,且增加了互利共生的成本,是摩擦力,因此,弄清这些交易成本及其成因,对于园区生态产业链系统的构建及稳定性研究具有重要的理论意义。
针对园区生态产业链链接的不同发展阶段,分析产业链企业净收益和社会净收益的变化趋势;基于环境资源的公共物品属性,分别从生产者、消费者角度分析生态产业链下和线性生产链下的市场供求状况,研究表明,生态产业链下的产品供给量小于线性生产链下的产品供给量,生态产业链下的产品需求量小于线性生产链下的产品需求量;资源利用效率的比较体现产业链企业采用循环经济技术较传统线性经济所带来的效益变化情况。
要实现园区生态产业链上游至下游的顺利链接,即博弈结果为“下游接受,上游提供”,除了政府在这个过程中扮演重要角色、起着不可忽视的作用外,上、下游企业之间废物或副产品利用的一些具体因素都将影响企业决策。
依据生态工业系统中物质、能量、信息流动的规律和各成员之间在类别、规模、方位上的匹配,实现物质、能量和信息的交换,完善资源利用和物质循环,构建EIC系统;在已有研究基础上补充并完善了4种EIC系统模式:依存型(单中心、多中心)EIC系统,平等型EIC系统,混合型EIC系统,虚拟型EIC系统。基于EIC系统的核心企业与围核企业研究,分析了甘肃金昌河西堡工业园EIC系统构成。
EIC系统运营风险包括:EIC企业之间的投机行为导致的风险;EIC系统内的结构性风险;EIC系统内的关系风险;企业的文化背景与地域习惯差异导致的风险。因此必须加以切实有效的防范和控制。那种将园区EIC系统过于理想化的观点是不现实的。为此,根据生态学理论,在参考国家有关标准基础上,综合考虑评价指标体系的建立原则、筛选方法,在已有研究基础上构建生态产业链系统稳定性的评价指标体系。该指标体系主要分为:外部影响指标、生态产业链企业指标、生态产业链系统整体指标3类一级指标;国家宏观政策、市场环境、企业竞争力、企业应变力、企业效益水平、系统信息化水平、系统柔韧性7类二级指标;21个三级具体指标。其中,三级指标包括定性指标和定量指标,具体在进行园区规划时可根据实际情况和特殊条件而定。
以Kalunborg和青啤为例,通过对EIC系统的稳定性研究得到以下结论:一个园区内生态产业链系统网络的结构越复杂,越完善,其稳定性就越强;生态产业链系统稳定性的特征表现为,它是一种开放的稳定性,动态中的稳定性,整体的稳定性;单中心依存型EIC系统是一种容易达到系统稳定状态的EIC系统,是生态工业园区的一种理想的工业共生模式;单条EIC的长度越短越稳定。
基于上述有关理论,对海尔工业园区生态产业链系统的稳定性、青岛新天地静脉产业园区生态效率评价体系等作了实证研究,并针对两园区存在的共同问题,提出进一步发展的对策和建议。
Eco-industry (EI) refers to this situation that human being imitates the material cycle approaches of the natural ecosystems to plan a system of industrial production model to promote economic development. Eco-industrial Parks (EIPs) is an important EI forms of practice. The construction of eco-industrial chain( EIC) system is a very important theoretical research in the field. In the face of increasingly severe industrial pollution and resource depletion problems, human's industrial activities should mimic the natural ecosystem, so that the industrial system can be resoluted harmonily into the giant system of material circulation and energy flow of the natural ecosystems. Waste or by-product from one production process can be changed into raw materials for another . The entire industrial system will evolute into a variety of resources (material, energy, water and raw materials) circulation of the closed-loop circle system, and realize the oganic unity of economic, environmental and social benefits at last.
In this paper, the research methods of empirical research and normative research, quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis, theory and practice of combining are adopted to build a comparative study of the EIC system in EIPs. EIC system involves in a lot of research contents, for which, I carried out very long time to inspect and heckle the relevant research literatures in the field first of all. On this basis, I goes in for the international comparative study of EIPs Practice in order to obtain some empirical supports for the entire study. At the same time, combinating this research, I have an in-depth, detailed research and study as to the EIPs construction in Qingdao city. Facing the weak links for studies related at home and abroad, I carried out the 3-dimensional studies—from the EIC interlinking analysis and eco-efficiencial evaluation ,EIC systems construction,and based on the operational risks of EIC system and assessment of the stability,and paying attention to the topic between the inherent logic and relevance. In the course of the study, using comprehensively the theory of circular economy,eco-industrial, transaction costs, game theory, system organizations and other relevant research methods. On the basis of empirical research and studies , this paper launches study concerning the corresponding countermeasures aimming at the security and stability of EIC in EIPs ,and puts forward the evaluation index system and evaluation model to maintain EIC system stability assessment.
This paper first analyses the related theories about EIC in EIPs on the basis of a systematic overview. In order to obtain the general rules and to find useful lessons from the planning practice of the typical EIC in the world, this paper chooses some EIPs which have been formed or are in the process of building from Denmark, the United States, Canada, Fiji, Japan and China and other countries, by comparison from their development policy implementation, industry background, industry characteristics, the forming path of EIC system,in order to provide references for China's EIC construction in EIPs . This paper proposes the concept of the EIC and analyses the driving force mechanism of EIC interlinking basing on the synthesis depiction of the related study of theory and practice of the EIC .And analyses the interlinking relations among the EIC system combinating acase: one-to-one interlinking, one-to-many interlinking, many-to-one interlinking, and interlinking mixed. By the game relationship analysis of EIC enterprises we can find that: in order to achieve the outcome of the game“the upper reaches supply, the lower reaches receive”in a EIC system, besides the government playing an important role which is not ignored in this process, a number of specific factors about using waste or by-products of the upstream and downstream enterprises will influence the decision-making of enterprises, which need to evaluate the EIC eco-efficiency. After these, this paper proposes 4 EIC system modes of operation basing on the switching characteristics between the upstream and downstream enterprises in an EIC system: the independent EIC-system(single-center ,multi-center), the equality EIC-system, the mixed EIC-system, and the virtual EIC-system. And this paper also studies the scope and conditions of application concerning different EIC system modes. This paper has preliminarily revealed some laws concerning exchange of waste and by-products by the analysis of materials and resources. And taking the EIC system in Hexibu EIPs(located in Jinchang,Gansu province)for an example, this paper makes a real case analysis. Then this paper researches the potential risks and stablity of the EIC system.
There are many risks in the process of operating of EIC systems, including: the risks led by speculations of enterprises of EIC system, the structural risks and the relationship risks, and the risks based on different cultural backgrounds and different geographical habits, etc. Therefore , this paper evaluates the stability and security of the EIC system after determining the evaluation indexs. And we can obtain several conclusions as follows: No 1, proving that the diversity and the stability of the EIC-system interlinking are relevant; No 2, it is easy to reach a steady state of the EIC system for single-center dependent-EIC system, and it is an ideal model of industrial symbiosis; No 3, the single EIC length is anti-related with the stability. Finally, taking Qingdao Haier EIPs and the New Industrial Parks in Vein of Qingdao for examples, this paper makes analysis of the evidence, and puts forward relevant countermeasures and suggestions of the further development about the two EIPs.
本文从EIC的链接及其生态效率、EIC系统构建、EIC系统运营的稳定性评价3个维度,对生态工业园中的生态产业链系统的构建及稳定性问题进行了比较系统的研究。
工业生态学理论是园区生态产业链的重要研究基础,它所涉及的内容非常广泛,循环经济理论、清洁生产和绿色制造理论、生态工业园区的理论与实践等,都与生态产业链的研究有着密切的联系。通过对相关领域理论和实践的研究发现,基于工业生态学理论指导,作为区域层面的循环经济实践的载体——生态工业园区的建设,从生产领域到消费领域都必然要求贯彻以清洁生产和绿色制造为核心内容的循环经济理念。
生态工业园是建立在一定地域上的、由生态产业链系统内相互链接的制造企业和服务企业共同形成的企业社区,在该社区内,各成员单位通过共同管理环境事宜和经济事宜来获取最大的环境效益、经济效益和社会效益。生态产业链系统是在生态工业园区内,结合区域经济发展的实际,基于成熟的产业规划基础上,借鉴并运用自然生态规律,人为构建起来的,以废物和副产品为纽带,最终实现资源、能源等在区域范围内循环流动,经济效益、环境效益和社会效益最大化的工业生态系统。
搜寻成本、信息成本、谈判成本、讨价还价和决策成本等事先的交易成本,以及履约成本、风险成本等事后的交易成本,都不利于生态工业园中的生态产业链企业稳健发展,且增加了互利共生的成本,是摩擦力,因此,弄清这些交易成本及其成因,对于园区生态产业链系统的构建及稳定性研究具有重要的理论意义。
针对园区生态产业链链接的不同发展阶段,分析产业链企业净收益和社会净收益的变化趋势;基于环境资源的公共物品属性,分别从生产者、消费者角度分析生态产业链下和线性生产链下的市场供求状况,研究表明,生态产业链下的产品供给量小于线性生产链下的产品供给量,生态产业链下的产品需求量小于线性生产链下的产品需求量;资源利用效率的比较体现产业链企业采用循环经济技术较传统线性经济所带来的效益变化情况。
要实现园区生态产业链上游至下游的顺利链接,即博弈结果为“下游接受,上游提供”,除了政府在这个过程中扮演重要角色、起着不可忽视的作用外,上、下游企业之间废物或副产品利用的一些具体因素都将影响企业决策。
依据生态工业系统中物质、能量、信息流动的规律和各成员之间在类别、规模、方位上的匹配,实现物质、能量和信息的交换,完善资源利用和物质循环,构建EIC系统;在已有研究基础上补充并完善了4种EIC系统模式:依存型(单中心、多中心)EIC系统,平等型EIC系统,混合型EIC系统,虚拟型EIC系统。基于EIC系统的核心企业与围核企业研究,分析了甘肃金昌河西堡工业园EIC系统构成。
EIC系统运营风险包括:EIC企业之间的投机行为导致的风险;EIC系统内的结构性风险;EIC系统内的关系风险;企业的文化背景与地域习惯差异导致的风险。因此必须加以切实有效的防范和控制。那种将园区EIC系统过于理想化的观点是不现实的。为此,根据生态学理论,在参考国家有关标准基础上,综合考虑评价指标体系的建立原则、筛选方法,在已有研究基础上构建生态产业链系统稳定性的评价指标体系。该指标体系主要分为:外部影响指标、生态产业链企业指标、生态产业链系统整体指标3类一级指标;国家宏观政策、市场环境、企业竞争力、企业应变力、企业效益水平、系统信息化水平、系统柔韧性7类二级指标;21个三级具体指标。其中,三级指标包括定性指标和定量指标,具体在进行园区规划时可根据实际情况和特殊条件而定。
以Kalunborg和青啤为例,通过对EIC系统的稳定性研究得到以下结论:一个园区内生态产业链系统网络的结构越复杂,越完善,其稳定性就越强;生态产业链系统稳定性的特征表现为,它是一种开放的稳定性,动态中的稳定性,整体的稳定性;单中心依存型EIC系统是一种容易达到系统稳定状态的EIC系统,是生态工业园区的一种理想的工业共生模式;单条EIC的长度越短越稳定。
基于上述有关理论,对海尔工业园区生态产业链系统的稳定性、青岛新天地静脉产业园区生态效率评价体系等作了实证研究,并针对两园区存在的共同问题,提出进一步发展的对策和建议。
Eco-industry (EI) refers to this situation that human being imitates the material cycle approaches of the natural ecosystems to plan a system of industrial production model to promote economic development. Eco-industrial Parks (EIPs) is an important EI forms of practice. The construction of eco-industrial chain( EIC) system is a very important theoretical research in the field. In the face of increasingly severe industrial pollution and resource depletion problems, human's industrial activities should mimic the natural ecosystem, so that the industrial system can be resoluted harmonily into the giant system of material circulation and energy flow of the natural ecosystems. Waste or by-product from one production process can be changed into raw materials for another . The entire industrial system will evolute into a variety of resources (material, energy, water and raw materials) circulation of the closed-loop circle system, and realize the oganic unity of economic, environmental and social benefits at last.
In this paper, the research methods of empirical research and normative research, quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis, theory and practice of combining are adopted to build a comparative study of the EIC system in EIPs. EIC system involves in a lot of research contents, for which, I carried out very long time to inspect and heckle the relevant research literatures in the field first of all. On this basis, I goes in for the international comparative study of EIPs Practice in order to obtain some empirical supports for the entire study. At the same time, combinating this research, I have an in-depth, detailed research and study as to the EIPs construction in Qingdao city. Facing the weak links for studies related at home and abroad, I carried out the 3-dimensional studies—from the EIC interlinking analysis and eco-efficiencial evaluation ,EIC systems construction,and based on the operational risks of EIC system and assessment of the stability,and paying attention to the topic between the inherent logic and relevance. In the course of the study, using comprehensively the theory of circular economy,eco-industrial, transaction costs, game theory, system organizations and other relevant research methods. On the basis of empirical research and studies , this paper launches study concerning the corresponding countermeasures aimming at the security and stability of EIC in EIPs ,and puts forward the evaluation index system and evaluation model to maintain EIC system stability assessment.
This paper first analyses the related theories about EIC in EIPs on the basis of a systematic overview. In order to obtain the general rules and to find useful lessons from the planning practice of the typical EIC in the world, this paper chooses some EIPs which have been formed or are in the process of building from Denmark, the United States, Canada, Fiji, Japan and China and other countries, by comparison from their development policy implementation, industry background, industry characteristics, the forming path of EIC system,in order to provide references for China's EIC construction in EIPs . This paper proposes the concept of the EIC and analyses the driving force mechanism of EIC interlinking basing on the synthesis depiction of the related study of theory and practice of the EIC .And analyses the interlinking relations among the EIC system combinating acase: one-to-one interlinking, one-to-many interlinking, many-to-one interlinking, and interlinking mixed. By the game relationship analysis of EIC enterprises we can find that: in order to achieve the outcome of the game“the upper reaches supply, the lower reaches receive”in a EIC system, besides the government playing an important role which is not ignored in this process, a number of specific factors about using waste or by-products of the upstream and downstream enterprises will influence the decision-making of enterprises, which need to evaluate the EIC eco-efficiency. After these, this paper proposes 4 EIC system modes of operation basing on the switching characteristics between the upstream and downstream enterprises in an EIC system: the independent EIC-system(single-center ,multi-center), the equality EIC-system, the mixed EIC-system, and the virtual EIC-system. And this paper also studies the scope and conditions of application concerning different EIC system modes. This paper has preliminarily revealed some laws concerning exchange of waste and by-products by the analysis of materials and resources. And taking the EIC system in Hexibu EIPs(located in Jinchang,Gansu province)for an example, this paper makes a real case analysis. Then this paper researches the potential risks and stablity of the EIC system.
There are many risks in the process of operating of EIC systems, including: the risks led by speculations of enterprises of EIC system, the structural risks and the relationship risks, and the risks based on different cultural backgrounds and different geographical habits, etc. Therefore , this paper evaluates the stability and security of the EIC system after determining the evaluation indexs. And we can obtain several conclusions as follows: No 1, proving that the diversity and the stability of the EIC-system interlinking are relevant; No 2, it is easy to reach a steady state of the EIC system for single-center dependent-EIC system, and it is an ideal model of industrial symbiosis; No 3, the single EIC length is anti-related with the stability. Finally, taking Qingdao Haier EIPs and the New Industrial Parks in Vein of Qingdao for examples, this paper makes analysis of the evidence, and puts forward relevant countermeasures and suggestions of the further development about the two EIPs.
引文
9李凤岐.生态经济与循环经济(教案),2007.
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