基于嵌入式无线监控空气质量系统的设计与研究
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摘要
随着现在高科技的进步,人们的生活水平有了很大提高,对环境的要求也越来越高,环境问题开始得到社会的重视,尤其是自己所处的环境空气质量。目前,环境监测发展的一个重要方向是开发适合我国国情、价格低廉的远程无线监控系统,而环境空气质量监控系统中极为重要的一部分就是如何获得环境中的有用参数,之后才能进行后面的分析、决策控制工作。无线传感器网络(WSN)能够通过各类集成化的微型传感器协作地实时监测、感知和采集各种监测对象的信息,并传达给控制中心,具有可快速部署、无人值守、功耗低、成本低等优点,十分适合于环境监控系统。
传感器、嵌入式系统、计算机网络和无线通信四大技术孕育了无线传感器网络。无线传感器网络可以被广泛应用于军事,商业,医疗和环境监测等多方面。本文即采用无线传感器网络构建一个基于嵌入式无线监控环境空气质量的系统。
无线传感器网络由大量密集的传感器节点构成,每个节点相当于一个小型的嵌入式系统,由数据采集模块、数据处理模块、无线收发模块和电源构成。节点由两节五号电池供电,所以各个节点的能源、计算能力都非常有限,本文对这小型嵌入式系统所需的关键芯片做了正确评估和选择,采用超低功耗的MSP430和CC2420 2.4GHz射频芯片,设计了一种低功耗的系统结构。
对于WSN来说,传统的无线路由协议已不再适合无线传感器网络,已有的路由协议都是基于特定的应用环境而设计的,所以根据本论文的环境要求,设计能够有效节约能源,延长网络生命周期的路由协议成为了本论文的研究重点。
本文对现有的无线传感器网络路由协议进行了分析研究,尤其重点分析了LEACH协议,针对其存在的整体能耗高、网络生命周期短等不足,在LEACH协议的基础上进行了改进,我们把改进后的路由协议简称为LEACH-IMP。在LEACH-IMP中,分别在网络中最优簇数的确定、簇头选择算法和簇间路由机制方面对LEACH进行了改进。LEACH-IMP充分考虑了节点剩余能量与其成为簇头的概率关系,对阈值T(n)重新加以定义;簇头节点与Sink节点间的通信采用多跳路由方式。
改进后的路由协议LEACH-IMP保证簇头个数最优且在区域内分布比较均匀,同时均衡了各个节点的能量消耗,从而大大延长了网络的生命周期。经过仿真测试,采用LEACH-IMP算法比采用LEACH算法具有较好的能量优化特性,使整个网络生命周期延长了将近60%。
With the modern high-tech progress, people’s living standard has been greatly improved. At the same time, the demands on the environment are more and more strict and the society has been paying attention to environmental issues, especially on air quality of our own environment. At present, developing a low-cost remote monitoring system to suit China’s national conditions is an important direction in the development of environmental monitoring. How to obtain useful parameters in the environment is an important part in the environmental air quality monitoring system. Only by obtain the environment parameters, the analysis and the decision-control work can be carried on. Wireless sensor network (WSN) could monitor real-time, detect and gather cooperatively all kinds of information about monitored objects through various integrated sensors. And then it transmits the information to remote control center. WSN can be a rapidly developed, automatic, low power consumption and low cost system. Therefore, the WSN is very suitable for the environmental monitoring system.
Wireless sensor network was formed by the combination of sensor, embedded system, computer network and wireless communication technologies. WSN can be widely applied in military, commercial, medical and environmental monitoring fields. This paper will design an embedded environmental air quality monitoring system based on WSN.
WSN consists of a large quantity of sensor nodes, each one equivalent to a small embedded system, which consists of data acquisition module, data process module, wireless transceiver modules and power supply module. Every node’s power is supplied by tow v-type battery, so their power and calculation ability is very limited. Therefore, this paper makes an assessment and selection on the key chip required for this small-scale embedded system. And adopt ultra-low power consumption MSP430 and CC2420 2.4GHz RF chip to design a low-power system architecture.
Traditional wireless routing protocol is not suitable for wireless sensor network, the design of existing routing protocols are based on the specific application environment. In accordance with the environmental requirements of this thesis, the key point for researching is to design a valid routing protocol which can save power and prolong the lifetime effectively.
This paper firstly analysis current routing protocols of wireless sensor network, especially focus on the analysis of LEACH routing protocol. Then aiming at the disadvantage that this protocol has high power dissipation and short lifetime. Based on the LEACH routing protocol, we improve the LEACH routing protocol, named the advanced routing protocol LEACH-IMP. In this new protocol, we calculate the optimal number of cluster head, improve cluster head selection algorithm and inter-cluster routing mechanism. LEACH-IMP fully takes into account the residual energy of nodes as a cluster head to redefine the threshold value of T(n); and adopt multi-hop routing for the communication between Sink node and cluster node.
Improved routing protocol LEACH-IMP to ensure the optimal number of head clusters and more evenly distributed in the region ,at the same time balance the energy consumption of every node, which greatly extend the life cycle of the network. After simulation testing, the LEACH-IMP algorithm has better optimization of energy characteristics to extend the lifetime of the entire network nearly 60%.
传感器、嵌入式系统、计算机网络和无线通信四大技术孕育了无线传感器网络。无线传感器网络可以被广泛应用于军事,商业,医疗和环境监测等多方面。本文即采用无线传感器网络构建一个基于嵌入式无线监控环境空气质量的系统。
无线传感器网络由大量密集的传感器节点构成,每个节点相当于一个小型的嵌入式系统,由数据采集模块、数据处理模块、无线收发模块和电源构成。节点由两节五号电池供电,所以各个节点的能源、计算能力都非常有限,本文对这小型嵌入式系统所需的关键芯片做了正确评估和选择,采用超低功耗的MSP430和CC2420 2.4GHz射频芯片,设计了一种低功耗的系统结构。
对于WSN来说,传统的无线路由协议已不再适合无线传感器网络,已有的路由协议都是基于特定的应用环境而设计的,所以根据本论文的环境要求,设计能够有效节约能源,延长网络生命周期的路由协议成为了本论文的研究重点。
本文对现有的无线传感器网络路由协议进行了分析研究,尤其重点分析了LEACH协议,针对其存在的整体能耗高、网络生命周期短等不足,在LEACH协议的基础上进行了改进,我们把改进后的路由协议简称为LEACH-IMP。在LEACH-IMP中,分别在网络中最优簇数的确定、簇头选择算法和簇间路由机制方面对LEACH进行了改进。LEACH-IMP充分考虑了节点剩余能量与其成为簇头的概率关系,对阈值T(n)重新加以定义;簇头节点与Sink节点间的通信采用多跳路由方式。
改进后的路由协议LEACH-IMP保证簇头个数最优且在区域内分布比较均匀,同时均衡了各个节点的能量消耗,从而大大延长了网络的生命周期。经过仿真测试,采用LEACH-IMP算法比采用LEACH算法具有较好的能量优化特性,使整个网络生命周期延长了将近60%。
With the modern high-tech progress, people’s living standard has been greatly improved. At the same time, the demands on the environment are more and more strict and the society has been paying attention to environmental issues, especially on air quality of our own environment. At present, developing a low-cost remote monitoring system to suit China’s national conditions is an important direction in the development of environmental monitoring. How to obtain useful parameters in the environment is an important part in the environmental air quality monitoring system. Only by obtain the environment parameters, the analysis and the decision-control work can be carried on. Wireless sensor network (WSN) could monitor real-time, detect and gather cooperatively all kinds of information about monitored objects through various integrated sensors. And then it transmits the information to remote control center. WSN can be a rapidly developed, automatic, low power consumption and low cost system. Therefore, the WSN is very suitable for the environmental monitoring system.
Wireless sensor network was formed by the combination of sensor, embedded system, computer network and wireless communication technologies. WSN can be widely applied in military, commercial, medical and environmental monitoring fields. This paper will design an embedded environmental air quality monitoring system based on WSN.
WSN consists of a large quantity of sensor nodes, each one equivalent to a small embedded system, which consists of data acquisition module, data process module, wireless transceiver modules and power supply module. Every node’s power is supplied by tow v-type battery, so their power and calculation ability is very limited. Therefore, this paper makes an assessment and selection on the key chip required for this small-scale embedded system. And adopt ultra-low power consumption MSP430 and CC2420 2.4GHz RF chip to design a low-power system architecture.
Traditional wireless routing protocol is not suitable for wireless sensor network, the design of existing routing protocols are based on the specific application environment. In accordance with the environmental requirements of this thesis, the key point for researching is to design a valid routing protocol which can save power and prolong the lifetime effectively.
This paper firstly analysis current routing protocols of wireless sensor network, especially focus on the analysis of LEACH routing protocol. Then aiming at the disadvantage that this protocol has high power dissipation and short lifetime. Based on the LEACH routing protocol, we improve the LEACH routing protocol, named the advanced routing protocol LEACH-IMP. In this new protocol, we calculate the optimal number of cluster head, improve cluster head selection algorithm and inter-cluster routing mechanism. LEACH-IMP fully takes into account the residual energy of nodes as a cluster head to redefine the threshold value of T(n); and adopt multi-hop routing for the communication between Sink node and cluster node.
Improved routing protocol LEACH-IMP to ensure the optimal number of head clusters and more evenly distributed in the region ,at the same time balance the energy consumption of every node, which greatly extend the life cycle of the network. After simulation testing, the LEACH-IMP algorithm has better optimization of energy characteristics to extend the lifetime of the entire network nearly 60%.
引文
1.冯艺.环境空气质量自动监测的发展及优势研究[J].科技资讯,2008,(04):229
2.俞建新,王健,宋健建.嵌入式系统基础教程[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2008:3-13
3.周贤伟,覃伯平,徐福华.无线传感器网络与安全[M].北京:国防工业出版社, 2007:11-12
4. Holger Karl,Andreas Willig.无线传感器网络协议与体系结构[M].北京:电子工业出版社, 2007:8-10
5.李文仲,段朝玉.ZigBee2006无线网络与无线定位实践[M].北京:北京航空航天出版社, 2008:146-188
6.金纯,罗祖秋,罗凤等.ZigBee技术基础及案例分析[M].北京:国防工业出版社, 2008:77-83
7.夏溢民,梅顺良,江亿.基于ZigBee的无线传感器网络[J].微计算机信息, 2007, 23(04) : 129-130
8. Fabio L.Zucatto. ZigBee for building control wireless sensor networks[J].IEEE International Conference,2007,(11):511-515
9. Shizhuang Lin,Jingyu Liu.ZigBee based wireless sensor networks and its applications in industrial[J].IEEE,2007,(1):1979-1983
10.梁雪刚.空气环境质量检测方法研究与监控软件设计[D].浙江:浙江大学,2006
11.伦伟明.空气质量自动监测系统的运行与控制[J].现代测量与实验室管, 2008,(02):50-52
12.刘迎冬.空气质量现场站监测系统的研究与设计[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2007
13.王田苗.嵌入式系统设计与实例开发[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003
14. Jan Axelson.Embedded Ethernet and Internet Complete[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2006:33-35
15. Shen Lin,Shi xiangquan,Ling Ming.A wireless network based on the combination of ZigBee and GPRS[J].IEEE international conference.2008,(4):267-270
16.王雪梅,徐本崇,陈俊杰.用于环境监测的无线传感器网络节点的设计与实现[J].测控技术,2007,26(11):1-3
17.周立功.ARM嵌入式系统基础教程[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2005:5-7
18.邓荣钦.基于GPRS的无线监控系统的研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2007
19.李兵.基于ZigBee的无线嵌入式设备的设计与实现[D]:[硕士学位论文].北京:北京邮电大学,2007
20.屈明佑,郭文生,雷航等.基于ZigBee的环境监测预警系统网络节点的设计与实现[J].福建电脑,2008,(03):150-151
21. Dechun Zhao,Chenglin Peng.A Small Low-power Reliable Communication Module in a Wireless Monitoring System[J].IEEE,2007,1194-1197
22.傅柯,方勇.基于ZigBee技术的无线防盗系统的实现方案[J].遥测遥控,2007,28(1):59-62
23.周怡颋等.ZigBee无线通信技术及其应用探讨[J].自动化仪表,2005,26(6):1-9
24.原羿,苏鸿根.基于ZigBee技术的无线网络应用研究[J].计算机应用与软件, 2004,(06):89-91
25. Yang Shifeng,KE Jing,Zhao Jimin.Wireless Monitoring System for Aquiculture Environment[J].IEEE International workshop on Radio-Frequency Integration Technology,2007,(12):274-277
26. Bruno Ando, Salvatore Baglio, Salvatore Graziani. Models for Air Quality Management and Assessment[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS,2000, 30 (3):358-363
27. Christina Arnold, Michael Harms, and Joachim Goschnick. Air Quality Monitoring and Fire Detection With The Karlsruhe Electronic Micronose KAMINA[J]. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL,2002,2(3):179-187
28.王秀梅,刘乃安.利用2.4GHz射频芯片CC2420实现ZigBee无线通信设计[J].国外电子元器件,2005,(03):59-62
29.居世勇.基于LEACH的无线传感器网络路由协议研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学,2007
30.张宏锋,李文锋.基于ZigBee技术的无线传感器网络的研究[J].武汉理工大学学报,2006,28(8):12-15
31.昂志敏,金海红等.基于ZigBee技术的无线传感器网络节点的设计与通信实现[J].现代电子技术,2007,(10):47-49
32.张兢,路彦和,赵家斌.空气传感器TGS2600在空气质量监测中的应用[J].微计算机信息,2006,22(07):201-203
33. An Sang Hou,Chin E.Lin,Youn Zong Gou.A Wireless Internet-Based Measurement Architecture for Air Quality monitoring[J].IEEE Instrumentation and measurement Technology Conference,2004,(5):1901-1906
34.刘勇强,郑宾.用于环境监测的无线传感器网络节点设计[J].大众科技,2007, (11):46-47
35.陈璟.无线传感器网络路由协议及QOS的研究[M].无锡:江南大学,2007:21-24
36.王鹏.WSN中不同路由协议对网络生存性能影响的分析与研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].北京:北京邮电大学,2008
37.李宇,徐勇军.基于ZigBee的WSN路由研究与实验[J].电子技术应用,2007, (05):108-109
38.吴臻,金心宇.无线传感器网络的LEACH算法改进[J].传感技术学报,2006, 19(1):34-36
39.宋春艳,张华忠,张秀阳.CHT_LEACH——基于LEACH的聚类分层树路由算法[J].计算机应用,2008,28(10):2594-2595
40.余勇昌,韦岗,武娟.WSN中负载均衡能量有效的路由算法研究[J].通信技术, 2007,40(11):216-219
41.郭永玲,王潜平.无线传感器网络分簇路由协议的研究[J].计算机与信息技术, 2007,(12):57-58
42.杭海存,郭爱煌,舒文杰.基于LEACH与蚁群算法的WSN路由机制及性能分析[J].传感技术学报,2008,21(10):1735-1737
2.俞建新,王健,宋健建.嵌入式系统基础教程[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2008:3-13
3.周贤伟,覃伯平,徐福华.无线传感器网络与安全[M].北京:国防工业出版社, 2007:11-12
4. Holger Karl,Andreas Willig.无线传感器网络协议与体系结构[M].北京:电子工业出版社, 2007:8-10
5.李文仲,段朝玉.ZigBee2006无线网络与无线定位实践[M].北京:北京航空航天出版社, 2008:146-188
6.金纯,罗祖秋,罗凤等.ZigBee技术基础及案例分析[M].北京:国防工业出版社, 2008:77-83
7.夏溢民,梅顺良,江亿.基于ZigBee的无线传感器网络[J].微计算机信息, 2007, 23(04) : 129-130
8. Fabio L.Zucatto. ZigBee for building control wireless sensor networks[J].IEEE International Conference,2007,(11):511-515
9. Shizhuang Lin,Jingyu Liu.ZigBee based wireless sensor networks and its applications in industrial[J].IEEE,2007,(1):1979-1983
10.梁雪刚.空气环境质量检测方法研究与监控软件设计[D].浙江:浙江大学,2006
11.伦伟明.空气质量自动监测系统的运行与控制[J].现代测量与实验室管, 2008,(02):50-52
12.刘迎冬.空气质量现场站监测系统的研究与设计[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2007
13.王田苗.嵌入式系统设计与实例开发[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003
14. Jan Axelson.Embedded Ethernet and Internet Complete[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2006:33-35
15. Shen Lin,Shi xiangquan,Ling Ming.A wireless network based on the combination of ZigBee and GPRS[J].IEEE international conference.2008,(4):267-270
16.王雪梅,徐本崇,陈俊杰.用于环境监测的无线传感器网络节点的设计与实现[J].测控技术,2007,26(11):1-3
17.周立功.ARM嵌入式系统基础教程[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2005:5-7
18.邓荣钦.基于GPRS的无线监控系统的研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2007
19.李兵.基于ZigBee的无线嵌入式设备的设计与实现[D]:[硕士学位论文].北京:北京邮电大学,2007
20.屈明佑,郭文生,雷航等.基于ZigBee的环境监测预警系统网络节点的设计与实现[J].福建电脑,2008,(03):150-151
21. Dechun Zhao,Chenglin Peng.A Small Low-power Reliable Communication Module in a Wireless Monitoring System[J].IEEE,2007,1194-1197
22.傅柯,方勇.基于ZigBee技术的无线防盗系统的实现方案[J].遥测遥控,2007,28(1):59-62
23.周怡颋等.ZigBee无线通信技术及其应用探讨[J].自动化仪表,2005,26(6):1-9
24.原羿,苏鸿根.基于ZigBee技术的无线网络应用研究[J].计算机应用与软件, 2004,(06):89-91
25. Yang Shifeng,KE Jing,Zhao Jimin.Wireless Monitoring System for Aquiculture Environment[J].IEEE International workshop on Radio-Frequency Integration Technology,2007,(12):274-277
26. Bruno Ando, Salvatore Baglio, Salvatore Graziani. Models for Air Quality Management and Assessment[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS,2000, 30 (3):358-363
27. Christina Arnold, Michael Harms, and Joachim Goschnick. Air Quality Monitoring and Fire Detection With The Karlsruhe Electronic Micronose KAMINA[J]. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL,2002,2(3):179-187
28.王秀梅,刘乃安.利用2.4GHz射频芯片CC2420实现ZigBee无线通信设计[J].国外电子元器件,2005,(03):59-62
29.居世勇.基于LEACH的无线传感器网络路由协议研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学,2007
30.张宏锋,李文锋.基于ZigBee技术的无线传感器网络的研究[J].武汉理工大学学报,2006,28(8):12-15
31.昂志敏,金海红等.基于ZigBee技术的无线传感器网络节点的设计与通信实现[J].现代电子技术,2007,(10):47-49
32.张兢,路彦和,赵家斌.空气传感器TGS2600在空气质量监测中的应用[J].微计算机信息,2006,22(07):201-203
33. An Sang Hou,Chin E.Lin,Youn Zong Gou.A Wireless Internet-Based Measurement Architecture for Air Quality monitoring[J].IEEE Instrumentation and measurement Technology Conference,2004,(5):1901-1906
34.刘勇强,郑宾.用于环境监测的无线传感器网络节点设计[J].大众科技,2007, (11):46-47
35.陈璟.无线传感器网络路由协议及QOS的研究[M].无锡:江南大学,2007:21-24
36.王鹏.WSN中不同路由协议对网络生存性能影响的分析与研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].北京:北京邮电大学,2008
37.李宇,徐勇军.基于ZigBee的WSN路由研究与实验[J].电子技术应用,2007, (05):108-109
38.吴臻,金心宇.无线传感器网络的LEACH算法改进[J].传感技术学报,2006, 19(1):34-36
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