公共通道网络模型方法及最佳机械排烟量分析
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摘要
重庆大学开发的高层建筑火灾烟气流动性状预测应用软件，针对高层建筑多层多室的建筑特点，采用网络模型，对火灾发生时的烟气流动状况和烟气状态做出了正确可信的量化描述。然而，原程序在处理走廊这种狭长空间时，将其当作一个网络节点，假设节点内部的状态参数均匀一致，这与实际情况有较大的误差，因为走廊在长度方向的尺寸远大于高度和宽度方向，当烟气在走廊中蔓延时，烟气温度、烟气浓度等参数在其流动方向的不同位置会有明显的不同。本文根据烟气在走廊中流动的实际情况，建立走廊网络节点模型，根据规律，动态地分析火灾过程中烟气在走廊中流动性状，包括温度分布、压力分布、烟气浓度分布等，用MATLAB 语言编制了相应的程序，对工程实例中烟气在走廊中的蔓延做出了量化描述。例如走廊在长度方向上的温度、烟浓度、CO2浓度及烟气在走廊蔓延速度等值，这将为火灾情况下结合烟流性状评价建筑物安全疏散性能奠定基础。并通过与四川消防科研所进行的《长通道地下商业街实体火灾试验研究》的实验数据对比，证明该软件对烟气在走廊型建筑中流动性状的预测的正确性、可靠性。
目前，性能化设计的研究已成为国际火灾科学研究领域的热点。随着国内有关研究机构的大力开展消防安全工程学的研究工作，取得了一批实用性成果。从处方式设计规范到性能化设计规范的转换，将是我国建筑防火设计规范发展的方向。而我国《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》只是引用国外有关建筑防火法规的数据，给出了单位面积排烟量指标，按防烟分区面积计算排烟量[2] ，这种处方式规范无法保证所论建筑防排烟方案的安全性和经济性。本文经算例及与实验结果的对比验证，表明了重庆大学开发的高层建筑火灾烟气流动性状预测应用软件的正确性和可靠性，根据实际中每座建筑不同装修状况、不同形体、不同通风条件、不同燃烧阶段及不同可燃物容量的建筑火灾产生的烟气量不同的差异，利用完善后的《高层建筑烟流性状预测软件》计算实际建筑所需的最佳排烟量，对所论建筑按不同的防排烟方案进行科学地、定量地评价，进而得出最佳的防排烟系统设计。验证了该软件在高层建筑烟气控制性能化设计的实用价值。
The application software of calculation on properties of fire smoke flow in building developed by ChongQing university, using network model which is based on high-rise building with multiple story and room feature has been proved reliable. However, when the software deal with long and narrow space like corridor in structure, the corridor is taken as one net, in which state parameter is regard as even thing. This hypothesis has much error compared with real situation, because the length of corridor is much than width and height. When smoke flow spread out in corridor, the temperature and the concentration of smoke vary distinctly in different place of corridor along its length. In this case, the author set up network model referring to corridor in structure in term with real situation and analyze properties of smoke flow including temperature -variation with time, smoke concentration -variation with time, CO2 concentration -variation with time and spreading velocity of smoke flow in corridor, etc. These will establish foundation for evaluating safe evacuation combined with properties of fire smoke flow. By compared with data of substantial experiment in Sichuan fire protection institute, the author proves correctness and reliability of the software of calculation on properties of fire smoke flow in corridor.
Now days, studies on performance-based system design becomes the focus of international fire research fields. With achievement on fire safety domain of relative study institution, it is a trend from the old prescribed-based system code to performance-based system code for fire safety code of our country. However, fire safety code of high-rise building of our country recommend smoke extraction volume per square meter in line with the code of Japan, getting whole smoke extraction volume by multiplying the surface area of fire protection zone. This prescribed-based design can not guarantee fire safety and efficiency .By deriving the real situation of different ornamentation, structure, ventilation, burning stage, fire load, etc, the author uses the software gets the optimum smoke extraction volume of real building needed, gains the best fire safety design system, which also proves practical value of the software.
目前，性能化设计的研究已成为国际火灾科学研究领域的热点。随着国内有关研究机构的大力开展消防安全工程学的研究工作，取得了一批实用性成果。从处方式设计规范到性能化设计规范的转换，将是我国建筑防火设计规范发展的方向。而我国《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》只是引用国外有关建筑防火法规的数据，给出了单位面积排烟量指标，按防烟分区面积计算排烟量[2] ，这种处方式规范无法保证所论建筑防排烟方案的安全性和经济性。本文经算例及与实验结果的对比验证，表明了重庆大学开发的高层建筑火灾烟气流动性状预测应用软件的正确性和可靠性，根据实际中每座建筑不同装修状况、不同形体、不同通风条件、不同燃烧阶段及不同可燃物容量的建筑火灾产生的烟气量不同的差异，利用完善后的《高层建筑烟流性状预测软件》计算实际建筑所需的最佳排烟量，对所论建筑按不同的防排烟方案进行科学地、定量地评价，进而得出最佳的防排烟系统设计。验证了该软件在高层建筑烟气控制性能化设计的实用价值。
The application software of calculation on properties of fire smoke flow in building developed by ChongQing university, using network model which is based on high-rise building with multiple story and room feature has been proved reliable. However, when the software deal with long and narrow space like corridor in structure, the corridor is taken as one net, in which state parameter is regard as even thing. This hypothesis has much error compared with real situation, because the length of corridor is much than width and height. When smoke flow spread out in corridor, the temperature and the concentration of smoke vary distinctly in different place of corridor along its length. In this case, the author set up network model referring to corridor in structure in term with real situation and analyze properties of smoke flow including temperature -variation with time, smoke concentration -variation with time, CO2 concentration -variation with time and spreading velocity of smoke flow in corridor, etc. These will establish foundation for evaluating safe evacuation combined with properties of fire smoke flow. By compared with data of substantial experiment in Sichuan fire protection institute, the author proves correctness and reliability of the software of calculation on properties of fire smoke flow in corridor.
Now days, studies on performance-based system design becomes the focus of international fire research fields. With achievement on fire safety domain of relative study institution, it is a trend from the old prescribed-based system code to performance-based system code for fire safety code of our country. However, fire safety code of high-rise building of our country recommend smoke extraction volume per square meter in line with the code of Japan, getting whole smoke extraction volume by multiplying the surface area of fire protection zone. This prescribed-based design can not guarantee fire safety and efficiency .By deriving the real situation of different ornamentation, structure, ventilation, burning stage, fire load, etc, the author uses the software gets the optimum smoke extraction volume of real building needed, gains the best fire safety design system, which also proves practical value of the software.
引文
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[2]《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》，中国计划出版社，1999
[3]《地下大型商场火灾特性专题研究报告》，公安部天津消防科学研究所，2000.12
[4]《地下商业街火灾烟气流动特性试验研究报告》，公安部四川消防科学研究所，2000.2
[5] 周美立，《相似学》，中国科学技术出版社，1993
[6] Thomas,P.H.,Hinkley,P.L.,Theobald,C.R.,and Simms,D.L.,Investigations into the Flow of Hot Gases in Roof venting,F.R.Technical Report No.7,Dept of Scientific and Indusrial Research and Fire Offices' Committee Joint Fire Research Organization,London,1963
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[12] 鹿院卫，《高层建筑火灾通风与模拟》，西安交通大学硕士论文
[13] 钟茂华等，《多层多室建筑火灾烟气运动的网络模拟》，火灾科学，2002.4
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[15] 严治军，《建筑物火灾烟气流动性状解析》，重庆建筑大学学报，1995.6
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[18] 罗嘉陵，《建筑物烟气流动性状预测及应用软件开发》，重庆建筑大学硕士论文，2001
[19] 罗庆，《建筑物烟气流动性状实验研究及其预测软件的完善》，重庆建筑大学硕士论文，2002
[20] Indreks, Wichman and Arafa M. Osman. Flame Spread over a Flat, Combustible, Thermally Thick Solid in a Opposed Oxidier Shear Flow.317-326, Combustion and Flame, Vol.112, No.4, Mar.,1998.
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[24] Law, M., Air Supported Structures: Fire and Smoke Hazards, Fire Prevention, Vol.648,1982
[25] Morgan, H,P., Smoke Control Methods in Enclosed Shopping Complexes of One or More Store': A Design Summary, BRE,1979.
[26] Fang, J.B., and Breese, J.N., Fire Development in Residential Basement Rooms, NBSIR, 80-2120.
[27] NFPA 204M. Guide For Smoke and Heat Venting, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA,1991.
[28] Heskeytad,G,and Hill,J.P., "Experimental Fire in Multi-room/corridor Enclosures,"FMRC J.I. OJ2N8, RO, Factory Mutual Research Corporation, October 1985.
[29] Nelson, Harold E., An Engineering Analysis of The Early Stages of Fire Development-The Fire at the Dupont Plaza Hotel and Casino-December 31,1986. Report NBSIR 87-3560, National Institute of standards and Technology, Caithersburg, Maryland, 1987.
[30] NFPA 92B. Guide for Smoke Management Systems in Malls, Atria and Large Aread.1995.
[31] 李元洲、霍然、袁理明、历培德、范维澄.中庭火灾中烟气充填特点的研究.中国科学技术大学学报.Vol.8,NO.1,Feb.,1999.P39-45.
[32] Kokkala. M. Mikkola, E. Immonen, M.Juatilainen, H.Manner, P.parker, W.Large-scale Upward Flame Spread Test on Wood Products. Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), 1997
[33] chamberlain,D.L.1983.Heat Release Rate of Wood Based Materials. NBSIR 83-2597
[34] 邱培芳，倪照鹏·建筑物耐火分级的性能设计方法·消防技术与产品信息·2001·3（3）·44~48
[35] 地下大型商场火灾特性专题（96-918-04-02）·公安部天津消防科学研究所
[36] 周谟仁.流体力学-泵与风机.中国建筑工业出版社，1994。
[37] 陶文辁编. 数值传热学. 西安交通大学出版社，1995.
[38] D,R.克罗夫特等著,张风禄等译.传热的有限查分方程的计算.冶金工业出版社,1982,P20
[39]（美）消防手册（上、中、下卷），第16版，知识出版社，上海，1990。
[40] 中国消防协会建筑防火专业委员会，《现代建筑防火设计技术》，四川科学技术出版社，1987
[41]《火灾时的烟流控制以及逃难方法研究报告书》，日本建筑研究协会，平成5年4月
[42] 弓南，《实体火灾的试验研究及门窗启闭状况对火灾烟流的影响》，重庆建筑大学硕士
论文，1998
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[2]《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》，中国计划出版社，1999
[3]《地下大型商场火灾特性专题研究报告》，公安部天津消防科学研究所，2000.12
[4]《地下商业街火灾烟气流动特性试验研究报告》，公安部四川消防科学研究所，2000.2
[5] 周美立，《相似学》，中国科学技术出版社，1993
[6] Thomas,P.H.,Hinkley,P.L.,Theobald,C.R.,and Simms,D.L.,Investigations into the Flow of Hot Gases in Roof venting,F.R.Technical Report No.7,Dept of Scientific and Indusrial Research and Fire Offices' Committee Joint Fire Research Organization,London,1963
[7] Tangren,E.n.,Sargent,W.S.,and Zukoski,E.E.,Hydraulic and Numerical Modeling of Room Fire,NSF Grant ENV 76－06660 and U.S.Dept. of Commerce,Nat.Bur.of Stand.Grant 5－9004,California Institute of Technology,Pasedena,CA,June 1978
[8] Baum,H.R. and Rehm,R.G.,Combustion Science and Technology,40,55－77(1984)
[9] Martin Kealy Bsc Ceng MCIBSE MIFS, "Fire Safety Engineering, escape and smoke management design in practice", H&V Engineering, Volume 72 No. 747
[10] 姚建达等，《建筑火灾中场区网数值模型的应用》，中国科学技术大学学报，1997.9
[11] 兰彬，《国外高层建筑火灾烟气流动数学模化研究动态》，摘译自《Smoke Movement & Control in high-rise Buildings》，George T Tamura,1995
[12] 鹿院卫，《高层建筑火灾通风与模拟》，西安交通大学硕士论文
[13] 钟茂华等，《多层多室建筑火灾烟气运动的网络模拟》，火灾科学，2002.4
[14] 严治军，《火灾建筑的室温预测法》，重庆建筑大学学报，1996.9
[15] 严治军，《建筑物火灾烟气流动性状解析》，重庆建筑大学学报，1995.6
[16] 严治军，《火灾建筑的热传导解析》，重庆建筑大学学报，1997.10
[17] 王厚华等，《高层建筑火灾烟气流动性状预测及其应用软件开发项目研究报告》。2002.12
[18] 罗嘉陵，《建筑物烟气流动性状预测及应用软件开发》，重庆建筑大学硕士论文，2001
[19] 罗庆，《建筑物烟气流动性状实验研究及其预测软件的完善》，重庆建筑大学硕士论文，2002
[20] Indreks, Wichman and Arafa M. Osman. Flame Spread over a Flat, Combustible, Thermally Thick Solid in a Opposed Oxidier Shear Flow.317-326, Combustion and Flame, Vol.112, No.4, Mar.,1998.
[21] Heskesael.G, Physical Model of Fire, Fire and Flammability Journal, b(1975),p253-273.
[22] James G,Quintiere, Scaling Applications in Fire Research, Fire Safety Journal, 15(1989), p3-29.
[23] Morgan, HP, and Hansell, G.O, Fire sizes and Sprinkler Effectiveness in offices-Implications for Smoke Control Design, Fire Safety Journal, Vol.8,No.3,1985,P187-198
[24] Law, M., Air Supported Structures: Fire and Smoke Hazards, Fire Prevention, Vol.648,1982
[25] Morgan, H,P., Smoke Control Methods in Enclosed Shopping Complexes of One or More Store': A Design Summary, BRE,1979.
[26] Fang, J.B., and Breese, J.N., Fire Development in Residential Basement Rooms, NBSIR, 80-2120.
[27] NFPA 204M. Guide For Smoke and Heat Venting, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA,1991.
[28] Heskeytad,G,and Hill,J.P., "Experimental Fire in Multi-room/corridor Enclosures,"FMRC J.I. OJ2N8, RO, Factory Mutual Research Corporation, October 1985.
[29] Nelson, Harold E., An Engineering Analysis of The Early Stages of Fire Development-The Fire at the Dupont Plaza Hotel and Casino-December 31,1986. Report NBSIR 87-3560, National Institute of standards and Technology, Caithersburg, Maryland, 1987.
[30] NFPA 92B. Guide for Smoke Management Systems in Malls, Atria and Large Aread.1995.
[31] 李元洲、霍然、袁理明、历培德、范维澄.中庭火灾中烟气充填特点的研究.中国科学技术大学学报.Vol.8,NO.1,Feb.,1999.P39-45.
[32] Kokkala. M. Mikkola, E. Immonen, M.Juatilainen, H.Manner, P.parker, W.Large-scale Upward Flame Spread Test on Wood Products. Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), 1997
[33] chamberlain,D.L.1983.Heat Release Rate of Wood Based Materials. NBSIR 83-2597
[34] 邱培芳，倪照鹏·建筑物耐火分级的性能设计方法·消防技术与产品信息·2001·3（3）·44~48
[35] 地下大型商场火灾特性专题（96-918-04-02）·公安部天津消防科学研究所
[36] 周谟仁.流体力学-泵与风机.中国建筑工业出版社，1994。
[37] 陶文辁编. 数值传热学. 西安交通大学出版社，1995.
[38] D,R.克罗夫特等著,张风禄等译.传热的有限查分方程的计算.冶金工业出版社,1982,P20
[39]（美）消防手册（上、中、下卷），第16版，知识出版社，上海，1990。
[40] 中国消防协会建筑防火专业委员会，《现代建筑防火设计技术》，四川科学技术出版社，1987
[41]《火灾时的烟流控制以及逃难方法研究报告书》，日本建筑研究协会，平成5年4月
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论文，1998
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