西方女性主义建筑学的若干议题研究
摘要
二十世纪六、七十年代,现代主义建筑遭遇严重的发展危机；与此同时,第二次女性主义运动却风起云涌、震撼全球。在这一背景下,西方建筑学领域产生出一个新的理论分支：女性主义建筑学,这即是本文所试图研述的客体。
女性主义建筑学是建筑学与社会学、哲学、人类学等学科交叉形成的新知识,主题纷繁、涉及面广。本文仅选取其中几个主要方面展开论述,包括：女建筑师、女性主义建筑设计、女性主义建筑教育、女性与居住建筑、女性与公共建筑和女性与城市安全。其中,前三者是以女性主义视角对建筑专业的审视,后三者是以女性主义视角对建成环境的审视,它们分别组成论文的上篇“女性主义视角下的建筑专业”和下篇“女性主义视角下的建成环境”。
本文的上篇首先围绕女建筑师历史的重建、专业贡献的认可和生存状态的批判进行深入探讨。在建筑设计方面,提出了通过女性象征、女性原理建构一种女性主义建筑形式,并尝试建立女性主义的建筑设计路径,包括：使用者的深度参与、适应使用者的方案表达、与业主和建造者的平等关系。在建筑教育上,明确指出男性主导的思维模式导致了传统建筑教育的存在危机,并创造性地提出了新的女性主义建筑教育模式：服务学习、权威分享、合作依靠和强调伦理。
在下篇,阐述了西方女性主义建筑学在解决职业女性顾家与工作之间矛盾的两种方法,即家务劳动社会化和居住场所与工作场所的结合,并对单亲母亲等少数女性群体的居住问题给予关注。在公共建筑使用上,指出已有公共建筑对女性的感受和需求考虑不足,强调了女性创造的、服务于女性的公共建筑对女性的价值。关于女性与城市安全,分析了女性对城市公共空间的恐惧与强奸之间的密切关系,指出城市的色情化街道景观在塑造强奸文化中发挥的影响,并提出具体的物质环境设计措施,以预防针对女性的犯罪；针对家庭女性的安全环境,提出建立服务于受暴女性的家庭暴力庇护所的措施。
基于对西方女性主义建筑学理论及实践的研究,结语部分总结了对中国建筑学研究的一些启示,包括：反思女建筑师的生存状况、以女性主义建筑和女性主义建筑设计方式完善现有建筑实践、改良传统建筑学教育环境、从社会层面上解决居住与工作之间的矛盾、关心弱势女性群体的居住状况、改良现有的公共建筑设施、发展城市女性空间以及抑制城市色情景观、建立家庭暴力庇护所等。
In the 1960s-70s, modern architecture was facing a serious development crisis, whilst the second wave of feminist movement was in its climax, shaking almost the whole world. Under such a situation, a new branch of architectural theory, which might be named "Feminist Architecture", was emerging from traditional architectural domain. It's the object of this research.
Receiving influence from several outside disciplines, like Sociology, Philosophy, and Anthropology, Feminist Architecture encompasses a large scope of research interests, which can hardly be covered in a single thesis. Therefore, several major topics were chosen for further studies, including:female architects, feminist architectural design, feminist architectural education, women and housing, women and public architecture, and women and city security. Among them, the former three focusing on surveying the discipline of architecture from a feminist perspective, and the latter three the built environment, they constitute the first and second major parts of the thesis respectively.
In the first part, under the sub-theme of female architects, topics of construction of female architects'history, acknowledgement of their professional contribution and criticizing their living situations are thoroughly discussed. Under the sub-theme of feminist architectural design, a new form of architecture based on feminine shapes and feminine principles, and a new design approach comprised of user deep participation, presentation responding to users'understanding, equal relationship with clients and constructors, are proposed. As to feminist architectural education, masculine rationality of traditional architectural education has been explicitly criticized, and feminist architectural education emphasizes service learning, share of authority, collaboration, and ethical values.
In the second part, concerning women and housing, two approaches aiming at solving the conflict between household and work have been introduced, which are socialization of household, and combination of housing and working places; housing problems of female disadvantaged, such as single mothers, are concerned as well. As to women and public architecture, problems of existing public architecture, maternity hospital as a case, are mainly due to insufficient consideration of women's feelings and needs. While newly created public architecture by/for women, Women's Building as a case, are valued for helping to create a women's culture. As to women and city security, both security in public space and private space are underlined, for the former, pornographic urban streetscape should be alerted, for the latter, women's shelters are introduced as a way out.
Based on the analysis of western feminist architectural theories and practices, the last conclusion part proposed some suggestions for Chinese paralleling studies, including:to rethink the situation of female architects, to supplement current architectural practices by feminist architecture and feminist architectural design, to reform traditional Chinese architectural education, to solve the conflicts between housing and working on a social level, and care about female disadvantaged concerning housing, to improve existing public architecture to meet women's needs, and develop women's space, last but not least, to prevent pornographic cityscape, as well as to build good-quality women's shelters for battered women in China.
女性主义建筑学是建筑学与社会学、哲学、人类学等学科交叉形成的新知识,主题纷繁、涉及面广。本文仅选取其中几个主要方面展开论述,包括：女建筑师、女性主义建筑设计、女性主义建筑教育、女性与居住建筑、女性与公共建筑和女性与城市安全。其中,前三者是以女性主义视角对建筑专业的审视,后三者是以女性主义视角对建成环境的审视,它们分别组成论文的上篇“女性主义视角下的建筑专业”和下篇“女性主义视角下的建成环境”。
本文的上篇首先围绕女建筑师历史的重建、专业贡献的认可和生存状态的批判进行深入探讨。在建筑设计方面,提出了通过女性象征、女性原理建构一种女性主义建筑形式,并尝试建立女性主义的建筑设计路径,包括：使用者的深度参与、适应使用者的方案表达、与业主和建造者的平等关系。在建筑教育上,明确指出男性主导的思维模式导致了传统建筑教育的存在危机,并创造性地提出了新的女性主义建筑教育模式：服务学习、权威分享、合作依靠和强调伦理。
在下篇,阐述了西方女性主义建筑学在解决职业女性顾家与工作之间矛盾的两种方法,即家务劳动社会化和居住场所与工作场所的结合,并对单亲母亲等少数女性群体的居住问题给予关注。在公共建筑使用上,指出已有公共建筑对女性的感受和需求考虑不足,强调了女性创造的、服务于女性的公共建筑对女性的价值。关于女性与城市安全,分析了女性对城市公共空间的恐惧与强奸之间的密切关系,指出城市的色情化街道景观在塑造强奸文化中发挥的影响,并提出具体的物质环境设计措施,以预防针对女性的犯罪；针对家庭女性的安全环境,提出建立服务于受暴女性的家庭暴力庇护所的措施。
基于对西方女性主义建筑学理论及实践的研究,结语部分总结了对中国建筑学研究的一些启示,包括：反思女建筑师的生存状况、以女性主义建筑和女性主义建筑设计方式完善现有建筑实践、改良传统建筑学教育环境、从社会层面上解决居住与工作之间的矛盾、关心弱势女性群体的居住状况、改良现有的公共建筑设施、发展城市女性空间以及抑制城市色情景观、建立家庭暴力庇护所等。
In the 1960s-70s, modern architecture was facing a serious development crisis, whilst the second wave of feminist movement was in its climax, shaking almost the whole world. Under such a situation, a new branch of architectural theory, which might be named "Feminist Architecture", was emerging from traditional architectural domain. It's the object of this research.
Receiving influence from several outside disciplines, like Sociology, Philosophy, and Anthropology, Feminist Architecture encompasses a large scope of research interests, which can hardly be covered in a single thesis. Therefore, several major topics were chosen for further studies, including:female architects, feminist architectural design, feminist architectural education, women and housing, women and public architecture, and women and city security. Among them, the former three focusing on surveying the discipline of architecture from a feminist perspective, and the latter three the built environment, they constitute the first and second major parts of the thesis respectively.
In the first part, under the sub-theme of female architects, topics of construction of female architects'history, acknowledgement of their professional contribution and criticizing their living situations are thoroughly discussed. Under the sub-theme of feminist architectural design, a new form of architecture based on feminine shapes and feminine principles, and a new design approach comprised of user deep participation, presentation responding to users'understanding, equal relationship with clients and constructors, are proposed. As to feminist architectural education, masculine rationality of traditional architectural education has been explicitly criticized, and feminist architectural education emphasizes service learning, share of authority, collaboration, and ethical values.
In the second part, concerning women and housing, two approaches aiming at solving the conflict between household and work have been introduced, which are socialization of household, and combination of housing and working places; housing problems of female disadvantaged, such as single mothers, are concerned as well. As to women and public architecture, problems of existing public architecture, maternity hospital as a case, are mainly due to insufficient consideration of women's feelings and needs. While newly created public architecture by/for women, Women's Building as a case, are valued for helping to create a women's culture. As to women and city security, both security in public space and private space are underlined, for the former, pornographic urban streetscape should be alerted, for the latter, women's shelters are introduced as a way out.
Based on the analysis of western feminist architectural theories and practices, the last conclusion part proposed some suggestions for Chinese paralleling studies, including:to rethink the situation of female architects, to supplement current architectural practices by feminist architecture and feminist architectural design, to reform traditional Chinese architectural education, to solve the conflicts between housing and working on a social level, and care about female disadvantaged concerning housing, to improve existing public architecture to meet women's needs, and develop women's space, last but not least, to prevent pornographic cityscape, as well as to build good-quality women's shelters for battered women in China.
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