学校课程的权力与控制——英国个案研究
摘要
本文主要由五个部分组成，第一部分是引言，简要概述论文写作的背景、课程的概念和论文的框架。
第二部分讨论英国1862-1926年的国家控制课程，先后有按成绩拨款课程、法典课程，概述了课程的法规，课程的特点，分析了国家控制课程废除的原因，包括财政上的和政治上的原因。
第三部分讨论教师控制的课程，作者把1944年-1976年视为教师控制课程的黄金时期，概述了相关的法律依据，分析形成教师控制课程有六个因素：自由主义思想、社会公正思想、专业主义思想、儿童中心主义思想、当时的政治需要以及教育改革偏重于结构体制等等。把1976年-1988年视为教师控制课程的危机时期，在这一时期，教师对课程的自主权受到削弱。
第四部分论述1988年以后的国家控制课程，阐述1988年教育法对国家课程的规定、国家课程的特点，分析国家课程产生的原因，论述国家课程在20世纪90年代的发展。
第五部分为总结，简要概述英国课程的国家控制和教师控制的更替现象，总结国家控制课程和教师控制课程变更的原因，阐述国家控制课程和教师控制课程各自的优缺点，提出必须建立一个合理灵活动态的课程管理体制。
The paper is consisting of five sections. The first is introduction in which the context of this paper, the concept of curriculum and the framework are stated.
The second deals with the national curriculum( 1062-1926) in England, which includes the 'payment by results' curriculum (1862-1897) and the codified curriculum (1897-1926), summarizes characteristic of education codes ,and analysis of reasons for abolishment of the curriculum, i.e. Financial and political factors, was followed.
The third deals with the teacher's determination of school curriculum. The author thinks that between 1944 and 1976 as the prosperous period of the teacher's determination of school curriculum. Six factors contribute to teacher's determination of school curriculum, i.e. liberalism, social justness thoughts, the idea that teachers are specialists, child-centred thoughts, political needs and focus on reform of educational system. And 1976-1988 is viewed as crisis period of the teacher's determination of school curriculum, when teachers' freedom of determining curriculum decreased.
The forth deals with the national curriculum after 1988.The author introduces implement of national curriculum, analyses the characteristic of national curriculum and reasons for its emergence, and discusses its development in the 1990s.
The fifth is conclusion, which simply summarizes reasons of alteration of curriculum domination between central control and teacher's determination and then induces the merits and demerits each of them, advances that a rational, flexible and dynamic educational system must be established.
第二部分讨论英国1862-1926年的国家控制课程，先后有按成绩拨款课程、法典课程，概述了课程的法规，课程的特点，分析了国家控制课程废除的原因，包括财政上的和政治上的原因。
第三部分讨论教师控制的课程，作者把1944年-1976年视为教师控制课程的黄金时期，概述了相关的法律依据，分析形成教师控制课程有六个因素：自由主义思想、社会公正思想、专业主义思想、儿童中心主义思想、当时的政治需要以及教育改革偏重于结构体制等等。把1976年-1988年视为教师控制课程的危机时期，在这一时期，教师对课程的自主权受到削弱。
第四部分论述1988年以后的国家控制课程，阐述1988年教育法对国家课程的规定、国家课程的特点，分析国家课程产生的原因，论述国家课程在20世纪90年代的发展。
第五部分为总结，简要概述英国课程的国家控制和教师控制的更替现象，总结国家控制课程和教师控制课程变更的原因，阐述国家控制课程和教师控制课程各自的优缺点，提出必须建立一个合理灵活动态的课程管理体制。
The paper is consisting of five sections. The first is introduction in which the context of this paper, the concept of curriculum and the framework are stated.
The second deals with the national curriculum( 1062-1926) in England, which includes the 'payment by results' curriculum (1862-1897) and the codified curriculum (1897-1926), summarizes characteristic of education codes ,and analysis of reasons for abolishment of the curriculum, i.e. Financial and political factors, was followed.
The third deals with the teacher's determination of school curriculum. The author thinks that between 1944 and 1976 as the prosperous period of the teacher's determination of school curriculum. Six factors contribute to teacher's determination of school curriculum, i.e. liberalism, social justness thoughts, the idea that teachers are specialists, child-centred thoughts, political needs and focus on reform of educational system. And 1976-1988 is viewed as crisis period of the teacher's determination of school curriculum, when teachers' freedom of determining curriculum decreased.
The forth deals with the national curriculum after 1988.The author introduces implement of national curriculum, analyses the characteristic of national curriculum and reasons for its emergence, and discusses its development in the 1990s.
The fifth is conclusion, which simply summarizes reasons of alteration of curriculum domination between central control and teacher's determination and then induces the merits and demerits each of them, advances that a rational, flexible and dynamic educational system must be established.
引文
(1) A.V. Keliy(1999) : "The Curriculum: Theory and Practice", Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd. London
(2) Bob Moon and Patricia Murphy (1999 ):Curriculum in Coxtext, The Open University
(3) Bob Moon(ed)(1990) :New Curriculum-National Curriculum, The Open University
(4) Brian Holmes, Martin McLean (1989) : "The Curriculum: A Comparative Perspective", Unwin Hyman Ltd.
(5) Clyde Chitty(1988) : "Central control of the school curriculum, 1944-87" , History of Education, 1988, VOL. 17, NO. 4．
(6) Clyde Chitty (Ed) (1993) : "The National Curriculum: Is it Working? " Longman Group UK Ltd.
(7) Colin J. Marsh (1992) : :"Key Concepts for Understanding Curriculum " , The Falmer Press
(8) Dennis Lawton (1983) : Curriculum Studies and Educational Planning, Hodder and Stoughton Ltd.
(9) Donald Mackinnon, June Statham with Margaret Hales: "Education in the UK: Facts &Figures ", Hodder &Stoughton in association with the Open University
(10) Hugh Sockett(1987) : "The School CurriculumrA Basis for Partnership", British Journal of Education Studies , Vol.XXXV,No.1 February
(11) Ivor F.Goodson( 1994) : "Studying Curriculum: Cases and Methods" ,Buckingham, Open University Press
(12) Ivor F.Goodson (1993) : School Subjects and Curriculum Change :Studies in Curriculum History, The Falmer Press
(13) Jack Demaine (Ed) (1999) : "Education Policy and Contemporary Politics", Macmillan Press Ltd.
(14) Janet Moyles and Linda Hargreaves (Ed)(1998) "The Primary Curriculum: learning from international perspectives", Routledge
(15) John Elliott(1998) :The Curriculum Experiment :Meetingthe Challenge of Social Change, Open University Press
(16) Margaret Preedy(ed)(1989) :Approaches to curriculum management, Open University Press
(17) Peter Gordon , Richard Aldrich and Dennis Dean(1991) : "Education and policy in the twentieth century" , The Woburn Press.
(18) Richard Dangherty(1995) : National Curriculum Assessment: A Review of Policy 1987-1994,The Falmer Press.
(19) Rob Moore and Jenny Ozga (ed.)(1991) : Curriculum Policy, The Open University
(20) Ron Brooks(1991) : "Contemporary Debates in Education: An Historical Perspective",Longman Group UK Limited.
(21)TES,27 November 1987
(22)Theo Cox(Ed)(1996):"The National Curriculum and the Early Years:Challenges and Opportunities",The Falmer Press
(23)The Guardian,19 April,1988
(24)教育与科学部、威尔士事务部1985年3月向议会提交的白皮书：《把学校办得更好》，教育发展与政策研究中心编《发达国家教育改革的动向和趋势——美国、苏联、日本、法国、英国1981-1986年间教育改革文件和报告选编》第294页，人民教育出版社1986年版
(25)汪霞主编：《国外中小学课程演进》，山东教育出版社1998年版
(26)汪霞：《国家课程和学校课程——英国中小学基础学科解析(之一)》，载《外国教育资料》2000年第6期
(27)国家教育发展研究中心：《发达国家教育改革的动向和趋势》(第5集)，1994年第1版
(28)D 劳顿：《1988年以来的英国“国家课程”》，载《华东师范大学学报》(教育科学版)1996年第4期
(29)(英) R 柯文著，石伟平译：《1944年以来的英国教育改革》，载《外国教育资料》1991年第2期
(30)袁桂林：《英国普通学校课程改革及原因分析》，载《外国教育研究》1992年第1期
(31)(英)M麦克利恩著，石伟平译：《“民粹主义的”中央集权主义》，载《外国教育资料》1990年第4期
(32)单丁著：《课程流派研究》，山东教育出版社1998年版
(33)克莱夫．塞维尔：《英国课程的改革与发展》，载《外国中小学教育》1993年第4期
(34)单丁著：《课程流派研究》，山东教育出版社1998年版
(35)袁桂林：《英国1988年教育改革法案述评》，载《外国教育研究》1989年第1期
(36)D．劳顿：英国课程史，《简明国际教育百科全书——课程》，教育科学出版社1991年版
(38)张民选：《英国对近二十年学校教育的辩论和改革》，载《教育评论》1989年第1期
(39)王承绪、徐辉主编《战后英国教育研究》，江西教育出版社1992年版
(40)季苹：《西方现代教育流派史论》，北京师范大学出版社1995年版
(2) Bob Moon and Patricia Murphy (1999 ):Curriculum in Coxtext, The Open University
(3) Bob Moon(ed)(1990) :New Curriculum-National Curriculum, The Open University
(4) Brian Holmes, Martin McLean (1989) : "The Curriculum: A Comparative Perspective", Unwin Hyman Ltd.
(5) Clyde Chitty(1988) : "Central control of the school curriculum, 1944-87" , History of Education, 1988, VOL. 17, NO. 4．
(6) Clyde Chitty (Ed) (1993) : "The National Curriculum: Is it Working? " Longman Group UK Ltd.
(7) Colin J. Marsh (1992) : :"Key Concepts for Understanding Curriculum " , The Falmer Press
(8) Dennis Lawton (1983) : Curriculum Studies and Educational Planning, Hodder and Stoughton Ltd.
(9) Donald Mackinnon, June Statham with Margaret Hales: "Education in the UK: Facts &Figures ", Hodder &Stoughton in association with the Open University
(10) Hugh Sockett(1987) : "The School CurriculumrA Basis for Partnership", British Journal of Education Studies , Vol.XXXV,No.1 February
(11) Ivor F.Goodson( 1994) : "Studying Curriculum: Cases and Methods" ,Buckingham, Open University Press
(12) Ivor F.Goodson (1993) : School Subjects and Curriculum Change :Studies in Curriculum History, The Falmer Press
(13) Jack Demaine (Ed) (1999) : "Education Policy and Contemporary Politics", Macmillan Press Ltd.
(14) Janet Moyles and Linda Hargreaves (Ed)(1998) "The Primary Curriculum: learning from international perspectives", Routledge
(15) John Elliott(1998) :The Curriculum Experiment :Meetingthe Challenge of Social Change, Open University Press
(16) Margaret Preedy(ed)(1989) :Approaches to curriculum management, Open University Press
(17) Peter Gordon , Richard Aldrich and Dennis Dean(1991) : "Education and policy in the twentieth century" , The Woburn Press.
(18) Richard Dangherty(1995) : National Curriculum Assessment: A Review of Policy 1987-1994,The Falmer Press.
(19) Rob Moore and Jenny Ozga (ed.)(1991) : Curriculum Policy, The Open University
(20) Ron Brooks(1991) : "Contemporary Debates in Education: An Historical Perspective",Longman Group UK Limited.
(21)TES,27 November 1987
(22)Theo Cox(Ed)(1996):"The National Curriculum and the Early Years:Challenges and Opportunities",The Falmer Press
(23)The Guardian,19 April,1988
(24)教育与科学部、威尔士事务部1985年3月向议会提交的白皮书：《把学校办得更好》，教育发展与政策研究中心编《发达国家教育改革的动向和趋势——美国、苏联、日本、法国、英国1981-1986年间教育改革文件和报告选编》第294页，人民教育出版社1986年版
(25)汪霞主编：《国外中小学课程演进》，山东教育出版社1998年版
(26)汪霞：《国家课程和学校课程——英国中小学基础学科解析(之一)》，载《外国教育资料》2000年第6期
(27)国家教育发展研究中心：《发达国家教育改革的动向和趋势》(第5集)，1994年第1版
(28)D 劳顿：《1988年以来的英国“国家课程”》，载《华东师范大学学报》(教育科学版)1996年第4期
(29)(英) R 柯文著，石伟平译：《1944年以来的英国教育改革》，载《外国教育资料》1991年第2期
(30)袁桂林：《英国普通学校课程改革及原因分析》，载《外国教育研究》1992年第1期
(31)(英)M麦克利恩著，石伟平译：《“民粹主义的”中央集权主义》，载《外国教育资料》1990年第4期
(32)单丁著：《课程流派研究》，山东教育出版社1998年版
(33)克莱夫．塞维尔：《英国课程的改革与发展》，载《外国中小学教育》1993年第4期
(34)单丁著：《课程流派研究》，山东教育出版社1998年版
(35)袁桂林：《英国1988年教育改革法案述评》，载《外国教育研究》1989年第1期
(36)D．劳顿：英国课程史，《简明国际教育百科全书——课程》，教育科学出版社1991年版
(38)张民选：《英国对近二十年学校教育的辩论和改革》，载《教育评论》1989年第1期
(39)王承绪、徐辉主编《战后英国教育研究》，江西教育出版社1992年版
(40)季苹：《西方现代教育流派史论》，北京师范大学出版社1995年版