汉长安城直城门遗址环境设计研究
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摘要
随着人们经济以及城市化的高速发展,由于生活方式、经济发展、旅游或不可抗力所造成的城市遗址环境、遗产线路等环境的破坏和改变,近年来人们为了保护和延续历史建筑、古遗址和历史地区在其环境中的存在意义,以减少这些变化进程对丰富的文化遗产的真实性、意义、价值、完整性和多样性所构成的威胁,对于遗址环境的保护需要加快进度。
汉武帝建元三年(公元前138年),汉武帝派遣张骞出使西域,从汉长安城出发,从此,汉长安城成为古代丝绸之路的起点。汉长安城直城门遗址,是与张骞出使西域和古代丝绸之路起点直接相关的重要遗迹。
汉长安城直城门作为汉长安城的重要组成部分,属于大遗址分类中的古代都城遗址中的门址类遗址。汉长安城直城门是丝绸之路所经过的第一个城门,是丝绸之路的起点。对汉长安城直城门遗址环境的研究在汉长安城遗址环境的设计中有着重要地位。
本论文从汉长安城直城门遗址环境的现状环境,历史文化,人文景观等方面进行研究,展开对于直城门环境设计研究。基于对汉代遗址的保护与展示的角度考虑,汉长安城直城门遗址整体的环境应延续汉代艺术特点;本论文针对汉长安城直城门遗址环境及周边环境,探究其适宜的环境规划方法,并对其实施的可行性进行研究。为直城门遗址环境的设计上延续汉代环境脉络的形式提供依据和基础。力图为汉长安城直城门遗址环境的保护提供一个基础性质的研究。
As the acceleration of the urbanization and the development of economy, not only individuals' life style and proliferation of tourism in dustry , but the impact of accidental force, all induce changes of the urban sites in respect of the heritage's environment or route. Recently, efforts have been given to protect historic buildings, sites and historic district and then preserve their significance in surrounding environment, which may slow down or even stop the process that the changes may pose threats on the authenticity , significance, value, integrity and diversity of the of the rich cultural heritage. Thus, increasing attention should be allocated to the environmental protection on these historic sites.
The third year of Jian-yuan (138 BC), Han Dynasty, the emperor Wu sent Zhang Qian to the West , when he starting from the Han Chang'an City, the Han Chang'an City become to the starting point of the ancient Silk Road. The site Zhi gate of Han Chang'an city was an important remains correlating with Zhang Qian's Mission to the Western Regions and the original Silk Road.
The Zhi Gate, which played an important role in Han Chang'an city, was classified as the kind of the door site of ancient capital ruins. And Zhi Gate of Han Chang'an City was the first gate that Silk Road going through after its starting point. Study of the envi- ronment of the Zhi Gate has important position in the study of environment designing of Han Chang'an City.
This thesis starts from the current situation of the site of Zhi Gate, and the history, culture, cultural landscape, and other aspects of research, conducing environmental design for the Zhi Gate. Based on the Han Dynasty relic’s protection and display of point of view, the Zhi Gate ruins environment should continue to carry the artistic characteristics of the Han Dynasty. This article focus on the environment and surrounding environment of ruins of Zhi Gate, to explore the appropriate method of environmental planning and to do research on the possibility of implementing. Thus, provide basic knowledge and foundation for the continuation of the Zhi Gate with Han Dynasty's form of environmental design. Overall, try to provide the site of Zhi Gate with a basic research on protection of the environment properties.
汉武帝建元三年(公元前138年),汉武帝派遣张骞出使西域,从汉长安城出发,从此,汉长安城成为古代丝绸之路的起点。汉长安城直城门遗址,是与张骞出使西域和古代丝绸之路起点直接相关的重要遗迹。
汉长安城直城门作为汉长安城的重要组成部分,属于大遗址分类中的古代都城遗址中的门址类遗址。汉长安城直城门是丝绸之路所经过的第一个城门,是丝绸之路的起点。对汉长安城直城门遗址环境的研究在汉长安城遗址环境的设计中有着重要地位。
本论文从汉长安城直城门遗址环境的现状环境,历史文化,人文景观等方面进行研究,展开对于直城门环境设计研究。基于对汉代遗址的保护与展示的角度考虑,汉长安城直城门遗址整体的环境应延续汉代艺术特点;本论文针对汉长安城直城门遗址环境及周边环境,探究其适宜的环境规划方法,并对其实施的可行性进行研究。为直城门遗址环境的设计上延续汉代环境脉络的形式提供依据和基础。力图为汉长安城直城门遗址环境的保护提供一个基础性质的研究。
As the acceleration of the urbanization and the development of economy, not only individuals' life style and proliferation of tourism in dustry , but the impact of accidental force, all induce changes of the urban sites in respect of the heritage's environment or route. Recently, efforts have been given to protect historic buildings, sites and historic district and then preserve their significance in surrounding environment, which may slow down or even stop the process that the changes may pose threats on the authenticity , significance, value, integrity and diversity of the of the rich cultural heritage. Thus, increasing attention should be allocated to the environmental protection on these historic sites.
The third year of Jian-yuan (138 BC), Han Dynasty, the emperor Wu sent Zhang Qian to the West , when he starting from the Han Chang'an City, the Han Chang'an City become to the starting point of the ancient Silk Road. The site Zhi gate of Han Chang'an city was an important remains correlating with Zhang Qian's Mission to the Western Regions and the original Silk Road.
The Zhi Gate, which played an important role in Han Chang'an city, was classified as the kind of the door site of ancient capital ruins. And Zhi Gate of Han Chang'an City was the first gate that Silk Road going through after its starting point. Study of the envi- ronment of the Zhi Gate has important position in the study of environment designing of Han Chang'an City.
This thesis starts from the current situation of the site of Zhi Gate, and the history, culture, cultural landscape, and other aspects of research, conducing environmental design for the Zhi Gate. Based on the Han Dynasty relic’s protection and display of point of view, the Zhi Gate ruins environment should continue to carry the artistic characteristics of the Han Dynasty. This article focus on the environment and surrounding environment of ruins of Zhi Gate, to explore the appropriate method of environmental planning and to do research on the possibility of implementing. Thus, provide basic knowledge and foundation for the continuation of the Zhi Gate with Han Dynasty's form of environmental design. Overall, try to provide the site of Zhi Gate with a basic research on protection of the environment properties.
引文
[1]国家文物局.文物保护单位规划编制办法实施细则,2004
[2]国家文物局.全国重点文物保护单位保护范围、标志说明、记录档案和保管机构工作规范(试行),1991
[3]联合国教科文组织.关于保护景观和遗址的风貌与特性的建议,1962
[4]联合国教科文组织.保护世界文化和自然遗产公约,1972
[5]联合国教科文组织.关于历史地区的保护及其当代作用的建议(内罗毕建议),1976
[6]联合国教科文组织.关于保护城市历史景观的宣言,2005
[7]《西安宣言——保护历史建筑、古遗址和历史地区的环境》,2005
[8]西安历史文化名城保护条例,2002
[9]西安市周秦汉唐遗址保护管理条例,1995
[10]西北大学.汉长安城遗址保护总体规划(2009-2025)[D]西北大学,2008
[11]丝绸之路申报世界文化遗产·中国·陕西·西安段-汉长安城遗址保护管理规划,2008
[12]刘庆柱、李毓芳.汉长安城[M].文物出版社,2003
[13]杨宽.中国古代都城制度史研究[M].上海古籍出版社,2003
[14]翦伯赞.秦汉史[M].北京大学出版社,1991
[15](汉)班固撰.汉书[M].中华书局,1975
[16]中国社会科学院考古研究所编.新中国的考古发现和研究[M].文物出版社,1984.
[17]国家文物局主编.中国文物地图集(陕西分册)[M].西安地图出版社,1998
[18] [日]芦原义信.尹培桐译,外部空间设计[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2001
[19] [英]伊恩·本利特、艾伦·埃尔科克、保罗·马林等著;纪晓海、高颖译.建筑环境共鸣设计[M].大连理工出版社,2003
[20] [日]相马一郎、佐古顺彦著;周畅、李曼曼译.环境心理学[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[21] [美]约翰·O·西蒙兹著;俞孔坚、王志芳、孙鹏译.景观设计学—场地规划与设计手册[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2000
[22] [美]克莱尔·库柏·马库斯、卡罗琳·佛朗西斯著;俞孔坚、孙鹏、王志芳译.人性场所---城市开放空间设计导则.第二版[M],中国建筑工业出版社,2001
[23] [英]阿伦·布兰克著;罗福午、黎钟译.园林景观构造及细部设计[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[24]季羡林主编、任晓红、喻天舒著.禅与园林艺术[M].中国言实出版社,2006
[25]李允鉌.华夏艺匠中国古典建筑设计原理分析[M].天津大学出版社,2005
[26]刘滨谊.现代景观规划设计第2版[M].东南大学出版社,2005
[27]彭一刚.中国古典园林分析[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2008
[28]王晓俊.风景园林设计[M].江西科学技术出版社.第一版,1993
[29]林源、陈莉萍.自然与文化遗产保护资料读本[M].西安建筑科技大学,2002
[30]杨洪烈.城市历史文化保护与发展[M].中国建筑巨业出版社,2006
[31]贺忠辉.汉长安城[J].文博,1986(4)
[32]葛承雍.丝绸之路的起点[J].华夏文化,1995(1)
[33]王仲殊.汉长安城考古工作的初步收获[J].考古通讯.1957,(5)
[34]李遇春.汉长安城考古综述[J].考古与文物,1981,(1)
[35]刘庆柱.汉长安城布局结构辨析——与杨宽先生商榷[J].考古,1987,(10)
[36]杨宽.西汉长安布局结构的再探讨[J].考古,1989,(4)
[37]中国社会科学院考古研究所汉长安城工作队.1992年汉长安城冶铁遗址发掘报告[J].华夏考古,1991
[38]刘庆柱.再论汉长安城布局结构及其相关问题—答杨宽先生[J].考古,1992,(10).
[39]刘庆柱.汉长安城的考古发现及相关问题研究[J].考古,1996,(10).
[40]刘庆柱.中国古代都城考古学研究的几个问题[J].考古,2000,(7).
[41]李遇春.汉长安城城门述论[J].考古与文物,2005,(6)
[42]中国社会科学院考古研究所.汉长安城工作队西安汉长安城直城门遗址2008年发掘简报[J].考古,2009年第5期
[43]刘娟.中国遗址景观的保护与利用[D].南京林业大学硕士论文,2008.
[44]魏真.西安城市公园景观设计研究[D].西安美术学院硕士论文,2009
[45]胡畔.遗址公园景观规划研究-以杜陵遗址为例[D].西北大学硕士论文,2007
[46]陈稳亮.汉长安城遗址保护与区域发展研究—基于居民生活质量与保护态度的视角[D].西北大学硕士论文,2007
[47]张颖.汉代园林的地景空间格局研究[D].西安建筑科技大学硕士论文,2007
[1] Brian Stone.Assessing the visual quality of rural landscape.Landscape andUrban Planning,2004
[2] John Fraser.The Rural Landscape.Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins UniversityPress,1998
[3] Roy Hy, V. Hrk C. Quantifying landscape structure review of landscape indices and their application to forested landscapes[J]. Progress in Physical Geography, 1996, (20).
[4] Turner M G. Spatial and temporal an sis of landscape patterns[J]. Landscape Ecology, 1990
[5] Fisher A M,Harris S J .The dynamics of tree cover change in a rural Australian and scape[J]. Landscape and Urban Plan. ning, 1999
[2]国家文物局.全国重点文物保护单位保护范围、标志说明、记录档案和保管机构工作规范(试行),1991
[3]联合国教科文组织.关于保护景观和遗址的风貌与特性的建议,1962
[4]联合国教科文组织.保护世界文化和自然遗产公约,1972
[5]联合国教科文组织.关于历史地区的保护及其当代作用的建议(内罗毕建议),1976
[6]联合国教科文组织.关于保护城市历史景观的宣言,2005
[7]《西安宣言——保护历史建筑、古遗址和历史地区的环境》,2005
[8]西安历史文化名城保护条例,2002
[9]西安市周秦汉唐遗址保护管理条例,1995
[10]西北大学.汉长安城遗址保护总体规划(2009-2025)[D]西北大学,2008
[11]丝绸之路申报世界文化遗产·中国·陕西·西安段-汉长安城遗址保护管理规划,2008
[12]刘庆柱、李毓芳.汉长安城[M].文物出版社,2003
[13]杨宽.中国古代都城制度史研究[M].上海古籍出版社,2003
[14]翦伯赞.秦汉史[M].北京大学出版社,1991
[15](汉)班固撰.汉书[M].中华书局,1975
[16]中国社会科学院考古研究所编.新中国的考古发现和研究[M].文物出版社,1984.
[17]国家文物局主编.中国文物地图集(陕西分册)[M].西安地图出版社,1998
[18] [日]芦原义信.尹培桐译,外部空间设计[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2001
[19] [英]伊恩·本利特、艾伦·埃尔科克、保罗·马林等著;纪晓海、高颖译.建筑环境共鸣设计[M].大连理工出版社,2003
[20] [日]相马一郎、佐古顺彦著;周畅、李曼曼译.环境心理学[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[21] [美]约翰·O·西蒙兹著;俞孔坚、王志芳、孙鹏译.景观设计学—场地规划与设计手册[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2000
[22] [美]克莱尔·库柏·马库斯、卡罗琳·佛朗西斯著;俞孔坚、孙鹏、王志芳译.人性场所---城市开放空间设计导则.第二版[M],中国建筑工业出版社,2001
[23] [英]阿伦·布兰克著;罗福午、黎钟译.园林景观构造及细部设计[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[24]季羡林主编、任晓红、喻天舒著.禅与园林艺术[M].中国言实出版社,2006
[25]李允鉌.华夏艺匠中国古典建筑设计原理分析[M].天津大学出版社,2005
[26]刘滨谊.现代景观规划设计第2版[M].东南大学出版社,2005
[27]彭一刚.中国古典园林分析[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2008
[28]王晓俊.风景园林设计[M].江西科学技术出版社.第一版,1993
[29]林源、陈莉萍.自然与文化遗产保护资料读本[M].西安建筑科技大学,2002
[30]杨洪烈.城市历史文化保护与发展[M].中国建筑巨业出版社,2006
[31]贺忠辉.汉长安城[J].文博,1986(4)
[32]葛承雍.丝绸之路的起点[J].华夏文化,1995(1)
[33]王仲殊.汉长安城考古工作的初步收获[J].考古通讯.1957,(5)
[34]李遇春.汉长安城考古综述[J].考古与文物,1981,(1)
[35]刘庆柱.汉长安城布局结构辨析——与杨宽先生商榷[J].考古,1987,(10)
[36]杨宽.西汉长安布局结构的再探讨[J].考古,1989,(4)
[37]中国社会科学院考古研究所汉长安城工作队.1992年汉长安城冶铁遗址发掘报告[J].华夏考古,1991
[38]刘庆柱.再论汉长安城布局结构及其相关问题—答杨宽先生[J].考古,1992,(10).
[39]刘庆柱.汉长安城的考古发现及相关问题研究[J].考古,1996,(10).
[40]刘庆柱.中国古代都城考古学研究的几个问题[J].考古,2000,(7).
[41]李遇春.汉长安城城门述论[J].考古与文物,2005,(6)
[42]中国社会科学院考古研究所.汉长安城工作队西安汉长安城直城门遗址2008年发掘简报[J].考古,2009年第5期
[43]刘娟.中国遗址景观的保护与利用[D].南京林业大学硕士论文,2008.
[44]魏真.西安城市公园景观设计研究[D].西安美术学院硕士论文,2009
[45]胡畔.遗址公园景观规划研究-以杜陵遗址为例[D].西北大学硕士论文,2007
[46]陈稳亮.汉长安城遗址保护与区域发展研究—基于居民生活质量与保护态度的视角[D].西北大学硕士论文,2007
[47]张颖.汉代园林的地景空间格局研究[D].西安建筑科技大学硕士论文,2007
[1] Brian Stone.Assessing the visual quality of rural landscape.Landscape andUrban Planning,2004
[2] John Fraser.The Rural Landscape.Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins UniversityPress,1998
[3] Roy Hy, V. Hrk C. Quantifying landscape structure review of landscape indices and their application to forested landscapes[J]. Progress in Physical Geography, 1996, (20).
[4] Turner M G. Spatial and temporal an sis of landscape patterns[J]. Landscape Ecology, 1990
[5] Fisher A M,Harris S J .The dynamics of tree cover change in a rural Australian and scape[J]. Landscape and Urban Plan. ning, 1999