船舶导航雷达回波信号仿真研究
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摘要
仿真技术是利用模型对系统进行研究、分析、评估、决策或参与系统运行的一门多学科的综合性技术。利用现代仿真技术和数字电路技术的雷达信号模拟器，以其经济、灵活和可重复性等优点，已成为雷达系统的设计、开发、测试、教学和培训中不可缺少的重要组成部分。
针对船舶导航雷达和VTS工程的雷达仿真系统的研究工作同样具有重要意义。对船舶导航雷达工作环境建模与仿真技术的研究，可以直接服务于雷达信号模拟器的设计，也可以为雷达系统设计、信号处理算法优化、性能仿真等方面服务。本文针对此，从服务于工程应用和教学研究的角度出发，对船舶导航雷达回波信号模拟方法以及软件实现中的一些技术进行研究，以满足雷达信号模拟器设计的需求。
本文分析了雷达视频回波信号的目标、杂波和噪声仿真模型，给出了雷达信号回波模拟的基本方法。采用蒙特卡罗仿真方法分析了雷达杂波的幅度概率分布特性、时间相关特性、空间相关特性，分析结果对雷达杂波模拟以及雷达信号处理都有实际应用意义。
根据不同的模拟场合和模拟需求，给出了海杂波功率谱模型，分析了海杂波幅度概念分布特性。利用零汜忆非线性变换方法和球不变随机过程方法，实现了雷达发射波形为常规脉冲情况下的相关Rayleigh分布、相关LogNormal分布、相关Weibull分布和相关K分布杂波模拟。对杂波空间相关特性进行了研究。
根据船舶导航雷达目标特性，给出了目标回波模型，分析了目标回波模型的幅度、起伏和运动等特性。
最后综合仿真了船舶导航雷达杂波，并据此开发了《船舶导航雷达回波信号数据显示分析系统》软件，该软件用Visual C++6.0在WINDOWS操作系统中编写并调用MATLAMB程序。
Simulation technique is a multi-discipline in which a model is created to research, analyze, evaluate the system or participate the process of the system. Taking advantage of modern simulation techniques and digital circuit technique, radar signal simulator, by its features as economic, flexible and repeatable, has been an essential part in radar system especially on its design, development, test, teaching and training areas.
The research task aimed at Radar Simulation system for Marine Navigational Radar and VTS Project is equally significant. The research on modeling working environment of Navigational Radar and Simulation technique will serve the design of radar signal simulator, and also assist the design of radar system, the improvement of signal processing and the functional simulation. From the view on serving Engineering Applications and teaching research, this paper aims at discussing the simulating method of navigational radar echo signal and some techniques of software realization in purpose of satisfying the requirement for the design of Radar signal simulator.
After analyzing the target, clutter, noise of simulating method based on Radar Video Echo Signal is devised. Based on Monte Carlo method, the features of radar clutter range, Characteristic time-correlation and Spatial-Temporal Correlation are analyzed. The result makes a great practical significance on simulating of Radar Clutter and processing of Radar Signal.
Based on different simulating occasions and demands, model of sea clutter power spectrum is made and distribution feature of sea clutter is analyzed. In use of ZMNL and SIRP, the clutter simulations of correlative Rayleigh Distribution, correlative LogNormal Distribution, correlative Weibull distribution and correlative K distribution are realized in case of radar Transmitting Waveform with regular impulse. And some space correlative features related to distributed clutter are studied.
According to target feature of Marine Navigational Radar, model of radar target
针对船舶导航雷达和VTS工程的雷达仿真系统的研究工作同样具有重要意义。对船舶导航雷达工作环境建模与仿真技术的研究，可以直接服务于雷达信号模拟器的设计，也可以为雷达系统设计、信号处理算法优化、性能仿真等方面服务。本文针对此，从服务于工程应用和教学研究的角度出发，对船舶导航雷达回波信号模拟方法以及软件实现中的一些技术进行研究，以满足雷达信号模拟器设计的需求。
本文分析了雷达视频回波信号的目标、杂波和噪声仿真模型，给出了雷达信号回波模拟的基本方法。采用蒙特卡罗仿真方法分析了雷达杂波的幅度概率分布特性、时间相关特性、空间相关特性，分析结果对雷达杂波模拟以及雷达信号处理都有实际应用意义。
根据不同的模拟场合和模拟需求，给出了海杂波功率谱模型，分析了海杂波幅度概念分布特性。利用零汜忆非线性变换方法和球不变随机过程方法，实现了雷达发射波形为常规脉冲情况下的相关Rayleigh分布、相关LogNormal分布、相关Weibull分布和相关K分布杂波模拟。对杂波空间相关特性进行了研究。
根据船舶导航雷达目标特性，给出了目标回波模型，分析了目标回波模型的幅度、起伏和运动等特性。
最后综合仿真了船舶导航雷达杂波，并据此开发了《船舶导航雷达回波信号数据显示分析系统》软件，该软件用Visual C++6.0在WINDOWS操作系统中编写并调用MATLAMB程序。
Simulation technique is a multi-discipline in which a model is created to research, analyze, evaluate the system or participate the process of the system. Taking advantage of modern simulation techniques and digital circuit technique, radar signal simulator, by its features as economic, flexible and repeatable, has been an essential part in radar system especially on its design, development, test, teaching and training areas.
The research task aimed at Radar Simulation system for Marine Navigational Radar and VTS Project is equally significant. The research on modeling working environment of Navigational Radar and Simulation technique will serve the design of radar signal simulator, and also assist the design of radar system, the improvement of signal processing and the functional simulation. From the view on serving Engineering Applications and teaching research, this paper aims at discussing the simulating method of navigational radar echo signal and some techniques of software realization in purpose of satisfying the requirement for the design of Radar signal simulator.
After analyzing the target, clutter, noise of simulating method based on Radar Video Echo Signal is devised. Based on Monte Carlo method, the features of radar clutter range, Characteristic time-correlation and Spatial-Temporal Correlation are analyzed. The result makes a great practical significance on simulating of Radar Clutter and processing of Radar Signal.
Based on different simulating occasions and demands, model of sea clutter power spectrum is made and distribution feature of sea clutter is analyzed. In use of ZMNL and SIRP, the clutter simulations of correlative Rayleigh Distribution, correlative LogNormal Distribution, correlative Weibull distribution and correlative K distribution are realized in case of radar Transmitting Waveform with regular impulse. And some space correlative features related to distributed clutter are studied.
According to target feature of Marine Navigational Radar, model of radar target
引文
[1] 王国玉，汪连栋．雷达电子战系统数学仿真与评估．北京：国防工业出版社，2004．
[2] 张润泽．船舶导航雷达．北京：人民交通出版社，1987．
[3] (美)R．L．米切尔著，陈训达译．雷达系统模拟．北京：科学出版社，1982．
[4] 王励．雷达系统仿真技术的进展．系统工程与电子技术．NO．4，1989：9-15．
[5] 张伟．雷达系统仿真的理论、方法与应用研究：(博士学位论文)．成都：电子科技大学，2004．
[6] 王意青，张明友．雷达原理．成都：电子科技大学出版社，1993．
[7] [美]Merritl I．Skonlnik主编，王军等译．雷达手册．北京：电子工业出版社，2003．
[8] D. K. Barton. Modern Radar System Analysis. Artech House. 1988.
[9] 程爱军．雷达回波信号模拟与仿真：(硕士学位论文)．南京：南京理工大学，2004．
[10] 张长隆．杂波建模与仿真技术及其在雷达信号模拟器中的应用研究：(博士学位论文)．北京：国防科技大学，2004．
[11] George L. Bair, David M. Hallforth, Airborne Radar Desktop Trainer Camber Corporation, http://www.camber.corn.
[12] Donnellt R. P etc. NORCOSIS-The Naval Radar Computer Simulation Suite, Radar System Modelling, IEE Colloquium on, 1998, Page(s): 11/1—11/8.
[13] G. Barton, R. Barkwill, The RADSIM High Fidelity Radar And EW Simulation Modelling and Simulation of Radar Systems, IEE Colloquium on, 1993, Page(s): 4/1-4/5.
[14] 伊志盈，张忠治，康士峰．脉冲雷达杂波模拟器．现代雷达，Vol．24 NO．5 2002：20-25．
[15] 刘峥，沈福民，张守宏．一种雷达目标与杂波环境信号模拟器．西安：西安电子科技大学学报，Vol．24，NO．2，1997：290-297．
[16] 高梅国，韩月秋．多功能雷达视频信号模拟器，系统工程与电子技术，Vol．22 NO．2 2000：38—40．
[17] http://www.korelectronics.com
[18] http://www.maliburesearch.com
[19] http://www.synopsis}roup.com
[20] http://www.sensis.com
[21] http://www.korelectronics.com
[22] 盛文，焦晓丽．雷达系统建模与仿真导论．北京：国防工业出版社，2006．
[23] 程佩青．数字信号处理．北京：清华大学出版社，1998．
[24] 张建中．常用时间序列分析软件包．北京：气象出版社，1986．
[25] 王立宁，乐光新．MATLAB与通信仿真．北京：人民邮电出版社，2000．
[26] 盛骤，谢式千，潘承毅．概率论与数理统计．北京：高等教育出版社，1989．
[27] 罗军辉，罗勇江，白义臣，庞娜．MATLAB7.0在数字信号处理中的应用．北京：机械工业出版社，2005．
[28] 宋海娜等．低入射角下雷达海杂波的建模与仿真．国防科技大学学报．2000第22卷第3期
[29] Conte, E. and Longo M. On a coherent mode 1 for log—normal clutter, IEE Proceedings, 134 Pt. F, 2 (Apr. 1957):198201.
[30] Szajnowski, W. J. The generation of correlated Weibull clutter for signal detection problems, IEEE Traps. on AES, AES—13, 5(Sept. 1977):536540.
[31] Muralidahar Rangaswamy. Computer Generation for Correlated Non-Gaussian RadarClutter. IEEE. Trans. on AES, 1995. 31 (1): 106115.
[32] Peebles, P. Z. The Generation of Correlated Log-normal Clutter for Radat Simulations. IEEE Traps. on AES, AES-7, 6(Nov. 1971): 12151217.
[33] Farina, A. tusso, A. and Studer, F. A. Coherent radar detection in log-normal clutter, IEE Proceedings, 133, Pt. F, 1 (Feb. 1986):3954.
[34] Farina, A. Russo A. j Scannapieco F. and Barbarossa. R. Theory of radar detection in coherent Weibull clutter, IEE Proceedings, Vol; 134, Pt. F, No. 2, April, 1987, Page(s):174190.
[35] Conte, E. Longo, M. Lops, M. Modelling and simulation of non-Rayleigh radar clutter, Radar and Signal Processing, IEE Proceedings F, Vol.: 138 Issue: 2, April 1991, Page(s):121130.
[36] Li Gang. Yu, K. —B. A method for simulation of coherent Weibull clutter, System Theory, 1988., Proceedings of the Twentieth Southeastern Symposium on, 1988 Page(s):691696.
[37] K.D. Ward, C.J. Baker, S. Watts. Maritime surveillance radarPartl: Radar scattering from theocean surface. IEE PRCEEDINGS-F, Vol 137, NO. 2, 1990: 51-62
[38] Oliver C.J. Correlated K-distributed clutter Models[J]. Optical Acta, 1985,32(12)
[39] 沈冀原．一种随机数序列产生方法探讨．火控雷达技术，NO．3．1986：1-13
[40] GARYL. WISE, APOSTOLOS. P, JOHNB. THOMAS. The Effect of a Memoryless Nonlinearity on the Spectrum of a Random process. IEEE Trans on Information theory Vol. IT23, No.1, 1977: 84-89.
[41] E. Conte, M. Longo. Modelling and simulation of non-rayleigh radar clutter, lEE PRCEEDINGS-F, Vol138. NO. 2. 1991: 121-130.
[42] KUNG YAO. A Representation Theorem and Its Applications to Spherically-lnvariant Random Process. IEEE Trans on Information theory, Vol. IT19. No.S, 1973: 600-608.
[43] E. Conte, G. Galati, M. Longo. Exogenous modeling of non-Gaussian Clutter. Journal of the institution of electronic and radio engineers, Vol. 57, No. 4, 98?: 151-155.
[44] E. Conte, M. Longo. Characterisation of radar clutter as a spherically invariant random process, IEE Proceeding, Vol134, No. 2, 1987: 191-197.
[45] 朱灿焰．雷达杂波相关功率谱特性的AR模型及其模拟．北京：北京理工大学学报．1998，第15卷，第3期．
[46] 田甜．雷达杂波信号的特性分析及仿真：(硕士学位论文)．南京：河海大学，2006．
[47] M．I．斯科尔尼克，雷达系统导论，北京：国防工业出版社，1992
[48] J. B. Billingsley. Low-angle radar land clutter. William Andrew Publishing. 2002
[49] S. Watts, Cell-Averaging CFAR Gain in spatially correlated K-distributed Clutter IEE Proc-F, Vol 143, NO.5, 1996: 321-327.
[50] S. watts. Spatial correlation in K-distributed sea clutter, IEE PRCEEDINGS-F, Vol 134, NO. 6, 1987: 526-532.
[51] R.S. RAGHAVAN. A Model for Spatially Correlated Radar Clutter, IEEE Traps on AES, Vol27, NO. 2, 1991: 268-273.
[52] BCARMSTRONG, HDGRIFFITHS. Modelling spatially correlated K-distributed clutter, ELECTRONICS LETTERS, Vol 27, NO. 15, 1991: 1355-1356
[53] M．W．朗．陆地和海面的雷达波散射特性，北京：科学出版社，1981
[54] 罗贤云，张忠治．地物雷达杂波空间相关特性的测量与分析，电波科学学报，Vol．10 No．3．1995：50-68
[55] 潘楚琳．雷达回波视频信号模拟技术研究：(硕士学位论文)．大连：大连海事大学，2003．
[56] M. M. Horst, F.B. Dyer, M.T. Tuley. Radar sea clutter model, int. Conf. on Antennas and propagation IEE Conf pub. 169, Pt 2, 1978
[57] 缪德刚，方乃正．航海雷达．大连：大连海事大学出版社，1990．
[58] 中航雷达与电子设备研究所．雷达系统．北京：国防工业出版社，2005．
[59] 刘人杰，柳晓明，索继东，黄习刚，孟宪宏．船舶交通管理电子信息系统．大连：大连海事大学出版社，2006．
[60] 同济大学数学教研室主编．高等数学．北京：高等教育出版社，1988年9月．
[61] Simon Haykin．Michael Moher．郑宝玉等译．现代无线通信．北京：电子工业出版社，2006．
[62] 任月消．张泽．最大熵值估计及DSP实现．测控技术，2004年3卷356-357．
[2] 张润泽．船舶导航雷达．北京：人民交通出版社，1987．
[3] (美)R．L．米切尔著，陈训达译．雷达系统模拟．北京：科学出版社，1982．
[4] 王励．雷达系统仿真技术的进展．系统工程与电子技术．NO．4，1989：9-15．
[5] 张伟．雷达系统仿真的理论、方法与应用研究：(博士学位论文)．成都：电子科技大学，2004．
[6] 王意青，张明友．雷达原理．成都：电子科技大学出版社，1993．
[7] [美]Merritl I．Skonlnik主编，王军等译．雷达手册．北京：电子工业出版社，2003．
[8] D. K. Barton. Modern Radar System Analysis. Artech House. 1988.
[9] 程爱军．雷达回波信号模拟与仿真：(硕士学位论文)．南京：南京理工大学，2004．
[10] 张长隆．杂波建模与仿真技术及其在雷达信号模拟器中的应用研究：(博士学位论文)．北京：国防科技大学，2004．
[11] George L. Bair, David M. Hallforth, Airborne Radar Desktop Trainer Camber Corporation, http://www.camber.corn.
[12] Donnellt R. P etc. NORCOSIS-The Naval Radar Computer Simulation Suite, Radar System Modelling, IEE Colloquium on, 1998, Page(s): 11/1—11/8.
[13] G. Barton, R. Barkwill, The RADSIM High Fidelity Radar And EW Simulation Modelling and Simulation of Radar Systems, IEE Colloquium on, 1993, Page(s): 4/1-4/5.
[14] 伊志盈，张忠治，康士峰．脉冲雷达杂波模拟器．现代雷达，Vol．24 NO．5 2002：20-25．
[15] 刘峥，沈福民，张守宏．一种雷达目标与杂波环境信号模拟器．西安：西安电子科技大学学报，Vol．24，NO．2，1997：290-297．
[16] 高梅国，韩月秋．多功能雷达视频信号模拟器，系统工程与电子技术，Vol．22 NO．2 2000：38—40．
[17] http://www.korelectronics.com
[18] http://www.maliburesearch.com
[19] http://www.synopsis}roup.com
[20] http://www.sensis.com
[21] http://www.korelectronics.com
[22] 盛文，焦晓丽．雷达系统建模与仿真导论．北京：国防工业出版社，2006．
[23] 程佩青．数字信号处理．北京：清华大学出版社，1998．
[24] 张建中．常用时间序列分析软件包．北京：气象出版社，1986．
[25] 王立宁，乐光新．MATLAB与通信仿真．北京：人民邮电出版社，2000．
[26] 盛骤，谢式千，潘承毅．概率论与数理统计．北京：高等教育出版社，1989．
[27] 罗军辉，罗勇江，白义臣，庞娜．MATLAB7.0在数字信号处理中的应用．北京：机械工业出版社，2005．
[28] 宋海娜等．低入射角下雷达海杂波的建模与仿真．国防科技大学学报．2000第22卷第3期
[29] Conte, E. and Longo M. On a coherent mode 1 for log—normal clutter, IEE Proceedings, 134 Pt. F, 2 (Apr. 1957):198201.
[30] Szajnowski, W. J. The generation of correlated Weibull clutter for signal detection problems, IEEE Traps. on AES, AES—13, 5(Sept. 1977):536540.
[31] Muralidahar Rangaswamy. Computer Generation for Correlated Non-Gaussian RadarClutter. IEEE. Trans. on AES, 1995. 31 (1): 106115.
[32] Peebles, P. Z. The Generation of Correlated Log-normal Clutter for Radat Simulations. IEEE Traps. on AES, AES-7, 6(Nov. 1971): 12151217.
[33] Farina, A. tusso, A. and Studer, F. A. Coherent radar detection in log-normal clutter, IEE Proceedings, 133, Pt. F, 1 (Feb. 1986):3954.
[34] Farina, A. Russo A. j Scannapieco F. and Barbarossa. R. Theory of radar detection in coherent Weibull clutter, IEE Proceedings, Vol; 134, Pt. F, No. 2, April, 1987, Page(s):174190.
[35] Conte, E. Longo, M. Lops, M. Modelling and simulation of non-Rayleigh radar clutter, Radar and Signal Processing, IEE Proceedings F, Vol.: 138 Issue: 2, April 1991, Page(s):121130.
[36] Li Gang. Yu, K. —B. A method for simulation of coherent Weibull clutter, System Theory, 1988., Proceedings of the Twentieth Southeastern Symposium on, 1988 Page(s):691696.
[37] K.D. Ward, C.J. Baker, S. Watts. Maritime surveillance radarPartl: Radar scattering from theocean surface. IEE PRCEEDINGS-F, Vol 137, NO. 2, 1990: 51-62
[38] Oliver C.J. Correlated K-distributed clutter Models[J]. Optical Acta, 1985,32(12)
[39] 沈冀原．一种随机数序列产生方法探讨．火控雷达技术，NO．3．1986：1-13
[40] GARYL. WISE, APOSTOLOS. P, JOHNB. THOMAS. The Effect of a Memoryless Nonlinearity on the Spectrum of a Random process. IEEE Trans on Information theory Vol. IT23, No.1, 1977: 84-89.
[41] E. Conte, M. Longo. Modelling and simulation of non-rayleigh radar clutter, lEE PRCEEDINGS-F, Vol138. NO. 2. 1991: 121-130.
[42] KUNG YAO. A Representation Theorem and Its Applications to Spherically-lnvariant Random Process. IEEE Trans on Information theory, Vol. IT19. No.S, 1973: 600-608.
[43] E. Conte, G. Galati, M. Longo. Exogenous modeling of non-Gaussian Clutter. Journal of the institution of electronic and radio engineers, Vol. 57, No. 4, 98?: 151-155.
[44] E. Conte, M. Longo. Characterisation of radar clutter as a spherically invariant random process, IEE Proceeding, Vol134, No. 2, 1987: 191-197.
[45] 朱灿焰．雷达杂波相关功率谱特性的AR模型及其模拟．北京：北京理工大学学报．1998，第15卷，第3期．
[46] 田甜．雷达杂波信号的特性分析及仿真：(硕士学位论文)．南京：河海大学，2006．
[47] M．I．斯科尔尼克，雷达系统导论，北京：国防工业出版社，1992
[48] J. B. Billingsley. Low-angle radar land clutter. William Andrew Publishing. 2002
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