不同菌根真菌对烤烟生长的影响
摘要
AM菌根真菌对烤烟幼苗生长和营养吸收具有很好的促进作用,本文选取聚丛球囊霉(Glomuse aggregatum,BGC HUN02D)和摩西球囊霉(Glomuse mosseae, BGC HUN01A)作为供试菌种,以K326烤烟品种作为宿主,在育苗环节和大田栽培应用中予以验证,以期为AM菌根真菌在烤烟生产中应用提供理论依据。试验结果表明：
1、培养基质和营养液对丛枝菌根(AM)真菌生长发育的影响
沙土混合物(沙土体积比为3：1)基质对AM真菌生长发育尤其是孢子的生长最为有利,沸石基质对AM真菌生长发育尤其是菌丝的生长最为有利,沙土混合物基质处理菌根侵染率稍高,说明沙土混合物对G.mosseae菌剂的生长发育最为有利。
营养液的成分、数量和浇施频度等对AM菌剂的生产都是重要的因素,在各种营养元素中,AM真菌对磷的浓度最敏感,磷也是菌根菌生长发育中最关键的营养元素,速效磷含量在10 mg/kg左右时、最有利于AM真菌的生长和产孢。
2、AM真菌对烟苗大田生长及营养的影响
接种摩西球囊霉处理的烤烟株高、叶片数均要高于非菌根菌处理,且摩西球囊霉处理的叶片数和单叶重也高于聚丛球囊霉处理；摩西球囊霉处理能提高烤烟氮素、钾素、总糖、还原糖和烟碱含量,并能很好协调氮/碱、糖/碱以及调整适度的蛋白质含量,进而能提高烟叶品质,尤其在上部叶,下部叶摩西球囊霉处理的糖/碱较合理。
在上部叶接种菌根真菌的烤烟和非菌根菌烤烟的氮/碱均在0.8～0.9之间,属正常范围内；中部叶以及下部叶聚丛球囊霉处理和非菌根菌处理的氮/碱大于1,处于偏高的水平,而摩西球囊霉处理的氮/碱均在0.8～0.9之间,属正常范围内,可见,摩西球囊霉处理相对于非菌根菌处理,能在一定程度上协调烟叶总氮和烟碱之间的关系,且效果好于聚丛球囊霉处理。
此外,摩西球囊霉处理在提高上、中、下部烟叶钾/氯的效果明显好于非菌根菌处理,且能有效降低烟叶的蛋白质含量,表现出较好的营养和品质效应。
3、AM真菌对K326幼苗生长和营养的影响
在低的营养条件下接种摩西球囊霉和聚丛球囊霉的侵染率均高于高营养处理的侵染率,说明烤烟幼苗在低营养条件下接种菌根真菌就能基本满足其生长所需。聚丛球囊霉处理侵染率略高,但摩西球囊霉处理对烤烟促根生长、幼苗生物量增加和氮磷钾营养元素的吸收的效果明显,特别是接种AM真菌后土壤磷酸酶活性明显高于不接种处理,可能由于AM真菌能利用自身浓密的根外菌丝到达烤烟根系难以到达的区域吸收更多的磷素营养。
The AM fungi can increase the growth and the nutrient uptake of flue-cured tobacco seedling, so we verified its effection on seedling culture and field production through choosing the Glomuse aggregatum fungi (BGC HUN02D) and Glomuse mosseae fungi(BGC HUN01 A) as the tested fungi, and selected K326 tobacco as host plant. Aim to establish the industrial AM fungi growth technology. The main results were summarized as follows.
1 The effection to growth and nutrient uptake of AM fungi by different culture medium and nutrient solution
The culture medium of mixture of sand and soil which the rate of sand to soil was 3:1 could promote spore growth of AM fungi, and the culture medium of zeolite could promote mycelium growth of AM fungi. The infect rate of mixture of sand and soil treat was higher than other culture medium treat.
The bring up process of AM fungi could been influencd by component, contents and irrigate frequency of nutrient solution especially the phosphorus value of nutrient solution, so we must control the phosphorus value of nutrient solution be about 10 mg/kg to guarantee the high efficiency produce of AM fungi.
2 The effection to growth and nutrient uptake of flue-cured tobacco seedling by AM fungi
Under the low nutritional conditions, the infect rate of Glomuse mosseae treat and Glomuse aggregatum treat better than non-inoculated treat, and the infect rate of Glomuse aggregatum treat better than Glomuse mosseae treat.The Glomuse mosseae treat could promote flue-cured tobacco's rooting ability and seedling yield, and also could increase uptake ability of N、P and K value, especially could strengthened the activity of soil Phosphatase.
3 The effection to growth and nutrient uptake of flue-cured tobacco by AM fungi
The plant height and the number of blade inoculated by Glomuse mosseae fungi was better than non-inoculated treat, and the number of blade and the weight of leaf inoculated by Glomuse mosseae fungi was better than Glomuse aggregatum treat. The Glomuse mosseae treat could increase N, K, total sugar, reducing sugar and nicotinamide value, and could coordinate the rate of N to nicotinamide and the rate of sugar to nicotinamide, also the Glomuse mosseae treat could control suitable protein value, and then its could improve the quality of flue-cured tobacco.
The rate of N to nicotinamide on all treat in top leaf was belong to normal range about 0.8-0.9. The rate of N to nicotinamide on Glomuse aggregatum treat and non-inoculated treat in middle and under-part leaf was belong to high range about beyond 1.0, but The rate of N to nicotinamide on Glomuse mosseae treat was belong to normal range.
The rate of K to chlorine on Glomuse mosseae treat in all parts of leaf better than non-inoculated treat, meanwhile Glomuse mosseae treat could turn down the protein value.
1、培养基质和营养液对丛枝菌根(AM)真菌生长发育的影响
沙土混合物(沙土体积比为3：1)基质对AM真菌生长发育尤其是孢子的生长最为有利,沸石基质对AM真菌生长发育尤其是菌丝的生长最为有利,沙土混合物基质处理菌根侵染率稍高,说明沙土混合物对G.mosseae菌剂的生长发育最为有利。
营养液的成分、数量和浇施频度等对AM菌剂的生产都是重要的因素,在各种营养元素中,AM真菌对磷的浓度最敏感,磷也是菌根菌生长发育中最关键的营养元素,速效磷含量在10 mg/kg左右时、最有利于AM真菌的生长和产孢。
2、AM真菌对烟苗大田生长及营养的影响
接种摩西球囊霉处理的烤烟株高、叶片数均要高于非菌根菌处理,且摩西球囊霉处理的叶片数和单叶重也高于聚丛球囊霉处理；摩西球囊霉处理能提高烤烟氮素、钾素、总糖、还原糖和烟碱含量,并能很好协调氮/碱、糖/碱以及调整适度的蛋白质含量,进而能提高烟叶品质,尤其在上部叶,下部叶摩西球囊霉处理的糖/碱较合理。
在上部叶接种菌根真菌的烤烟和非菌根菌烤烟的氮/碱均在0.8～0.9之间,属正常范围内；中部叶以及下部叶聚丛球囊霉处理和非菌根菌处理的氮/碱大于1,处于偏高的水平,而摩西球囊霉处理的氮/碱均在0.8～0.9之间,属正常范围内,可见,摩西球囊霉处理相对于非菌根菌处理,能在一定程度上协调烟叶总氮和烟碱之间的关系,且效果好于聚丛球囊霉处理。
此外,摩西球囊霉处理在提高上、中、下部烟叶钾/氯的效果明显好于非菌根菌处理,且能有效降低烟叶的蛋白质含量,表现出较好的营养和品质效应。
3、AM真菌对K326幼苗生长和营养的影响
在低的营养条件下接种摩西球囊霉和聚丛球囊霉的侵染率均高于高营养处理的侵染率,说明烤烟幼苗在低营养条件下接种菌根真菌就能基本满足其生长所需。聚丛球囊霉处理侵染率略高,但摩西球囊霉处理对烤烟促根生长、幼苗生物量增加和氮磷钾营养元素的吸收的效果明显,特别是接种AM真菌后土壤磷酸酶活性明显高于不接种处理,可能由于AM真菌能利用自身浓密的根外菌丝到达烤烟根系难以到达的区域吸收更多的磷素营养。
The AM fungi can increase the growth and the nutrient uptake of flue-cured tobacco seedling, so we verified its effection on seedling culture and field production through choosing the Glomuse aggregatum fungi (BGC HUN02D) and Glomuse mosseae fungi(BGC HUN01 A) as the tested fungi, and selected K326 tobacco as host plant. Aim to establish the industrial AM fungi growth technology. The main results were summarized as follows.
1 The effection to growth and nutrient uptake of AM fungi by different culture medium and nutrient solution
The culture medium of mixture of sand and soil which the rate of sand to soil was 3:1 could promote spore growth of AM fungi, and the culture medium of zeolite could promote mycelium growth of AM fungi. The infect rate of mixture of sand and soil treat was higher than other culture medium treat.
The bring up process of AM fungi could been influencd by component, contents and irrigate frequency of nutrient solution especially the phosphorus value of nutrient solution, so we must control the phosphorus value of nutrient solution be about 10 mg/kg to guarantee the high efficiency produce of AM fungi.
2 The effection to growth and nutrient uptake of flue-cured tobacco seedling by AM fungi
Under the low nutritional conditions, the infect rate of Glomuse mosseae treat and Glomuse aggregatum treat better than non-inoculated treat, and the infect rate of Glomuse aggregatum treat better than Glomuse mosseae treat.The Glomuse mosseae treat could promote flue-cured tobacco's rooting ability and seedling yield, and also could increase uptake ability of N、P and K value, especially could strengthened the activity of soil Phosphatase.
3 The effection to growth and nutrient uptake of flue-cured tobacco by AM fungi
The plant height and the number of blade inoculated by Glomuse mosseae fungi was better than non-inoculated treat, and the number of blade and the weight of leaf inoculated by Glomuse mosseae fungi was better than Glomuse aggregatum treat. The Glomuse mosseae treat could increase N, K, total sugar, reducing sugar and nicotinamide value, and could coordinate the rate of N to nicotinamide and the rate of sugar to nicotinamide, also the Glomuse mosseae treat could control suitable protein value, and then its could improve the quality of flue-cured tobacco.
The rate of N to nicotinamide on all treat in top leaf was belong to normal range about 0.8-0.9. The rate of N to nicotinamide on Glomuse aggregatum treat and non-inoculated treat in middle and under-part leaf was belong to high range about beyond 1.0, but The rate of N to nicotinamide on Glomuse mosseae treat was belong to normal range.
The rate of K to chlorine on Glomuse mosseae treat in all parts of leaf better than non-inoculated treat, meanwhile Glomuse mosseae treat could turn down the protein value.
引文
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[3]罗焕亮,陈伟元,邵志芳.VA菌根对植物的增效作用研究[[J].华南农业学报.2003,23(1)：49-50.
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[7]Smith S. E., F. A. Smith and I. Jakobson.2003. Myconhizal fungi can dominate phosphate supply to plants irrespective of growth responses [J]. Plant Physiology, 133:16-20.
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[2]林先贵,廖继佩,施亚琴.VA菌根真菌在退化红壤恢复重建中的应用[J].土壤与环境(台湾),2002,5(3)：221-232.
[3]罗焕亮,陈伟元,邵志芳.VA菌根对植物的增效作用研究[[J].华南农业学报.2003,23(1)：49-50.
[4]张福锁.土壤与植物营养研究新动态(第一卷)[M].北京：北京农业大学出版社.1992.
[5]张福锁.植物营养生态生理学和遗传学[M].北京：中国科学技术出版社,1993.
[6]Al Karaki G. N.2002. Field response of garlic inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to phosphorus fertilization [J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition,25:747-756.
[7]Smith S. E., F. A. Smith and I. Jakobson.2003. Myconhizal fungi can dominate phosphate supply to plants irrespective of growth responses [J]. Plant Physiology, 133:16-20.
[8]Koide R. T. and B. Mosse.2004. A history of research on arbuscular mycorrhiza[J]. Mycorrhiza,14:145-163.
[9]Wallander H.Nitrogen nutrition and mycorrhiza development (J).Dev Agri Manage.For Ecol,1991,24:340-343.
[10]Azcon R., J. M. Ruiz-Lozano and R. Rodriguez.2001.Different contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to plant nitrate uptake (15N) under increasing N supply to the soil [J]. Canadian Journal of Botany,79:1175-1180.
[11]刘江,黄学跃,李天飞.丛枝菌根菌根真菌在不同磷肥水平下对烟叶产质量的影响[J].云南大学学报(自然科学版),1999,21(3)：239-242.
[12]贺学礼,李斌.AM真菌和施磷量对不同叶位烟叶生长和化学成分的交互效应[J].应用生态学报.2001,12(5)：761-764.
[13]张素非,龚光炎,刘秀珍,等.丛枝菌根菌根在旱地烟草育苗中应用效果初报[J].陕西农业科学,1996,3(23)：46-50.
[14]Tosi L,Giovannetti M,Zazzerini A,et al.Influence of myconhizal tobacco roots,incorporated into the soil,on the development of The avopss boawoh[J]. J.Phytopathol.,1988,122(2):186-189.
[15]Sreeramulu K R,Onkaappa T,Swamy H N.BioeonU'ol of damping of and black shank disease in tobacco nursery[J].Tob.Res.,1998,24(1):1-4.
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