矿山井下无线传感器网络多径路由协议的研究
|
摘要
煤矿环境复杂多变,造成了煤矿开采过程中的不安全性,经常导致恶性事故的发生。目前,我国的煤矿安全生产形势十分严峻,特别是近年来重大矿难时有发生,造成了巨大的生命和财产损失。现有的煤矿安全监控系统因为存在各种不足,已经无法满足日益严格的安全生产需求,迫切需要对其进行改善。
跟踪定位技术是提高煤矿安全生产的主要方法之一,在发生矿难时,通过人员的跟踪定位能够及时准确地制定营救计划,使伤亡程度降到最低。其中如何从多径路由角度提高“矿山井下人员与搜救通信系统”的可靠性是本文研究的重点,为此本文主要开展了以下研究工作：
1.本文对现有数据可靠传输方法和路由算法进行分析,总结出各自优缺点和需要改进的地方,为设计性能更好的路由算法提供理论基础。在多径路由算法理论研究方面,本文做了如下两方面工作：首先,利用可靠性理论对两种多径路由类型的可靠性进行了分析,计算结果表明：在无线链路不稳定的情况下,相交多路径路由算法可以提供更多的路径冗余,因此具有更高的稳定性,而且无线链路越不稳定,相交多径路由算法的可靠性越高。其次,本文对多径条数及路径跳数进行了最优值分析,通过理论计算及仿真分析得出：基于“最短路径”的多径路由算法,具有更高的数据传输可靠性。
2.在AODV路由思想的研究基础上,本文提出了一种基于最小跳数的相交多径路由算法(MHBMP)。首先,通过建立距离汇聚节点的最小跳数场,控制路由请求消息(RREQ)的广播方向,避免了泛洪协议(Flooding)造成的信息爆炸。其次,MHBMP算法设计了节点接收路由请求消息的延迟机制,节点能够根据自身的剩余能量和当时的负荷情况,决定加入路由的延迟时间,通过这种方法可以使网络中的能量消耗更平均,负载更均衡。最后,在路由选择过程中,本文提出了一种针对路径节点关键能量的计算方法,节点依据关键能量比值选择最优路径来传输数据,实现了均衡节点能耗,构建可靠且能量平衡网络的目的。此外,本文还设计了适用于该算法的局部修复机制,最大程度地增强了数据传输的可靠性。
3.本文详细描述了MHBMP路由算法的实现过程,并利用网络仿真工具NS2对该算法的性能进行评估。从传输可靠性和能量有效性两个角度,以及投递率、时延、路由开销和节点生存时间等四个方面,将MHBMP算法与现有的路由协议进行了比较,验证了本文所设计算法的有效性和可靠性。
It is known that the environment of underground coal mine is very sophisticated and changeable, which leads to increasingly insecure and sometimes fatal accidents in the course of mine exploitation. At present, the situation of safe production of coal mine is very serious in our country, and mining accidents occur frequently in recent years which cause very enormous loss of life and property. The existing coal mine security monitoring system is urgent to be improved with all sorts of insufficiencies which can't meet the increasingly stringent demand of safety.
Tracking and positioning technologies is one of the primary methods to improve coal mine safety. In the event of a mining accident, a rescue plan can be drawn up timely and accurately through locating and tracking the trapped workers, so that the casualties will be kept to a bare minimum. How to improve the reliability of communication system of tracking and rescuing for underground mine (CSTR) by the application of multi-path routing is the main research point of this thesis. The main contributions of this thesis are listed as follows:
1. The existing methods of reliable data transmission and routing protocols have been analyzed in order to give the advantages, disadvantages and performance of them, which is useful to design a better routing strategy. To providing a theoretical basis for algorithm design, in this thesis the following two studies were made:on one hand, the reliability theory was utilized to analyze two kinds of disjoint and non-disjoint multipath routing methods. The results of the analysis have shown that more routing redundancies could be provided by the non-disjoint multipath routing under the state of unstable wireless network link, which made the method more reliable. In addition, the reliability of non-disjoint multipath routing could be improved more with less unstable of the wireless network link. On the other hand, the value of the number of paths and hops was optimized through theoretical calculation and simulation.
2. On the basis of AODV algorithm, a multi-path routing algorithm based on minimum hop was proposed (MHBMP) in this thesis. Firstly, in order to avoid the information explosion caused by flooding, the directions of broadcasting RREQ were in MHBMP controlled through establishing the minimum hops from the sink. Secondly, as a protocol of energy efficient and load balanced, the delay of a node was determined by its current energy level and load, so the nodes with more residual energy and fewer loads could be selected quickly, and energy consumption in the network could be reasonable, and node loads could be more balanced. These result in that the data flow could not be clogged in some section. Thirdly, in the process of path selection, crucial energy of every nodes was calculated in order to construct an energy-balanced network, and then according to crucial energy ratio energy-balanced among the nodes was achieved. In addition, local repair mechanism was proposed,which attempted to enhance the reliability of the path in this thesis.
3. In this thesis, the proposed protocol was described in detail and a simulation experiment was made on the NS2 platform. From the view of transmission reliability and energy effectiveness and through comparing and analyzing other methods in packet delivery, delay, routing overhead, node lifetime, algorithm mentioned in this thesis proved to be more effective and reliable.
跟踪定位技术是提高煤矿安全生产的主要方法之一,在发生矿难时,通过人员的跟踪定位能够及时准确地制定营救计划,使伤亡程度降到最低。其中如何从多径路由角度提高“矿山井下人员与搜救通信系统”的可靠性是本文研究的重点,为此本文主要开展了以下研究工作：
1.本文对现有数据可靠传输方法和路由算法进行分析,总结出各自优缺点和需要改进的地方,为设计性能更好的路由算法提供理论基础。在多径路由算法理论研究方面,本文做了如下两方面工作：首先,利用可靠性理论对两种多径路由类型的可靠性进行了分析,计算结果表明：在无线链路不稳定的情况下,相交多路径路由算法可以提供更多的路径冗余,因此具有更高的稳定性,而且无线链路越不稳定,相交多径路由算法的可靠性越高。其次,本文对多径条数及路径跳数进行了最优值分析,通过理论计算及仿真分析得出：基于“最短路径”的多径路由算法,具有更高的数据传输可靠性。
2.在AODV路由思想的研究基础上,本文提出了一种基于最小跳数的相交多径路由算法(MHBMP)。首先,通过建立距离汇聚节点的最小跳数场,控制路由请求消息(RREQ)的广播方向,避免了泛洪协议(Flooding)造成的信息爆炸。其次,MHBMP算法设计了节点接收路由请求消息的延迟机制,节点能够根据自身的剩余能量和当时的负荷情况,决定加入路由的延迟时间,通过这种方法可以使网络中的能量消耗更平均,负载更均衡。最后,在路由选择过程中,本文提出了一种针对路径节点关键能量的计算方法,节点依据关键能量比值选择最优路径来传输数据,实现了均衡节点能耗,构建可靠且能量平衡网络的目的。此外,本文还设计了适用于该算法的局部修复机制,最大程度地增强了数据传输的可靠性。
3.本文详细描述了MHBMP路由算法的实现过程,并利用网络仿真工具NS2对该算法的性能进行评估。从传输可靠性和能量有效性两个角度,以及投递率、时延、路由开销和节点生存时间等四个方面,将MHBMP算法与现有的路由协议进行了比较,验证了本文所设计算法的有效性和可靠性。
It is known that the environment of underground coal mine is very sophisticated and changeable, which leads to increasingly insecure and sometimes fatal accidents in the course of mine exploitation. At present, the situation of safe production of coal mine is very serious in our country, and mining accidents occur frequently in recent years which cause very enormous loss of life and property. The existing coal mine security monitoring system is urgent to be improved with all sorts of insufficiencies which can't meet the increasingly stringent demand of safety.
Tracking and positioning technologies is one of the primary methods to improve coal mine safety. In the event of a mining accident, a rescue plan can be drawn up timely and accurately through locating and tracking the trapped workers, so that the casualties will be kept to a bare minimum. How to improve the reliability of communication system of tracking and rescuing for underground mine (CSTR) by the application of multi-path routing is the main research point of this thesis. The main contributions of this thesis are listed as follows:
1. The existing methods of reliable data transmission and routing protocols have been analyzed in order to give the advantages, disadvantages and performance of them, which is useful to design a better routing strategy. To providing a theoretical basis for algorithm design, in this thesis the following two studies were made:on one hand, the reliability theory was utilized to analyze two kinds of disjoint and non-disjoint multipath routing methods. The results of the analysis have shown that more routing redundancies could be provided by the non-disjoint multipath routing under the state of unstable wireless network link, which made the method more reliable. In addition, the reliability of non-disjoint multipath routing could be improved more with less unstable of the wireless network link. On the other hand, the value of the number of paths and hops was optimized through theoretical calculation and simulation.
2. On the basis of AODV algorithm, a multi-path routing algorithm based on minimum hop was proposed (MHBMP) in this thesis. Firstly, in order to avoid the information explosion caused by flooding, the directions of broadcasting RREQ were in MHBMP controlled through establishing the minimum hops from the sink. Secondly, as a protocol of energy efficient and load balanced, the delay of a node was determined by its current energy level and load, so the nodes with more residual energy and fewer loads could be selected quickly, and energy consumption in the network could be reasonable, and node loads could be more balanced. These result in that the data flow could not be clogged in some section. Thirdly, in the process of path selection, crucial energy of every nodes was calculated in order to construct an energy-balanced network, and then according to crucial energy ratio energy-balanced among the nodes was achieved. In addition, local repair mechanism was proposed,which attempted to enhance the reliability of the path in this thesis.
3. In this thesis, the proposed protocol was described in detail and a simulation experiment was made on the NS2 platform. From the view of transmission reliability and energy effectiveness and through comparing and analyzing other methods in packet delivery, delay, routing overhead, node lifetime, algorithm mentioned in this thesis proved to be more effective and reliable.
引文
[1]林柏泉,张峰.我国煤矿安全现状分析[J].能源技术与管理.2008.15(9)：88-92.
[2]李希建,许洋,叶平.煤矿安全现状分析[J].煤矿安全.2008.22(4)：92-95.
[3]王海清,陈小平.浅论我国煤矿安全现状及改善对策[J].中州煤炭.2007.13(3)：79-83.
[4]Jerty Zhao, Ramesh Govindan. Understanding packet delivery performance in dense wireless sensor networks[J]. In proceedings of first international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems. Acm press.2003.8(2):1-13.
[5]陈利民,李建中,陈瑜.无线传感器网络[M].北京：清华大学出版社.2005：135-158.
[6]IEEE 802.15.4 2003:Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WpANs).
[7]Akyilaiz I.F, Pompili D, Melodia T. Challenges for Efficient Communication in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks[J], ACM Special Interest Group on Embedded Systems Review.2004.1(2):35-40.
[8]Niculescu D, Nath B. Localized positioning in ad hoc networks. In:Cayirci E, Znati T. Proc. of the 1 st IEEE int'1 Workshop on Sensor Network Protocols and Applications[C].2003:42-50.
[9]I.F.Akyildiz, W.su, Y,Sankarasubram. A Survey on Sensor Networks. IEEE Communications Magazine.2002.40(8):38-43.
[10]N.Patwari, O.Alfred. Matt Perkins Relative Location Estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE transcations on signal processing.2003.51(8):15-21.
[11]P.Rentala, R.Musunnuri, S.Gandham. University of Texas at Dallas. Survey on Sensor Networks. Survey Thesis Submitted as per the Requirements of Mobile Computing (CS 6302) Course, 2001,7:140-152.
[12]D.Estrin, L.Girod, G.Pottie. Instrument the world with wireless sensor networks. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.2001,43:2033-2036.
[13]Shijin Dai, Xiaorong Jing, Lemin Li. Research and Analysin on Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE.2005.0-7803-9015-6/05:407-412.
[14]Sankarasubramaniam Y, Cayirci E. A survey on sensor networks. IEEE Communications Magazine.2002.40(8):102-114.
[15]Rentala P, Musunuri R, Gandham S. Survey on Sensor Network[R]. Technical Report, UTDCS-33-02. Dallas:University of Texas at Dallas.
[16]N Noury, T Herve, V Rialle. Monitoring behavior in home using a smart fall sensor. Proceedings of the IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology, Lyon.2002:607610.
[17]范启炜,王魁军,曹林.我国煤矿瓦斯灾害事故频发的原因分析[J].中国煤炭.2003,7：197-105.
[18]煤炭科学研究总院抚顺分院.我煤矿监测监控系统现状与发展趋势[J].2004,2：43-52.
[19]杨阳.无线传感器中基于最小跳数场的可控拓扑及路由研究[D].成都：西南大学.2008：10-12.
[20]Narayanaswamy S, Kawadia V, Sreenivas R.S. Power Control in ad-hoc nerworks:Theory, architecture, algorithm and implementation of the COMPOW protocol. In:Proc European Wireless conf.2002:156-162.
[21]Jilei Liu, Baochum Li. Mobilegrid:capacity-aware topology control in mobile and hoc networks, in Computer Communications and Networks.2002:570-574.
[22]Kubisch M, Karl H, Wolisz A, Zhong L.C, Rabaey J.M. Distributed algorithms for transmission power control in wireless sensor networks. IEEE WCNC 2003.2003,6:16-20.
[23]Halpern J.Y, Bahl P, Wang Y.M. Analysis of a cone-based distributed topology control algorithm for wireless multi-hop net works. In:Proc ACM Symp on principles of Distributed Computing:264-273.
[24]Li N, Hou J.C, Sha L. Design and analysis of an MST-base topology control algorithm. In:Proc 12th Joint Conf on IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.2004,3.
[25]Li N, Hou J.C. Topology control in heterogeneous wireless networks:Problems and solutions. In:Proc 13th Joint Conf on IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.2005,3.
[26]Deb B, Bhatnager S, Nath B. A topology discovery algorithm for sensor network with applications to network managenment. DCS Technical Report DCS-TR-441. Rutgers University. May 2001.
[27]Y.Xu, J.Heidemann, D.Estrin. Geography informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing. MobiCom2001. Rome, Italy.2001,7:70-84.
[28]Heinzelman W.R, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless mocrosensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.2002:660-670.
[29]Younis O, Fahmy S. Distributed clustering in ad-hoc sensor networks:A Hybid, energy-efficent approach. In:Proc 13th Joint conf on IEEE computer and Communications Societies. March 2005.
[30]于海滨,曾鹏.分布式无线传感器网络研究[J].通信学报.2004.25(10)：102-110.
[31]N.Bulusu, J.Heidemann, D.Estrin. GPS-less Low Cost Outdoor Localization for Very Small Devices[J]. IEEE Personal Communications Magazine. October 2005.7(5):298-34.
[32]Niculescu D, Nath B. Ad Hoc positioning system (APS) IEEE ICC GLOBECCOM, Global Telecommunications Conference,2001 GLOBECCOM'01 IEEE San Antonio, TX, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer Inc.2001:2926-2931.
[33]于宁,万江文,吴峰.无线传感器网络定位算法研究[J].传感器技术学报.2007,1：88-92.
[34]Elson J, Griod L, Esrein D. Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts. In:Proc 5th Symp Operting systems Design and Implementation.December 2003.
[35]Sichitiu M.L, Veerarittiphan C. Simple accurate time synchronization for wireless sensor networks. Proc IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference. March 2005.
[36]Ganeriwal S, Kumar R, Srivastava M.B. Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks. In:Proc 1st Int'l Conf on Embeded Network Sensor Systems.2003:138-149.
[37]IEEE802.15.4 2003:Wireless Mdedium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs).
[38]张沛.基于层次拓扑结构的无线传感器网络多路径路由算法的研究与实现[D].江苏：江苏大学.2008,6：13-15.
[39]Ozgui B.kan, Ian F.Akyildiz. Event-to-Sink Reliable Transport in Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE/ACM TRANSAVTIONS ON NETWORKING.2005:1003-1017.
[40]Sukun K, Rodrigo F, David C. Reliable Transfer on Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE.
2004:449-459.
[41]Michael Hempel, Hamid Sharif, Prasad Raviraj. A new hierarchical energy-aware routing protocol for sensor networks. Proceeding of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE.2005.0-7695-2268-8/05.:235-243.
[42]Jun Wang, Haibin Yu, Zhijun Shang. Research on Reliable Link Layer Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE.0-7803-9015-6/05:417-421.
[43]贾军博,谷建华,朱靖飞,等.网络环境下基于Erasure Codes的高可靠性存储体系设计[J].计算机应用研究.2009.26(5)：1836-1839.
[44]Plank J.S. All about Erasure Code:Reed-Solomon coding, LDPC coding[EB/OL]. http://www.cs.utk.edu/～plank/classes/cs560/560/notes/Erasure/2004_ICL.pdf.
[45]Qilian Liang, Lingming Wang. Fault-Tolerant Multipath Transportation Aidid with Channel Coding and Interleaver for Wireless Sensor Networks.2004.IEEE.0-7803-8523-3:3679-3683.
[46]董梅,杨曾,张建,等.基于信号强度的无线局域网定位技术[J].计算机应用.2004,12：57-63.
[47]De S, Qiao C, Wu H. Meshed multipath routing:An efficient strategy in sensor networks. Wireless Communications and Networking (WCNC 2003). IEEE. Vol:16-20.
[48]Gupta G, Younis M. Fault-tolerant clustering of wireless sensor networks. Proc IEEE Wireless Communications and Networksing (WCNC).Vol.3:57-64.
[49]Intangon C, Govindan R, Estrin D. Directed Diffusion:A scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks. In:Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom'04.2004:56-67.
[50]Deepak Ganesan, Ramesh Govindan, Scott Shenker. Highly-Resilient, Energy-Efficient Multipath Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks. Mobile Computing and Communications Review.2002.1:33-41.
[51]sohrabi K, Gao J, Ailawadhi V. Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor networks. IEEE Personal Communications.2000.7(5):16-27.
[52]Akkaya K, Younis M. A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. Elsevier Ad Hoc Network Journal.2005.3(1):325-349.
[53]李善仓.无线传感器网络原理与应用[M].北京：机械工业出版社.2008：48-53.
[54]Heinzelman W.R, Kulik J, Balakrishnam H. Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks. In:Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom'03. Seattle:ACM Press. 2003:174-185.
[55]C.Intanagonwiwat, R.Govindan, D.Estrin. A scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks. Proceedings of ACM MobiCom'02. Boston.MA.2002:57-67.
[56]J.Kulik, W.R.Heinzelman, H.Balakrishnam. Negotiation-based protocols for disseminating information in wireless sensor networks. Wireless Networks.2002:169-185.
[57]Hedetniemi S, Nestman A. A Survey of Gossiping and Broadcalting in Communication Networks. Networks.1999.18(4):318-349.
[58]Haas z.J, Halpern J.Y, Li L. Gossip-Based ad hoc routiing. In:Proc of the IEEE Inform. New York:IEEE Communications Society.2002:1707-1716.
[59]Sohrabi K, Gao J, Ailawadhi V. Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network. IEEE Personal Communications.2006.7(5):16-27.
[60]C.Intanagowiwat, R.Gobindan, D Estrin. Directed diffusion:a scalable and robust
communication paradigm for sensor networks. Proceedings of ACM MobiCom'00. Boston. A.2000:56-67.
[61]袁辉勇.无线传感器网络路由协议分类研究[J].湖南人文科技学报.2006,6：294-297.
[62]袁博.Ad Hoc网络多径路由协议[D].浙江：浙江大学.2005：16-18.
[63]Stephen Mueller, Rose P. Multipath Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks:Issues and Challenges.2004:1342-1345.
[64]原萍.无线Ad Hoc网络多径路由协议研究[D].辽宁：东北大学.2008：24-26.
[65]Nasipuri A, Das S.R. On-demand multipath routing for mobile ad hoc networks. In:Proc. IEEE ICCCN. Boston. USA.1999:64-70.
[66]姚忠邦.Ad Hoc网络中基于局部拓扑信息的MAC协议与路由算法研究[D].北京：清华大学.2004,4：58-62.
[67]郭永基.可靠性工程原理[M].北京：清华大学出版社.2002：132-135.
[68]Dennis Baker, M.Scott Corson, Paul Sass. Hierarchical Network Control Architectures. ARO/ DARPA Workshop on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking. Univ. of Maryland. March 2006.
[69]王春雷,黄玉,柴乔林,等.基于无线传感器网络的火灾监控系统设计与实现[J].计算机工程与设计.2008,5.28(10)：2320-2326.
[70]于磊磊,柴乔林,王春雷.基于最小跳数的无线传感器网络能量自适应路由算法[J].计算机应用.2007,11.24(11)：236-239.
[71]Garcia J.E, Kallel A, Kyamakya K. A novel DSR based energy-efficient routing algorithm for mobile Ad Hoc network.[C]. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference. Orlando,USA.2006.
[72]刘玉梅,郭黎利,马惠珠.一种能量有效及负载均衡的Ad Hoc路由协议[J].哈尔滨工程大学学报.2008,3.29(3)：294-299.
[73]Yang Zonghai, Yuan linfeng, Du xu. Multipath Load-Balancing Delivery Based on Decisive Energy Ratio in Wireless Sensor Networks, Proceeding of the 11th IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications.2005:277-280.
[74]方路平,刘世华,陈盼,等.NS-2网络模拟基础与应用[M].北京：国防工业出版社.2008：16-34.
[75]杨少文.基于NS2的无线自组织网络路由协议的研究[D].黑龙江：哈尔滨理工大学.2007：38-42.
[76]Shijin Dai, Xiaorong Jing, Lemin Li. Research and Analysin on Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network. IEEE.2005.0-7803-9015-6/05:407-412.
[77]Deepak Ganesan, Ramesh Govindan, Scott Shenker. Highly-Resilient, Energy-Efficient Multipath Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks. Mobile Computing and Communications Review.2002.1(3).
[2]李希建,许洋,叶平.煤矿安全现状分析[J].煤矿安全.2008.22(4)：92-95.
[3]王海清,陈小平.浅论我国煤矿安全现状及改善对策[J].中州煤炭.2007.13(3)：79-83.
[4]Jerty Zhao, Ramesh Govindan. Understanding packet delivery performance in dense wireless sensor networks[J]. In proceedings of first international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems. Acm press.2003.8(2):1-13.
[5]陈利民,李建中,陈瑜.无线传感器网络[M].北京：清华大学出版社.2005：135-158.
[6]IEEE 802.15.4 2003:Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WpANs).
[7]Akyilaiz I.F, Pompili D, Melodia T. Challenges for Efficient Communication in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks[J], ACM Special Interest Group on Embedded Systems Review.2004.1(2):35-40.
[8]Niculescu D, Nath B. Localized positioning in ad hoc networks. In:Cayirci E, Znati T. Proc. of the 1 st IEEE int'1 Workshop on Sensor Network Protocols and Applications[C].2003:42-50.
[9]I.F.Akyildiz, W.su, Y,Sankarasubram. A Survey on Sensor Networks. IEEE Communications Magazine.2002.40(8):38-43.
[10]N.Patwari, O.Alfred. Matt Perkins Relative Location Estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE transcations on signal processing.2003.51(8):15-21.
[11]P.Rentala, R.Musunnuri, S.Gandham. University of Texas at Dallas. Survey on Sensor Networks. Survey Thesis Submitted as per the Requirements of Mobile Computing (CS 6302) Course, 2001,7:140-152.
[12]D.Estrin, L.Girod, G.Pottie. Instrument the world with wireless sensor networks. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.2001,43:2033-2036.
[13]Shijin Dai, Xiaorong Jing, Lemin Li. Research and Analysin on Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE.2005.0-7803-9015-6/05:407-412.
[14]Sankarasubramaniam Y, Cayirci E. A survey on sensor networks. IEEE Communications Magazine.2002.40(8):102-114.
[15]Rentala P, Musunuri R, Gandham S. Survey on Sensor Network[R]. Technical Report, UTDCS-33-02. Dallas:University of Texas at Dallas.
[16]N Noury, T Herve, V Rialle. Monitoring behavior in home using a smart fall sensor. Proceedings of the IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology, Lyon.2002:607610.
[17]范启炜,王魁军,曹林.我国煤矿瓦斯灾害事故频发的原因分析[J].中国煤炭.2003,7：197-105.
[18]煤炭科学研究总院抚顺分院.我煤矿监测监控系统现状与发展趋势[J].2004,2：43-52.
[19]杨阳.无线传感器中基于最小跳数场的可控拓扑及路由研究[D].成都：西南大学.2008：10-12.
[20]Narayanaswamy S, Kawadia V, Sreenivas R.S. Power Control in ad-hoc nerworks:Theory, architecture, algorithm and implementation of the COMPOW protocol. In:Proc European Wireless conf.2002:156-162.
[21]Jilei Liu, Baochum Li. Mobilegrid:capacity-aware topology control in mobile and hoc networks, in Computer Communications and Networks.2002:570-574.
[22]Kubisch M, Karl H, Wolisz A, Zhong L.C, Rabaey J.M. Distributed algorithms for transmission power control in wireless sensor networks. IEEE WCNC 2003.2003,6:16-20.
[23]Halpern J.Y, Bahl P, Wang Y.M. Analysis of a cone-based distributed topology control algorithm for wireless multi-hop net works. In:Proc ACM Symp on principles of Distributed Computing:264-273.
[24]Li N, Hou J.C, Sha L. Design and analysis of an MST-base topology control algorithm. In:Proc 12th Joint Conf on IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.2004,3.
[25]Li N, Hou J.C. Topology control in heterogeneous wireless networks:Problems and solutions. In:Proc 13th Joint Conf on IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.2005,3.
[26]Deb B, Bhatnager S, Nath B. A topology discovery algorithm for sensor network with applications to network managenment. DCS Technical Report DCS-TR-441. Rutgers University. May 2001.
[27]Y.Xu, J.Heidemann, D.Estrin. Geography informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing. MobiCom2001. Rome, Italy.2001,7:70-84.
[28]Heinzelman W.R, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless mocrosensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.2002:660-670.
[29]Younis O, Fahmy S. Distributed clustering in ad-hoc sensor networks:A Hybid, energy-efficent approach. In:Proc 13th Joint conf on IEEE computer and Communications Societies. March 2005.
[30]于海滨,曾鹏.分布式无线传感器网络研究[J].通信学报.2004.25(10)：102-110.
[31]N.Bulusu, J.Heidemann, D.Estrin. GPS-less Low Cost Outdoor Localization for Very Small Devices[J]. IEEE Personal Communications Magazine. October 2005.7(5):298-34.
[32]Niculescu D, Nath B. Ad Hoc positioning system (APS) IEEE ICC GLOBECCOM, Global Telecommunications Conference,2001 GLOBECCOM'01 IEEE San Antonio, TX, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer Inc.2001:2926-2931.
[33]于宁,万江文,吴峰.无线传感器网络定位算法研究[J].传感器技术学报.2007,1：88-92.
[34]Elson J, Griod L, Esrein D. Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts. In:Proc 5th Symp Operting systems Design and Implementation.December 2003.
[35]Sichitiu M.L, Veerarittiphan C. Simple accurate time synchronization for wireless sensor networks. Proc IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference. March 2005.
[36]Ganeriwal S, Kumar R, Srivastava M.B. Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks. In:Proc 1st Int'l Conf on Embeded Network Sensor Systems.2003:138-149.
[37]IEEE802.15.4 2003:Wireless Mdedium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs).
[38]张沛.基于层次拓扑结构的无线传感器网络多路径路由算法的研究与实现[D].江苏：江苏大学.2008,6：13-15.
[39]Ozgui B.kan, Ian F.Akyildiz. Event-to-Sink Reliable Transport in Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE/ACM TRANSAVTIONS ON NETWORKING.2005:1003-1017.
[40]Sukun K, Rodrigo F, David C. Reliable Transfer on Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE.
2004:449-459.
[41]Michael Hempel, Hamid Sharif, Prasad Raviraj. A new hierarchical energy-aware routing protocol for sensor networks. Proceeding of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE.2005.0-7695-2268-8/05.:235-243.
[42]Jun Wang, Haibin Yu, Zhijun Shang. Research on Reliable Link Layer Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE.0-7803-9015-6/05:417-421.
[43]贾军博,谷建华,朱靖飞,等.网络环境下基于Erasure Codes的高可靠性存储体系设计[J].计算机应用研究.2009.26(5)：1836-1839.
[44]Plank J.S. All about Erasure Code:Reed-Solomon coding, LDPC coding[EB/OL]. http://www.cs.utk.edu/～plank/classes/cs560/560/notes/Erasure/2004_ICL.pdf.
[45]Qilian Liang, Lingming Wang. Fault-Tolerant Multipath Transportation Aidid with Channel Coding and Interleaver for Wireless Sensor Networks.2004.IEEE.0-7803-8523-3:3679-3683.
[46]董梅,杨曾,张建,等.基于信号强度的无线局域网定位技术[J].计算机应用.2004,12：57-63.
[47]De S, Qiao C, Wu H. Meshed multipath routing:An efficient strategy in sensor networks. Wireless Communications and Networking (WCNC 2003). IEEE. Vol:16-20.
[48]Gupta G, Younis M. Fault-tolerant clustering of wireless sensor networks. Proc IEEE Wireless Communications and Networksing (WCNC).Vol.3:57-64.
[49]Intangon C, Govindan R, Estrin D. Directed Diffusion:A scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks. In:Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom'04.2004:56-67.
[50]Deepak Ganesan, Ramesh Govindan, Scott Shenker. Highly-Resilient, Energy-Efficient Multipath Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks. Mobile Computing and Communications Review.2002.1:33-41.
[51]sohrabi K, Gao J, Ailawadhi V. Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor networks. IEEE Personal Communications.2000.7(5):16-27.
[52]Akkaya K, Younis M. A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. Elsevier Ad Hoc Network Journal.2005.3(1):325-349.
[53]李善仓.无线传感器网络原理与应用[M].北京：机械工业出版社.2008：48-53.
[54]Heinzelman W.R, Kulik J, Balakrishnam H. Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks. In:Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom'03. Seattle:ACM Press. 2003:174-185.
[55]C.Intanagonwiwat, R.Govindan, D.Estrin. A scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks. Proceedings of ACM MobiCom'02. Boston.MA.2002:57-67.
[56]J.Kulik, W.R.Heinzelman, H.Balakrishnam. Negotiation-based protocols for disseminating information in wireless sensor networks. Wireless Networks.2002:169-185.
[57]Hedetniemi S, Nestman A. A Survey of Gossiping and Broadcalting in Communication Networks. Networks.1999.18(4):318-349.
[58]Haas z.J, Halpern J.Y, Li L. Gossip-Based ad hoc routiing. In:Proc of the IEEE Inform. New York:IEEE Communications Society.2002:1707-1716.
[59]Sohrabi K, Gao J, Ailawadhi V. Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network. IEEE Personal Communications.2006.7(5):16-27.
[60]C.Intanagowiwat, R.Gobindan, D Estrin. Directed diffusion:a scalable and robust
communication paradigm for sensor networks. Proceedings of ACM MobiCom'00. Boston. A.2000:56-67.
[61]袁辉勇.无线传感器网络路由协议分类研究[J].湖南人文科技学报.2006,6：294-297.
[62]袁博.Ad Hoc网络多径路由协议[D].浙江：浙江大学.2005：16-18.
[63]Stephen Mueller, Rose P. Multipath Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks:Issues and Challenges.2004:1342-1345.
[64]原萍.无线Ad Hoc网络多径路由协议研究[D].辽宁：东北大学.2008：24-26.
[65]Nasipuri A, Das S.R. On-demand multipath routing for mobile ad hoc networks. In:Proc. IEEE ICCCN. Boston. USA.1999:64-70.
[66]姚忠邦.Ad Hoc网络中基于局部拓扑信息的MAC协议与路由算法研究[D].北京：清华大学.2004,4：58-62.
[67]郭永基.可靠性工程原理[M].北京：清华大学出版社.2002：132-135.
[68]Dennis Baker, M.Scott Corson, Paul Sass. Hierarchical Network Control Architectures. ARO/ DARPA Workshop on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking. Univ. of Maryland. March 2006.
[69]王春雷,黄玉,柴乔林,等.基于无线传感器网络的火灾监控系统设计与实现[J].计算机工程与设计.2008,5.28(10)：2320-2326.
[70]于磊磊,柴乔林,王春雷.基于最小跳数的无线传感器网络能量自适应路由算法[J].计算机应用.2007,11.24(11)：236-239.
[71]Garcia J.E, Kallel A, Kyamakya K. A novel DSR based energy-efficient routing algorithm for mobile Ad Hoc network.[C]. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference. Orlando,USA.2006.
[72]刘玉梅,郭黎利,马惠珠.一种能量有效及负载均衡的Ad Hoc路由协议[J].哈尔滨工程大学学报.2008,3.29(3)：294-299.
[73]Yang Zonghai, Yuan linfeng, Du xu. Multipath Load-Balancing Delivery Based on Decisive Energy Ratio in Wireless Sensor Networks, Proceeding of the 11th IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications.2005:277-280.
[74]方路平,刘世华,陈盼,等.NS-2网络模拟基础与应用[M].北京：国防工业出版社.2008：16-34.
[75]杨少文.基于NS2的无线自组织网络路由协议的研究[D].黑龙江：哈尔滨理工大学.2007：38-42.
[76]Shijin Dai, Xiaorong Jing, Lemin Li. Research and Analysin on Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network. IEEE.2005.0-7803-9015-6/05:407-412.
[77]Deepak Ganesan, Ramesh Govindan, Scott Shenker. Highly-Resilient, Energy-Efficient Multipath Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks. Mobile Computing and Communications Review.2002.1(3).