园林植物景观评价体系的研究
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摘要
在环境景观的构成要素中,植物作为软质材料,在营造景观效果方面发挥着重要的作用。为了建设高质量的以人为本的园林植物景观,研究人员不断对现有的园林植物景观进行评价,总结经验。目前国内对园林植物景观的评价还是以单向的、随机性的评价为主,对评价体系缺乏系统地分析。针对国内尚无系统的园林植物景观评价体系可供园林植物景观设计人员参照的现象,本研究从多角度全方位地探讨了建立园林植物景观评价体系的内容。
本文在分析国内外园林植物及相关领域景观评价的基础上,对现有的景观评价理论进行归纳,提出不同学派利用不同模式进行景观评价的优点和不足,结合园林植物景观应用性强的实际特点提出园林植物景观评价体系的构建应该以生态学、构成学和环境心理学的理论为支撑,既要考虑园林植物景观的客观结构构成和实际功能,又要从景观的参与者——景观受体的角度分析园林植物景观对人的情感影响。
本文结合哈尔滨、沈阳、大连、北京和上海等地的园林植物景观建设实例,进行了园林植物景观生态学、构成学和心理学构成要素的原理分析和应用形式分析。引入了园林植物景观评价“尺度”的概念,将园林植物景观的生态构成评价划分为大、中、小三个尺度范围,并结合园林植物景观在不同尺度的结构和功能特征,确定了园林植物生态评价的主要内容,将园林植物景观评价限定为中、小尺度,将可以直接感知的园林植物景观作为本研究的主要对象。明确在中尺度范围下对园林植物景观进行评价,主要涉及景观整体的生态效益、社会效益、经济效益和景观外部结构等内容;小尺度下则以植物群落景观的内、外部结构评价为主,同时,应考虑功能性评价中的具象功能如植物的特殊性、是否是古木等内容。在分析园林植物景观生态构成因素基础上,利用三大构成理论结合园林植物景观实例分析了园林植物景观色彩构成、平面构成和空间构成的主要内容。验证了形式美原则在园林植物景观评价中的重要作用。总结出影响植物景观三维空间结构的主要因素:位置、景观重心和空间感。提出植物景观美学评价的“多维空间”理论,形成了以视觉为主,兼顾听觉、嗅觉和触觉等的多维景观空间形式。比照生态评价尺度,提出园林植物景观构成的远、中、近三个视域尺度,指出这三个视域尺度应纳入生态尺度的小尺度范围,属于可以被人的感觉器官直接感知的范围。
本文在“以人为本”的思想指导下,结合环境心理学理论,创新性地分析了园林植物景观对人的心理刺激过程,研究了人对植物景观感知、认知到行为表现的植物景观透镜模型和格式塔模式;研究了植物景观对人心理情绪的影响,进行了园林植物景观主观评价内容的确定。构建了园林植物景观心理评价内容的“金字塔”模型。确定了园林植物景观与人的心理、行为关系的三个尺度:个人尺度、社会尺度和公共尺度。明确了园林植物景观的心理学评价是对园林植物景观的整体感知评价,也是在可以被人体器官直接感知的范围内对植物景观进行评价。
本文在明确园林植物景观评价内容的基础上,利用综合法、主成分分析法和指标属性分组法分别对园林植物景观的生态指标、构成指标和心理指标进行筛选,在130个初选指标中经过三轮筛选确立了35个具有代表性的指标,做成园林植物景观评价指标集合,利用层次分析法,确定各级指标的权重,建立园林植物景观评价指标体系。确定了从明确评价体系特点、评价目的、确立评价内容、评价指标选择与测量、评价方法的确定、实施评价到评价结果分析共计七个步骤的园林植物景观评价程序。建立了量化的园林植物景观评价体系模型:A=0.4077X+0.258349Y+0.333951Z,即园林植物景观的综合质量A等于心理因素X、美学因素Y和生态因素Z与各部分权重乘积的累加。建立了立体直观的主客观植物景观评价体系图型。
本文突出强调了在以往植物景观评价中被忽视的人的心理和情绪的变化研究,拓展了植物景观的评价内容;建立了一套定量和定性相结合的评价指标体系;本套评价体系既可以进行植物景观设计的预评价,也可以对已经建成的植物景观进行评价;既可以被规划设计人员使用,也可以为植物研究人员提供数据支持。具有较强的使用价值和较高的应用前景。
In the dominated elements of surrounding landscapes,plants as soft materials play a important role in the respect of creating landscape effect.The researchers are evaluating present plant landscapes of garden and getting experience in order to construct highly qualified garden plant landscapes in a human way.At present,the evaluement to garden plant landscapes at home and abroad is that most of it is as one-item and at radom,which lacks of systematic analysis of the evaluating system.According to the phenomenon that there is no the systermatic evaluaement in the internal country to the garden plant landscape referenced by designers of garden plant landscape,this reserch discusses how to build the evaluated system of garden plant landscape from varous perspectives and directions.
On the basis of analysis of garden plant in the internal country and landscape evaluation in related field,summing up the evaluated theory of the exist landscape,the thesis put forward the advantages and disadvantages of landscape evaluement made by diferent schools in various models.With the real feature of utility in the garden plant land scape,it suggests that the construction of evaluated sys tem in garden plant landscape must be in the support of ecology composition and environmental psychology,considering not only objective construction composed and real function but analysing the effect of human emotion in the gardenplant landscape from the anticipants of landscape——the angle of subjects in the landscape as well.
The thesis conbined with the cases of garden plant landscape's construction in Harbin, Shenyang,Dalian,Beijing and Shanghai,analyzing the principle of dominant elements and form in practice in ecology,composition and psychology in garden plant landscape;introducing the concept of evaluating "scale";deviding the evaluation of ecology composition in garden plant landscape into the scale of large,middle,small;various scales of composition and function features in gaden plant landscape combined;the main contents of ecology evaluation in garden plant decided.These evaluation of garden plant landscape will be limited to the scale of moddle and small;and garden plant landscape may be sensed directly regarde as main objects in the reserch.The evaluation of garden plant landscape under the middle scale maily involves in the profit of ecology,society and econemy of entire landscale as well as external composition of landscape,etc.In term of small scale, it dominates the internal and external composition evaluation of group plant landscale.Meanwhile, the function of concrete figure and speciality of plant in the functional evaluation is considered such as wether it is age-old trees,ect.On the basis of analyzing ecology composed element in garden plant landscale,three composed theories are conbined with the cases of garden plant landscale analyzes mainly the colour composition,plane composition and space composition.The principle of beauty in form has important function in the evaluation of garden plant landscale which is experimented and proved.The main element,location,centre of landscape and sense of space which affects three-dimention structure are concluded.The theory of "multiple-dimention" in the aesthetics' evaluation of plant landscape is put forward,which The visual sense is the centre,along with the sense of hearing,the sense of smell,as well as sense of touching forms multi-dimemtion landscape space.By contrast to the ecology scale,it suggests three visual scales of farther,near and nearer,and points that the scale should be entered the small-scale of ecology scales which can be sensed directly by organs of human being.
In the guiding of "well-foundedi of human way" and with the theory of psychology,the thesis analyzes creatively the process stumulated by garden plant landscape to the pschology of humanbeing,researches in from the sense humanro towards plant landscape and cognition to behavours of plant landscape perspective model and pattern model;researches how the plant landscape affects the people's emotion;definates the evaluated content of garden plant landscape; builds the "pyramid"model of psychology evaluation;the three scales of relationship between garden plant landscape and people's psychology and behaviour,that is,individual scale,social scale and public scale.It is clear that the psychology evaluation of garden plant landscape is the basic sense evaluation as well as in the scale of direct sense of human organs evaluate plant landscape.
On the basis of definite evaluated content of garden plant landscape,the thesis uses the comprehensive method,main-element analyzing method and group method of index to select ecology index,composition index and psychology index respectively.By three round selection in the 130original index,35 representetive index is decided,which is made into evaluated index assemble.of garden plant landscape.By the layer analyzing method,definating the balance of each level of index,building evaluated system of index in garden plant landscape,definating 7 procesures in total of evaluated process in garden plant landscape which is from the definit characteristics of evaluaed system,the aim of evaluating,evaluating content,select and measure of evaluating index, methods of evaluating,evaluating execution to the analysis of evaluating result.The quantified model of evaluated system A=0.4077X+0.258349Y+0.333951Z.That is,the comprehensive quality of garden plant landscape A is equal to psychology element X.Aesthetics element Y and ecology element Z add to balance product of each part.The stereoscopic figure of evaluating system in the plant landscape is built up objectively and subjectively.
The thesis emphasizes the neglected change of people's psychology and emotion in the previous evaluating of plant landscape,extends the evaluating content,setting up a set of evaluated index system conbined quantity with quality.This evaluating system not only acts as preevaluating design of plant landscape but as evaluating to the established plant landscaape as well;not only used by planning designers but also provide data for plant researchers.It has a stronger useful value and higher applicable prospects.
本文在分析国内外园林植物及相关领域景观评价的基础上,对现有的景观评价理论进行归纳,提出不同学派利用不同模式进行景观评价的优点和不足,结合园林植物景观应用性强的实际特点提出园林植物景观评价体系的构建应该以生态学、构成学和环境心理学的理论为支撑,既要考虑园林植物景观的客观结构构成和实际功能,又要从景观的参与者——景观受体的角度分析园林植物景观对人的情感影响。
本文结合哈尔滨、沈阳、大连、北京和上海等地的园林植物景观建设实例,进行了园林植物景观生态学、构成学和心理学构成要素的原理分析和应用形式分析。引入了园林植物景观评价“尺度”的概念,将园林植物景观的生态构成评价划分为大、中、小三个尺度范围,并结合园林植物景观在不同尺度的结构和功能特征,确定了园林植物生态评价的主要内容,将园林植物景观评价限定为中、小尺度,将可以直接感知的园林植物景观作为本研究的主要对象。明确在中尺度范围下对园林植物景观进行评价,主要涉及景观整体的生态效益、社会效益、经济效益和景观外部结构等内容;小尺度下则以植物群落景观的内、外部结构评价为主,同时,应考虑功能性评价中的具象功能如植物的特殊性、是否是古木等内容。在分析园林植物景观生态构成因素基础上,利用三大构成理论结合园林植物景观实例分析了园林植物景观色彩构成、平面构成和空间构成的主要内容。验证了形式美原则在园林植物景观评价中的重要作用。总结出影响植物景观三维空间结构的主要因素:位置、景观重心和空间感。提出植物景观美学评价的“多维空间”理论,形成了以视觉为主,兼顾听觉、嗅觉和触觉等的多维景观空间形式。比照生态评价尺度,提出园林植物景观构成的远、中、近三个视域尺度,指出这三个视域尺度应纳入生态尺度的小尺度范围,属于可以被人的感觉器官直接感知的范围。
本文在“以人为本”的思想指导下,结合环境心理学理论,创新性地分析了园林植物景观对人的心理刺激过程,研究了人对植物景观感知、认知到行为表现的植物景观透镜模型和格式塔模式;研究了植物景观对人心理情绪的影响,进行了园林植物景观主观评价内容的确定。构建了园林植物景观心理评价内容的“金字塔”模型。确定了园林植物景观与人的心理、行为关系的三个尺度:个人尺度、社会尺度和公共尺度。明确了园林植物景观的心理学评价是对园林植物景观的整体感知评价,也是在可以被人体器官直接感知的范围内对植物景观进行评价。
本文在明确园林植物景观评价内容的基础上,利用综合法、主成分分析法和指标属性分组法分别对园林植物景观的生态指标、构成指标和心理指标进行筛选,在130个初选指标中经过三轮筛选确立了35个具有代表性的指标,做成园林植物景观评价指标集合,利用层次分析法,确定各级指标的权重,建立园林植物景观评价指标体系。确定了从明确评价体系特点、评价目的、确立评价内容、评价指标选择与测量、评价方法的确定、实施评价到评价结果分析共计七个步骤的园林植物景观评价程序。建立了量化的园林植物景观评价体系模型:A=0.4077X+0.258349Y+0.333951Z,即园林植物景观的综合质量A等于心理因素X、美学因素Y和生态因素Z与各部分权重乘积的累加。建立了立体直观的主客观植物景观评价体系图型。
本文突出强调了在以往植物景观评价中被忽视的人的心理和情绪的变化研究,拓展了植物景观的评价内容;建立了一套定量和定性相结合的评价指标体系;本套评价体系既可以进行植物景观设计的预评价,也可以对已经建成的植物景观进行评价;既可以被规划设计人员使用,也可以为植物研究人员提供数据支持。具有较强的使用价值和较高的应用前景。
In the dominated elements of surrounding landscapes,plants as soft materials play a important role in the respect of creating landscape effect.The researchers are evaluating present plant landscapes of garden and getting experience in order to construct highly qualified garden plant landscapes in a human way.At present,the evaluement to garden plant landscapes at home and abroad is that most of it is as one-item and at radom,which lacks of systematic analysis of the evaluating system.According to the phenomenon that there is no the systermatic evaluaement in the internal country to the garden plant landscape referenced by designers of garden plant landscape,this reserch discusses how to build the evaluated system of garden plant landscape from varous perspectives and directions.
On the basis of analysis of garden plant in the internal country and landscape evaluation in related field,summing up the evaluated theory of the exist landscape,the thesis put forward the advantages and disadvantages of landscape evaluement made by diferent schools in various models.With the real feature of utility in the garden plant land scape,it suggests that the construction of evaluated sys tem in garden plant landscape must be in the support of ecology composition and environmental psychology,considering not only objective construction composed and real function but analysing the effect of human emotion in the gardenplant landscape from the anticipants of landscape——the angle of subjects in the landscape as well.
The thesis conbined with the cases of garden plant landscape's construction in Harbin, Shenyang,Dalian,Beijing and Shanghai,analyzing the principle of dominant elements and form in practice in ecology,composition and psychology in garden plant landscape;introducing the concept of evaluating "scale";deviding the evaluation of ecology composition in garden plant landscape into the scale of large,middle,small;various scales of composition and function features in gaden plant landscape combined;the main contents of ecology evaluation in garden plant decided.These evaluation of garden plant landscape will be limited to the scale of moddle and small;and garden plant landscape may be sensed directly regarde as main objects in the reserch.The evaluation of garden plant landscape under the middle scale maily involves in the profit of ecology,society and econemy of entire landscale as well as external composition of landscape,etc.In term of small scale, it dominates the internal and external composition evaluation of group plant landscale.Meanwhile, the function of concrete figure and speciality of plant in the functional evaluation is considered such as wether it is age-old trees,ect.On the basis of analyzing ecology composed element in garden plant landscale,three composed theories are conbined with the cases of garden plant landscale analyzes mainly the colour composition,plane composition and space composition.The principle of beauty in form has important function in the evaluation of garden plant landscale which is experimented and proved.The main element,location,centre of landscape and sense of space which affects three-dimention structure are concluded.The theory of "multiple-dimention" in the aesthetics' evaluation of plant landscape is put forward,which The visual sense is the centre,along with the sense of hearing,the sense of smell,as well as sense of touching forms multi-dimemtion landscape space.By contrast to the ecology scale,it suggests three visual scales of farther,near and nearer,and points that the scale should be entered the small-scale of ecology scales which can be sensed directly by organs of human being.
In the guiding of "well-foundedi of human way" and with the theory of psychology,the thesis analyzes creatively the process stumulated by garden plant landscape to the pschology of humanbeing,researches in from the sense humanro towards plant landscape and cognition to behavours of plant landscape perspective model and pattern model;researches how the plant landscape affects the people's emotion;definates the evaluated content of garden plant landscape; builds the "pyramid"model of psychology evaluation;the three scales of relationship between garden plant landscape and people's psychology and behaviour,that is,individual scale,social scale and public scale.It is clear that the psychology evaluation of garden plant landscape is the basic sense evaluation as well as in the scale of direct sense of human organs evaluate plant landscape.
On the basis of definite evaluated content of garden plant landscape,the thesis uses the comprehensive method,main-element analyzing method and group method of index to select ecology index,composition index and psychology index respectively.By three round selection in the 130original index,35 representetive index is decided,which is made into evaluated index assemble.of garden plant landscape.By the layer analyzing method,definating the balance of each level of index,building evaluated system of index in garden plant landscape,definating 7 procesures in total of evaluated process in garden plant landscape which is from the definit characteristics of evaluaed system,the aim of evaluating,evaluating content,select and measure of evaluating index, methods of evaluating,evaluating execution to the analysis of evaluating result.The quantified model of evaluated system A=0.4077X+0.258349Y+0.333951Z.That is,the comprehensive quality of garden plant landscape A is equal to psychology element X.Aesthetics element Y and ecology element Z add to balance product of each part.The stereoscopic figure of evaluating system in the plant landscape is built up objectively and subjectively.
The thesis emphasizes the neglected change of people's psychology and emotion in the previous evaluating of plant landscape,extends the evaluating content,setting up a set of evaluated index system conbined quantity with quality.This evaluating system not only acts as preevaluating design of plant landscape but as evaluating to the established plant landscaape as well;not only used by planning designers but also provide data for plant researchers.It has a stronger useful value and higher applicable prospects.
引文
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