鸡脚草在长沙低海拔区适应性及生产性能的研究
|
摘要
本论文从1998年起历时五年对鸡脚草在长沙低海拔区的出苗、分蘖、草产量、种子产量和越夏性等适应性及生产性能进行了较系统的研究。
1 鸡脚草种子发芽所需热量时间积累为28℃以上。在长沙低海拔地区能够正常发芽。种子出土率与时间存在的强相关关系可用Y=15.4056X~(0.5694)确定(r=0.8986，p＜0.01)，种子开始出土后的前三天为种子出土的高峰期。研究还证明，覆盖草木灰、猪粪渣等有利于鸡脚草种子的出苗。9月下旬至11月上旬为鸡脚草最佳播种期。
2 鸡脚草在长沙低海拔地区能完成其整个生育期。五月初开花，种子成熟期一般在6月中下旬。4～6月份气温最适宜鸡脚草的生长。期间鸡脚草的分蘖与其时期内月降水量的相关关系极显著(r=-0.9791，p＜0.01)，而与气温的相关关系不显著(p＞0.05)。鸡脚草的分蘖一年中出现两个高峰，分别出现在5月和10月。鸡脚草的生长遵循慢—快—慢的变化规律，呈S型曲线。生长最快出现在4月中旬，5月30日左右达到最大值：114.5厘米(自然高度)。
3 鸡脚草地上鲜草生产量播种当年很低，仅有1400克／m~2。生长第二年的鲜草产量可达5935克／m~2，绝对生长速率最高。生长第三年鸡脚草鲜草产量达最高峰，7690克／m~2。以后地上生产量逐年下降。
4 开花前随着生育期的进程，鸡脚草地上鲜草生产量呈增长趋势，至开花期达最高峰，3115克／m~2。开花过后，鸡脚草地上生产量的积累呈下降趋势。叶片死亡是导致鸡脚草地上生产量下降的根本原因。从开花期到种子成熟期，鸡脚草茎量增加明显，茎穗：叶=4.85：1。生育期的延续伴随营养成份含量变化，粗蛋白呈下降趋势，鲜草粗蛋白含量由营养生长期的4.4％下降至开花期的2.6％，下降了69.23％。粗纤维和无氮浸出物含量呈明显上升趋势。鲜草粗纤维由5.60％上升到10.7％，无氮浸出物由10.0％上升到13.9％。研究表明，抽穗期至初花期。鸡脚草叶量丰富，单位面积的CP产量最高，而NPF产量相对较低。鸡脚草最佳刈割期为抽穗—初花期。
5 鸡脚草生长前期根的长度和根的重量增加明显，后期主要增加根的数量和重量。鸡脚草80％以上的根分布于土壤10厘米内的表土层。鸡脚草茎叶与根的
生长相互关系密切。幼苗时期表现出较强的地下扩展能力，生长后期表现在地上
生物量的积累。
65月初鸡脚草进入开花期。鸡脚草一天开花中出现两个高峰期，分别在上
午的7:30和9:00。鸡脚草93.80%的花集中在上午的6:00至9:00开放。晴
天最适宜于鸡脚草开花，雨天不利于开花。鸡脚草播种当年不能结籽，播后的第
三年才能获得较高种子生产量。
7鸡脚草具有较强的抵御高温干旱能力。鸡脚草越夏率为82.52%。
研究证明，鸡脚草适宜于长沙低海拔地区种植，营养成份丰富，值得大力推
广应用。
This paper is conducted on the systematic research of the productive performance and adaptation of cocksfoot {Dactylis glomerata L.) in the lower attitude region in changsha city for five years. The result from this research is as following
1 The accumulation quantity of heat time of cocksfoot-seed germination is over 28C .After seeding, the seed of cocksfoot can germinate normally in the lower attitude region in changsha.
The significant interrelation (p<0.01) between the rate and the days of emergence is determined by y=15.4056X0.5695 (where r=0.8986,y=the rate of seeds out of ground, X=days).The first 3 days after beginning germination is the peak stage of the process of the cocksfoot-seeds coming up out of ground. The result from this study proves that it helps improve the emergence of cocksfoot seed by coving the pig-dung and/or the plant ash and so on. The best sowing time of cocksfoot is from the last ten-day of September to the first ten-day of November.
2 Cocksfoot can finish its whole growth and reproducing process in the lower attitude region in Changsha. It is flowering in the early of May .Its seed ripe stage is usually in the last middle ten-day of June. The temperature from April to June is most appropriate for cocksfoot growing. In this period, the cocksfoot tillering was significantly affected by month-rainfall in the period: y=155.25-0.6569x(r=-0.9791, p<0.01).But,the temperature had no significant (p>.05) to cocksfoot tillering.Due to this fact, in the suitable temperature range of cocksfoot growing, the tillering of cocksfoot is significantly affected by the month-rainfall. The tillering of cocksfoot is of two peaks in a year with May and October separately.The rule of the growth of cocksfoot follows the change from slow to fast and to slow again, with the curve of "S". The fastest growth of cocksfoot occurs in the middle ten-day of April. It reaches the biggest value: 114.5 cm on 30 May.
3 The yield above ground of cocksfoot is lowest in the seeding year with 1400g/m2.In the second year of cocksfoot growing, the yield of cocksfoot fresh forage can reach 5935g/m2. The yield of the fresh forage of cocksfoot reaches highest in its third growing year with 7690 g/m2. The yield above ground drops year after year later.
4 In the process of cocksfoot growing, the yield above ground of cocksfoot shows increase tendency before flower, It reaches the highest yield at flowering stage for 3115 g/m2. After flowering, the yield above ground of cocksfoot shows decline
tendency .The leaves death is the main reason to cause the descend of the yield above ground of cocksfoot. The weight of the stem and ear of cocksfoot increases significantly from flowering stage to seed ripping stage. The LSWR (leaf-to-stem weight ratio) is 4.85:1 in the seed ripping stage. The course of growing and bearing of cocksfoot follows the change of the content of nutrition of cocksfoot. The crude protein shows descend tendency. The content of CP of fresh forage is from 4.4% in the nourishment growth stage to 2.6% in the flowering stage, with descending by 69.23%. The content of crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) show increasing significantly tendency. The crude fiber of fresh forage increases from 5.6% to 10.7% .The nitrogen-free extract (NFE) arises from 10.0% to 13.9%.
The result from this study shows the leaves of cocksfoot are rich from hearing stage to beginning flowering stage. The yield of CP per unite area is highest, with lower content of NPF. The best time of harvest cocksfoot is from hearing stage to beginning flowering stage.
5 In the first growing stage, cocksfoot increases significantly the length and weight of its root. In last growing stage, it increases mainly the numbers and weight of its root. Over 80% of its root spreads in the 10cm surface layer of soil. The interrelation between the growth of the stem-leaf and the root of cocksfoot is in very close coordination. It is of ability of extending significantly under ground in the young seedling stage, and of accumulating the mass above ground in
1 鸡脚草种子发芽所需热量时间积累为28℃以上。在长沙低海拔地区能够正常发芽。种子出土率与时间存在的强相关关系可用Y=15.4056X~(0.5694)确定(r=0.8986，p＜0.01)，种子开始出土后的前三天为种子出土的高峰期。研究还证明，覆盖草木灰、猪粪渣等有利于鸡脚草种子的出苗。9月下旬至11月上旬为鸡脚草最佳播种期。
2 鸡脚草在长沙低海拔地区能完成其整个生育期。五月初开花，种子成熟期一般在6月中下旬。4～6月份气温最适宜鸡脚草的生长。期间鸡脚草的分蘖与其时期内月降水量的相关关系极显著(r=-0.9791，p＜0.01)，而与气温的相关关系不显著(p＞0.05)。鸡脚草的分蘖一年中出现两个高峰，分别出现在5月和10月。鸡脚草的生长遵循慢—快—慢的变化规律，呈S型曲线。生长最快出现在4月中旬，5月30日左右达到最大值：114.5厘米(自然高度)。
3 鸡脚草地上鲜草生产量播种当年很低，仅有1400克／m~2。生长第二年的鲜草产量可达5935克／m~2，绝对生长速率最高。生长第三年鸡脚草鲜草产量达最高峰，7690克／m~2。以后地上生产量逐年下降。
4 开花前随着生育期的进程，鸡脚草地上鲜草生产量呈增长趋势，至开花期达最高峰，3115克／m~2。开花过后，鸡脚草地上生产量的积累呈下降趋势。叶片死亡是导致鸡脚草地上生产量下降的根本原因。从开花期到种子成熟期，鸡脚草茎量增加明显，茎穗：叶=4.85：1。生育期的延续伴随营养成份含量变化，粗蛋白呈下降趋势，鲜草粗蛋白含量由营养生长期的4.4％下降至开花期的2.6％，下降了69.23％。粗纤维和无氮浸出物含量呈明显上升趋势。鲜草粗纤维由5.60％上升到10.7％，无氮浸出物由10.0％上升到13.9％。研究表明，抽穗期至初花期。鸡脚草叶量丰富，单位面积的CP产量最高，而NPF产量相对较低。鸡脚草最佳刈割期为抽穗—初花期。
5 鸡脚草生长前期根的长度和根的重量增加明显，后期主要增加根的数量和重量。鸡脚草80％以上的根分布于土壤10厘米内的表土层。鸡脚草茎叶与根的
生长相互关系密切。幼苗时期表现出较强的地下扩展能力，生长后期表现在地上
生物量的积累。
65月初鸡脚草进入开花期。鸡脚草一天开花中出现两个高峰期，分别在上
午的7:30和9:00。鸡脚草93.80%的花集中在上午的6:00至9:00开放。晴
天最适宜于鸡脚草开花，雨天不利于开花。鸡脚草播种当年不能结籽，播后的第
三年才能获得较高种子生产量。
7鸡脚草具有较强的抵御高温干旱能力。鸡脚草越夏率为82.52%。
研究证明，鸡脚草适宜于长沙低海拔地区种植，营养成份丰富，值得大力推
广应用。
This paper is conducted on the systematic research of the productive performance and adaptation of cocksfoot {Dactylis glomerata L.) in the lower attitude region in changsha city for five years. The result from this research is as following
1 The accumulation quantity of heat time of cocksfoot-seed germination is over 28C .After seeding, the seed of cocksfoot can germinate normally in the lower attitude region in changsha.
The significant interrelation (p<0.01) between the rate and the days of emergence is determined by y=15.4056X0.5695 (where r=0.8986,y=the rate of seeds out of ground, X=days).The first 3 days after beginning germination is the peak stage of the process of the cocksfoot-seeds coming up out of ground. The result from this study proves that it helps improve the emergence of cocksfoot seed by coving the pig-dung and/or the plant ash and so on. The best sowing time of cocksfoot is from the last ten-day of September to the first ten-day of November.
2 Cocksfoot can finish its whole growth and reproducing process in the lower attitude region in Changsha. It is flowering in the early of May .Its seed ripe stage is usually in the last middle ten-day of June. The temperature from April to June is most appropriate for cocksfoot growing. In this period, the cocksfoot tillering was significantly affected by month-rainfall in the period: y=155.25-0.6569x(r=-0.9791, p<0.01).But,the temperature had no significant (p>.05) to cocksfoot tillering.Due to this fact, in the suitable temperature range of cocksfoot growing, the tillering of cocksfoot is significantly affected by the month-rainfall. The tillering of cocksfoot is of two peaks in a year with May and October separately.The rule of the growth of cocksfoot follows the change from slow to fast and to slow again, with the curve of "S". The fastest growth of cocksfoot occurs in the middle ten-day of April. It reaches the biggest value: 114.5 cm on 30 May.
3 The yield above ground of cocksfoot is lowest in the seeding year with 1400g/m2.In the second year of cocksfoot growing, the yield of cocksfoot fresh forage can reach 5935g/m2. The yield of the fresh forage of cocksfoot reaches highest in its third growing year with 7690 g/m2. The yield above ground drops year after year later.
4 In the process of cocksfoot growing, the yield above ground of cocksfoot shows increase tendency before flower, It reaches the highest yield at flowering stage for 3115 g/m2. After flowering, the yield above ground of cocksfoot shows decline
tendency .The leaves death is the main reason to cause the descend of the yield above ground of cocksfoot. The weight of the stem and ear of cocksfoot increases significantly from flowering stage to seed ripping stage. The LSWR (leaf-to-stem weight ratio) is 4.85:1 in the seed ripping stage. The course of growing and bearing of cocksfoot follows the change of the content of nutrition of cocksfoot. The crude protein shows descend tendency. The content of CP of fresh forage is from 4.4% in the nourishment growth stage to 2.6% in the flowering stage, with descending by 69.23%. The content of crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) show increasing significantly tendency. The crude fiber of fresh forage increases from 5.6% to 10.7% .The nitrogen-free extract (NFE) arises from 10.0% to 13.9%.
The result from this study shows the leaves of cocksfoot are rich from hearing stage to beginning flowering stage. The yield of CP per unite area is highest, with lower content of NPF. The best time of harvest cocksfoot is from hearing stage to beginning flowering stage.
5 In the first growing stage, cocksfoot increases significantly the length and weight of its root. In last growing stage, it increases mainly the numbers and weight of its root. Over 80% of its root spreads in the 10cm surface layer of soil. The interrelation between the growth of the stem-leaf and the root of cocksfoot is in very close coordination. It is of ability of extending significantly under ground in the young seedling stage, and of accumulating the mass above ground in
引文
1、Gao chunshi, The potential of Grassland in Hunan for Animal Production [W]. Forages on Red soils in China, 2001,8:110-111
2、苏加楷等编著．牧草高产栽培[M]．北京，金盾出版社，1993，123-125
3、龚克钊，余托林．南方优良牧草栽培[M]．长沙，湖南科技出版社，1981，123-126
4、贾慎修．中国饲用植物志[M]．北京，农业出版社，1987，69-73
5、李向林．新西兰草地学会第52届学术讨论会与新西兰草业科学的发展趋势[J]．国外畜牧学——草原与牧草，1991，4：46-49
6、周寿荣．中国南方草地牧业的研究与展望[J]．中国草地，1989，3：1-3
7、三秋 尚等．陡坡山地的牧草化和肉牛饲养技术[J]．国外畜牧学——草原与牧草，1984，4：8-11
8、Mika,V., The content of mineral substances in grasses; Obsah mineral nlch Iatack, 1980,8:105-110
9、A.S. Laidaw and R. W. J. Steen, Turnover of grass laminne and white clover leaves in mixed swards continuously grazed with steer at a high-and-low N Fertilizer level. [J], Grass and Forage Science, 1989, 44(3): 249-258
10、Amirovche,N., recherches biosystemaliques sur le genre Dactylis L., Annales de I'Institute National Agronomique EL-Harrach Algeria, 1988,12(1): 159-177
11、Grant E A. Yield and nitrogen wptcue of forage seedlings as affected by nitrogen fertilization [J], plant Sci., 1989,41 (2):176-187
12、Lumaret, R., Polyploidy and habita differentiation in Dactylis glomerata L. from Galicia (Spain);Oecologia, 1987,173(3):436-446
13、Stuczynskl, M., Ocena przydatosci Kupkowki A schersona (Dactylis aschersoniana,Graebn.) do up away polowej; Hodowla Roslin, Aklimatyzaciai Nasiennictwo, 1992,36(3-4):7-42
14、Speranza, M., The genus Dactylis L. in Italy.2 The diploid entities, Webbia, 1987,41(2): 213-224
15、Murphy L S ,Smith G E ,Nitrate accumulate in forage crops [J],Agron
J,1989,59:171-174
16、Qrtiz,V., Dactylis glomerata subsp Izcoi. A new subspecies from Galicia NW Lberian Peninsula,Annales Botanici Fennici, 1993,130(4):305-311
17、苏加楷．中国牧草新品种选育的回顾与展望[J]．草原与草坪，2001，4：3-8
18、K. kie, J .Zhang and P. Home, Potential and problems for forage Development and Animal Production in the Red soils Region of southern China,[W],Forages on Red soils in China ,2001,[38], 11-14
19、N．M．Ajlemhha，英国饲料生产的组织[J]，国外畜牧学—草原与牧草，1984，4：8—11
20、周自玮，奎嘉详，王荔．云南野生鸭茅的核型研究[J]．草业科学，2000，17(6)：48-51
21、钟声，杜逸，郑德成，余诚瑶．二倍体鸭茅农艺性状的初步研究[J]．草地学报，1999，1：54-61
22、李先芳，丁红．鸭茅生物学特性及栽培技术[J]．河南林业科技，2000，20(3)：24-25
23、罗天琼，龙忠富，莫本田．梨园秋季种草及利用试验[J]．草业科学，2001，48(5)：11-15
24、罗天琼，莫木田．鸭茅的高产栽培及在人工草地中的利用[J]．贵州农业科学，2000，28[3]：40-43
25、陈艳宇．四川省牧草种质资源的收集保存与利用[J]．草原与草坪，2002，96(1)：27-29
26、孙建华，王彦荣等．兰州地区牧草引种试验研究[J]．草业科学，2000，17(6)：31-38
27、于忠禾，宫玉芝等．寒地鸭茅引种初探[J]．草业科学，1995，12(4)：23-25
28、江海东，戚强，曹卫星．江苏地区禾本科冷季牧草生态适应性研究[J]．草业科学，2001，18(1)：7-11
29、夏齐荠，刘海泉，黄文惠．鸭茅苇状羊茅品种比较试验 (W)．亚热带中高山地区草地开发研究．北京，中国农业科学出版社，1992
30、杨允菲，傅林谦，朱琳．亚热带中山当地鸭茅分蘖丛生长与再生的定量分析[J]．应用生态学报，1996，8(2)：159-163
31、樊江文．红三叶和鸭茅混播草地综合管理优化模式的研究[J]．四川草原，2000，4：14-19
32、王俊卿，董宽虎．施肥水平和刈割制度对鸭茅生产性能的影响[J]．草原与草
坪，2000，89(2)：29-31
33、肖育檀，曹铁如等人．湖南城步南山的植被及其合理利用[J]．植被生态与地植被学学报，1987，11(1)：67-72
34、湖南省气象局．湖南气象[M]．长沙，湖南科学技术出版社
35、甘肃农业大学编．牧草种子学，草原专业专用教材
36、Garcie-Huidobro J, Monteith J L,Squire G.R, Time temperature and germination of pearl millet (penmisetum typhoides S, and H) I, Constant temperature, J, Exp Bot, 1982,33:288-296
37、洪绂曾等编著．中国多年生草种栽培技术[M]．北京，中国农业科教出版社
38、文亦蒂，蒋文兰，冉繁军．改良云贵高原退化红壤人工草地的施肥效益研究[J]．草原与草坪，2001，2：46-48。
39、黄文蕙，杨松锐，王辉珠等．南方山区人工草地的复壮[J]．中国草地，1992，1：22-26。
40、江苏农学院，华南农学院主编．植物学[M]．上海，上海科技出版社，1978，38-39
41、呼天明，王培，姚爱兴．多年生黑麦草／白三叶人工草场饲用价值及其与环境的关系[J]．草地学报，2001，9(2)：87-91
42、戎郁萍，韩建国等．放牧强度对牧草再生性能的影响[J]．草地学报，2001，9(2)：92-98
43、国务院关于进一步做好退耕还草试点的若干意见[N]．中华人民共和国国务院公报，2000年1月20日32
44、徐荣，韩建国，王培胜等．施肥对草坪型高羊茅种子产量及其组成的影响[J]．草地学报，2001，9(2)：137-142
45、王庆锁．土壤质地与播种深度对苜蓿出苗率的影响[J]．草地学报，2001，9(3)：239-242
46、李英年，周华坤，沈振西．高寒草甸牧草产量形成过程及与气象因子的关联分析[J]．草地学报，2001，9(3)：232-238
47、T·Bahrani．苇状羊茅分蘖枝条的再生与碳水化合物和氮含量之间的关系[J]．国外畜牧学——草原与牧草，1984，4：37-39
2、苏加楷等编著．牧草高产栽培[M]．北京，金盾出版社，1993，123-125
3、龚克钊，余托林．南方优良牧草栽培[M]．长沙，湖南科技出版社，1981，123-126
4、贾慎修．中国饲用植物志[M]．北京，农业出版社，1987，69-73
5、李向林．新西兰草地学会第52届学术讨论会与新西兰草业科学的发展趋势[J]．国外畜牧学——草原与牧草，1991，4：46-49
6、周寿荣．中国南方草地牧业的研究与展望[J]．中国草地，1989，3：1-3
7、三秋 尚等．陡坡山地的牧草化和肉牛饲养技术[J]．国外畜牧学——草原与牧草，1984，4：8-11
8、Mika,V., The content of mineral substances in grasses; Obsah mineral nlch Iatack, 1980,8:105-110
9、A.S. Laidaw and R. W. J. Steen, Turnover of grass laminne and white clover leaves in mixed swards continuously grazed with steer at a high-and-low N Fertilizer level. [J], Grass and Forage Science, 1989, 44(3): 249-258
10、Amirovche,N., recherches biosystemaliques sur le genre Dactylis L., Annales de I'Institute National Agronomique EL-Harrach Algeria, 1988,12(1): 159-177
11、Grant E A. Yield and nitrogen wptcue of forage seedlings as affected by nitrogen fertilization [J], plant Sci., 1989,41 (2):176-187
12、Lumaret, R., Polyploidy and habita differentiation in Dactylis glomerata L. from Galicia (Spain);Oecologia, 1987,173(3):436-446
13、Stuczynskl, M., Ocena przydatosci Kupkowki A schersona (Dactylis aschersoniana,Graebn.) do up away polowej; Hodowla Roslin, Aklimatyzaciai Nasiennictwo, 1992,36(3-4):7-42
14、Speranza, M., The genus Dactylis L. in Italy.2 The diploid entities, Webbia, 1987,41(2): 213-224
15、Murphy L S ,Smith G E ,Nitrate accumulate in forage crops [J],Agron
J,1989,59:171-174
16、Qrtiz,V., Dactylis glomerata subsp Izcoi. A new subspecies from Galicia NW Lberian Peninsula,Annales Botanici Fennici, 1993,130(4):305-311
17、苏加楷．中国牧草新品种选育的回顾与展望[J]．草原与草坪，2001，4：3-8
18、K. kie, J .Zhang and P. Home, Potential and problems for forage Development and Animal Production in the Red soils Region of southern China,[W],Forages on Red soils in China ,2001,[38], 11-14
19、N．M．Ajlemhha，英国饲料生产的组织[J]，国外畜牧学—草原与牧草，1984，4：8—11
20、周自玮，奎嘉详，王荔．云南野生鸭茅的核型研究[J]．草业科学，2000，17(6)：48-51
21、钟声，杜逸，郑德成，余诚瑶．二倍体鸭茅农艺性状的初步研究[J]．草地学报，1999，1：54-61
22、李先芳，丁红．鸭茅生物学特性及栽培技术[J]．河南林业科技，2000，20(3)：24-25
23、罗天琼，龙忠富，莫本田．梨园秋季种草及利用试验[J]．草业科学，2001，48(5)：11-15
24、罗天琼，莫木田．鸭茅的高产栽培及在人工草地中的利用[J]．贵州农业科学，2000，28[3]：40-43
25、陈艳宇．四川省牧草种质资源的收集保存与利用[J]．草原与草坪，2002，96(1)：27-29
26、孙建华，王彦荣等．兰州地区牧草引种试验研究[J]．草业科学，2000，17(6)：31-38
27、于忠禾，宫玉芝等．寒地鸭茅引种初探[J]．草业科学，1995，12(4)：23-25
28、江海东，戚强，曹卫星．江苏地区禾本科冷季牧草生态适应性研究[J]．草业科学，2001，18(1)：7-11
29、夏齐荠，刘海泉，黄文惠．鸭茅苇状羊茅品种比较试验 (W)．亚热带中高山地区草地开发研究．北京，中国农业科学出版社，1992
30、杨允菲，傅林谦，朱琳．亚热带中山当地鸭茅分蘖丛生长与再生的定量分析[J]．应用生态学报，1996，8(2)：159-163
31、樊江文．红三叶和鸭茅混播草地综合管理优化模式的研究[J]．四川草原，2000，4：14-19
32、王俊卿，董宽虎．施肥水平和刈割制度对鸭茅生产性能的影响[J]．草原与草
坪，2000，89(2)：29-31
33、肖育檀，曹铁如等人．湖南城步南山的植被及其合理利用[J]．植被生态与地植被学学报，1987，11(1)：67-72
34、湖南省气象局．湖南气象[M]．长沙，湖南科学技术出版社
35、甘肃农业大学编．牧草种子学，草原专业专用教材
36、Garcie-Huidobro J, Monteith J L,Squire G.R, Time temperature and germination of pearl millet (penmisetum typhoides S, and H) I, Constant temperature, J, Exp Bot, 1982,33:288-296
37、洪绂曾等编著．中国多年生草种栽培技术[M]．北京，中国农业科教出版社
38、文亦蒂，蒋文兰，冉繁军．改良云贵高原退化红壤人工草地的施肥效益研究[J]．草原与草坪，2001，2：46-48。
39、黄文蕙，杨松锐，王辉珠等．南方山区人工草地的复壮[J]．中国草地，1992，1：22-26。
40、江苏农学院，华南农学院主编．植物学[M]．上海，上海科技出版社，1978，38-39
41、呼天明，王培，姚爱兴．多年生黑麦草／白三叶人工草场饲用价值及其与环境的关系[J]．草地学报，2001，9(2)：87-91
42、戎郁萍，韩建国等．放牧强度对牧草再生性能的影响[J]．草地学报，2001，9(2)：92-98
43、国务院关于进一步做好退耕还草试点的若干意见[N]．中华人民共和国国务院公报，2000年1月20日32
44、徐荣，韩建国，王培胜等．施肥对草坪型高羊茅种子产量及其组成的影响[J]．草地学报，2001，9(2)：137-142
45、王庆锁．土壤质地与播种深度对苜蓿出苗率的影响[J]．草地学报，2001，9(3)：239-242
46、李英年，周华坤，沈振西．高寒草甸牧草产量形成过程及与气象因子的关联分析[J]．草地学报，2001，9(3)：232-238
47、T·Bahrani．苇状羊茅分蘖枝条的再生与碳水化合物和氮含量之间的关系[J]．国外畜牧学——草原与牧草，1984，4：37-39