生产性服务贸易提升我国制造业国际竞争力研究
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摘要
20世纪80年代以后,随着国际分工的进一步深化,世界经济逐步向服务经济转型,这是一次从技术到产业组织、经营管理、商业模式、运行体制、发展方式的全方位变革,它代表着经济发展的战略方向和总体趋势。世界经济的转型使服务的可贸易性大幅度增强,服务贸易流量占世界贸易总额的比重日益提高。随着生产组织方式的变革和专业分工细化的趋势,服务的内容中间化；加之市场化水平的不断提高,服务的发展呈现外部化。外部化的服务逐渐从制造业生产部门中分离,形成了独立的产业。即提供市场化中间服务的生产性服务。目前,生产性服务已成为“产业的中间人”,是产品差异化和增值的主要来源,也是服务业中增长最快的领域,其产业增加值占整个服务业的比重达70%以上。生产性服务的可贸易性促进了生产要素在国际间的充分流动,并向生产部门传递了技术资本、人力资本和知识资本,也传递了比较优势,深化了产业分工、促进了产业融合,从而降低了生产成本和运营风险、提高了劳动生产率。可见,拥有高新技术含量和高知识含量的生产性服务推动了制造产业的升级,生产性服务贸易的发展增强了制造业的国际竞争优势,对制造业竞争力的提升有着极其重要的作用。
本文界定了生产性服务的概念,阐述了生产性服务贸易的发展。在此基础上,首先分析了我国生产性服务贸易现状与制造业竞争力的发展水平及二者的密切联系。随后分别从理论与实证的角度,说明生产性服务贸易影响我国制造业国际竞争力的提升。在理论分析中,以技术和资本两个对制造业竞争力起核心作用的因素为基础,阐述生产性服务贸易促进制造业竞争力发展的作用机理与途径。在实证分析中,通过建立模型,考察生产性服务各行业对制造业竞争力的作用；并对模型结果进行分析,得出结论：生产性服务贸易的增长从总体上促进了制造业竞争力的提升,其中保险、金融、咨询服务贸易对制造业竞争力提升作用显著。但由于新兴生产性服务领域仍发展缓慢,使得我国生产性服务贸易结构仍需完善、竞争力亟待提升。最后就促进我国生产性服务贸易的发展提出了相应的对策建议。
After the 1980s, with the further deepening of international division of labor, the world economy gradually transfer to a service economy. This is a comprehensive reform that from technology to industrial organization, management, business model, operation system, and the pattern of development, it represents the strategic direction of economic development and overall trends. Trade of service can be significantly enhanced, the amount of service trade share the proportion of total world trade has increased continuously. With the gradual refinement of specialization, continuously improvement of marketization, development of service exteriorization, all these are mainly reflected in productive service. At present, the productive service has become "industry of middlemen", become the major sources of product differentiation and product value-added, is also the fastest growing areas of service, the proportion of entire service industry accounts for more than 70%. Productive service not only transfers of technical capital, human capital and knowledge capital, but also conveys the comparative advantage to manufacture department. It can deepen the industrial division, promote industrial integration, so as to reduce transaction costs and operating risks and improve production efficiency. So the productive service with high-tech and high knowledge has promoted the updating of manufacturing industry, and the development of productive service trade has the extremely vital role in the promotion of manufacturing competitiveness.
The paper is on the basis of defined the concept of productive service, firstly analyzes the developing situation of productive service trade and manufacturing competitiveness and close contact between them. Then exposit the productive service trade impact on Chinese manufacturing competitiveness from the theoretical and empirical perspective. In the theoretical analysis, there are two factors, technology and capital, which play a central role in manufacturing competitiveness. Through the two factors, the paper describes the mechanisms and approaches that productive service trade is how to promote the development of manufacturing competitiveness. In the positive analysis, through building model and analysis of model results, comes to the conclusion that growth of productive service trade is in general promote the development of manufacturing competitiveness. Especially the effect of insurance, finance and consulting service trade on the manufacturing competitiveness are remarkable. But as the newly realm of productive service developed slowly, so the development of productive service trade structure in China still needs to improve, and competitiveness calls for promote immediately. At last in paper, put forward some proposals and countermeasures for the promotion of productive trade in services.
本文界定了生产性服务的概念,阐述了生产性服务贸易的发展。在此基础上,首先分析了我国生产性服务贸易现状与制造业竞争力的发展水平及二者的密切联系。随后分别从理论与实证的角度,说明生产性服务贸易影响我国制造业国际竞争力的提升。在理论分析中,以技术和资本两个对制造业竞争力起核心作用的因素为基础,阐述生产性服务贸易促进制造业竞争力发展的作用机理与途径。在实证分析中,通过建立模型,考察生产性服务各行业对制造业竞争力的作用；并对模型结果进行分析,得出结论：生产性服务贸易的增长从总体上促进了制造业竞争力的提升,其中保险、金融、咨询服务贸易对制造业竞争力提升作用显著。但由于新兴生产性服务领域仍发展缓慢,使得我国生产性服务贸易结构仍需完善、竞争力亟待提升。最后就促进我国生产性服务贸易的发展提出了相应的对策建议。
After the 1980s, with the further deepening of international division of labor, the world economy gradually transfer to a service economy. This is a comprehensive reform that from technology to industrial organization, management, business model, operation system, and the pattern of development, it represents the strategic direction of economic development and overall trends. Trade of service can be significantly enhanced, the amount of service trade share the proportion of total world trade has increased continuously. With the gradual refinement of specialization, continuously improvement of marketization, development of service exteriorization, all these are mainly reflected in productive service. At present, the productive service has become "industry of middlemen", become the major sources of product differentiation and product value-added, is also the fastest growing areas of service, the proportion of entire service industry accounts for more than 70%. Productive service not only transfers of technical capital, human capital and knowledge capital, but also conveys the comparative advantage to manufacture department. It can deepen the industrial division, promote industrial integration, so as to reduce transaction costs and operating risks and improve production efficiency. So the productive service with high-tech and high knowledge has promoted the updating of manufacturing industry, and the development of productive service trade has the extremely vital role in the promotion of manufacturing competitiveness.
The paper is on the basis of defined the concept of productive service, firstly analyzes the developing situation of productive service trade and manufacturing competitiveness and close contact between them. Then exposit the productive service trade impact on Chinese manufacturing competitiveness from the theoretical and empirical perspective. In the theoretical analysis, there are two factors, technology and capital, which play a central role in manufacturing competitiveness. Through the two factors, the paper describes the mechanisms and approaches that productive service trade is how to promote the development of manufacturing competitiveness. In the positive analysis, through building model and analysis of model results, comes to the conclusion that growth of productive service trade is in general promote the development of manufacturing competitiveness. Especially the effect of insurance, finance and consulting service trade on the manufacturing competitiveness are remarkable. But as the newly realm of productive service developed slowly, so the development of productive service trade structure in China still needs to improve, and competitiveness calls for promote immediately. At last in paper, put forward some proposals and countermeasures for the promotion of productive trade in services.
引文
②张梦霞.基于中国生产性服务业营销的理论探索[J].经济与管理研究,2008(1)
③李江帆.国外生产服务业研究述评[J].外国经济与管理,2004(11)
[1]钟韵,阎小培.我国生产性服务业与经济发展关系研究[J].人文地理,2003(5)：47.
[2]田曦.生产性服务影响我国制造业竞争力的实证分析[J].科技和产业,2007(11).
[3]陈伟达.生产者服务业对制造业竞争力提升的影响研究——基于我国投入产出表的实证分析[J].东南大学学报：哲学社会科学版,2009(3)
[4]韩坚.生产性服务业与经济增长关系分析[J].中国特色城镇化研究中心,2009,12.
[5]陈永莲.面向制造业的生产性服务业集聚模式研究——以江苏为例[J].东南大学,2009.
[6]郑吉昌,夏晴.论生产性服务业的发展与分工的深化[J].科技进步与对策,2005(2)：13-15.
[7]程大中.生产者服务论[M].经济管理出版社,2005年.
[8]汪素芹,胡玲玲.我国生产性服务贸易的发展及国际竞争力分析[J].国际商务,2007(12)：11-17.
[9]汪素芹,孙燕.中国生产性服务贸易发展及其结构分析[J].商业经济与管理,2008(11)
[10]王超铧.提升中国生产性服务贸易竞争力的对策建议[J].商业经济,2010(01)
[11]陈宪、黄建锋.分工、互动与融合：服务业与制造业关系演进的实证研究[J].中国软科学,2004,(10)：65-71.
[12]唐强荣.生产性服务业与制造业关系研究述评[J].生产力研究,2010(3)
[13]张世贤.工业投资效率与产业结构变动的实证研究—兼与郭克莎博士商榷[J].管理世界,2000,(5)：79-85.
[14]江小涓、李辉.服务业与中国经济T相关性和加快增长的潜力[J].经济研究,2004,(01)：4-15.
[15]邱灵、申玉铭、任旺兵.国内外生产性服务业与制造业互动发展的研究进展 [J].世界地理研究,2007,16(3)
[16][17][18]顾乃华、毕斗斗、任旺兵.生产性服务业与制造业互动发展：文献综述[J].经济学家,2006(6)
[19][20]周丹.生产性服务业与制造业互动综述与展望[J].情报杂志,2009(8)
[21]薛立敏,杜英仪,王素湾.生产性服务业与制造业之互动关系研究[D].台湾中华经济研究院,1993.
[22]顾乃华.中国转型期生产性服务业发展与制造企业竞争力关系研究[J].中国工业经济,2006(9)
[23]汪斌.生产性服务业提升制造业竞争力的作用分析—基于发达国家的计量模型的实证研究[J].技术经济,2007(1)
[24]尚涛,陶蕴芳.中国生产性服务贸易开放与制造业国际竞争力关系研究—基于脉冲响应函数方法的分析[J].世界经济研究,2009(5).
[25]谭小芬.中国服务贸易竞争力的国际比较[J].经济评论,2003(2)：52-55.
[26]殷风.世界服务贸易发展趋势与中国服务贸易竞争力研究[J].世界经济研究,2007(1)：33-40.
[27]郑吉昌,周蕾.中国服务业国际竞争力的指标评价[J].经济问题,2005(11)：18-20.
[28]孙江明,苏琴.我国运输服务贸易竞争力的国际比较[J].国际贸易问题,2006(4)：67-72.
[29]李江帆,毕斗斗.国外生产服务业研究述评[J].外国经济与管理,2004(11)：16-25.
[30]吕政,刘勇,王钦.中国生产性服务业发展的战略选择：基于产业互动的研究视角[J].中国工业经济,2006(8)：5-12.
[31]邓志能,洪曲波.我国知识密集型服务业国际竞争力研究[J].经济纵横,2006(8)：50-51.
[32]朱介鸣.物流服务、全球化制造业及城市结构的变化[J].城市规划汇刊,2002(3)：14-19.
[33]韩可卫.我国服务贸易国际竞争力分析[J].统计与决策,2006,(4).
[34]赵书华,李辉.全球服务贸易10强的服务贸易国际竞争力定量分析[J].国际 贸易问题,2005,(11).
[35]赫伯特·G·格鲁伯,迈克尔·A-沃克.服务业的增长：原因与影响[M].上海：上海三联书店,1997.
[36]张国丰.生产性服务业—服务经济形成与发展的原动力[J].甘肃农业,2006,(10)
[37]曾奕,李军.生产者服务贸易的贸易模式研究：基于面板数据的分析[J].统计研究,2006(12)：48-54.
[38]丁平.中国服务贸易国际竞争力的影响因素分析与对策研究[J].世界经济研究,2007(9).
[39]何枫,陈荣,何林.我国资本存量的测量及其相关分析[J].经济学家,2003(5)：29-35.
[40]李怀政.我国服务贸易国际竞争力现状及国家竞争优势战略[J].国际贸易问题,2003(2).
[41]杨玉英.中国服务贸易发展的现状与对策[J].宏观经济研究,2003(2).
[42]郭海虹.竞争优势理论对中国发展国际服务贸易的启示[J].国际经济与贸易,2002(3).
[43]廖承东.我国服务贸易国际竞争力分析[J].国际贸易问题,2001(3).
[44]JOSEPH F. FRANCOIS. Trade in Producer Services and Returns Due to Specialization under Monopolistic Competition[J]. Canadian Journal of Economics. 23(1990).109-124.
[45]MARKUSEN JAMES R. Trade in Producer Services and in Other Specialized Intermediate Inputs[J]. American Economic Review,3(1989).85-95.
[46]HansenM. Do producer services induce regional economic development. Journal of regional science,1990,30(4):465-476.
[47]John T. Bowen Jr, ThomasR.Leinbach. AirCargo services inAsian industrialising economies:Electronicsmanufactures and the strategic use of advanced producer services[J]. Papers in regional science,2003,82:309-332.
③李江帆.国外生产服务业研究述评[J].外国经济与管理,2004(11)
[1]钟韵,阎小培.我国生产性服务业与经济发展关系研究[J].人文地理,2003(5)：47.
[2]田曦.生产性服务影响我国制造业竞争力的实证分析[J].科技和产业,2007(11).
[3]陈伟达.生产者服务业对制造业竞争力提升的影响研究——基于我国投入产出表的实证分析[J].东南大学学报：哲学社会科学版,2009(3)
[4]韩坚.生产性服务业与经济增长关系分析[J].中国特色城镇化研究中心,2009,12.
[5]陈永莲.面向制造业的生产性服务业集聚模式研究——以江苏为例[J].东南大学,2009.
[6]郑吉昌,夏晴.论生产性服务业的发展与分工的深化[J].科技进步与对策,2005(2)：13-15.
[7]程大中.生产者服务论[M].经济管理出版社,2005年.
[8]汪素芹,胡玲玲.我国生产性服务贸易的发展及国际竞争力分析[J].国际商务,2007(12)：11-17.
[9]汪素芹,孙燕.中国生产性服务贸易发展及其结构分析[J].商业经济与管理,2008(11)
[10]王超铧.提升中国生产性服务贸易竞争力的对策建议[J].商业经济,2010(01)
[11]陈宪、黄建锋.分工、互动与融合：服务业与制造业关系演进的实证研究[J].中国软科学,2004,(10)：65-71.
[12]唐强荣.生产性服务业与制造业关系研究述评[J].生产力研究,2010(3)
[13]张世贤.工业投资效率与产业结构变动的实证研究—兼与郭克莎博士商榷[J].管理世界,2000,(5)：79-85.
[14]江小涓、李辉.服务业与中国经济T相关性和加快增长的潜力[J].经济研究,2004,(01)：4-15.
[15]邱灵、申玉铭、任旺兵.国内外生产性服务业与制造业互动发展的研究进展 [J].世界地理研究,2007,16(3)
[16][17][18]顾乃华、毕斗斗、任旺兵.生产性服务业与制造业互动发展：文献综述[J].经济学家,2006(6)
[19][20]周丹.生产性服务业与制造业互动综述与展望[J].情报杂志,2009(8)
[21]薛立敏,杜英仪,王素湾.生产性服务业与制造业之互动关系研究[D].台湾中华经济研究院,1993.
[22]顾乃华.中国转型期生产性服务业发展与制造企业竞争力关系研究[J].中国工业经济,2006(9)
[23]汪斌.生产性服务业提升制造业竞争力的作用分析—基于发达国家的计量模型的实证研究[J].技术经济,2007(1)
[24]尚涛,陶蕴芳.中国生产性服务贸易开放与制造业国际竞争力关系研究—基于脉冲响应函数方法的分析[J].世界经济研究,2009(5).
[25]谭小芬.中国服务贸易竞争力的国际比较[J].经济评论,2003(2)：52-55.
[26]殷风.世界服务贸易发展趋势与中国服务贸易竞争力研究[J].世界经济研究,2007(1)：33-40.
[27]郑吉昌,周蕾.中国服务业国际竞争力的指标评价[J].经济问题,2005(11)：18-20.
[28]孙江明,苏琴.我国运输服务贸易竞争力的国际比较[J].国际贸易问题,2006(4)：67-72.
[29]李江帆,毕斗斗.国外生产服务业研究述评[J].外国经济与管理,2004(11)：16-25.
[30]吕政,刘勇,王钦.中国生产性服务业发展的战略选择：基于产业互动的研究视角[J].中国工业经济,2006(8)：5-12.
[31]邓志能,洪曲波.我国知识密集型服务业国际竞争力研究[J].经济纵横,2006(8)：50-51.
[32]朱介鸣.物流服务、全球化制造业及城市结构的变化[J].城市规划汇刊,2002(3)：14-19.
[33]韩可卫.我国服务贸易国际竞争力分析[J].统计与决策,2006,(4).
[34]赵书华,李辉.全球服务贸易10强的服务贸易国际竞争力定量分析[J].国际 贸易问题,2005,(11).
[35]赫伯特·G·格鲁伯,迈克尔·A-沃克.服务业的增长：原因与影响[M].上海：上海三联书店,1997.
[36]张国丰.生产性服务业—服务经济形成与发展的原动力[J].甘肃农业,2006,(10)
[37]曾奕,李军.生产者服务贸易的贸易模式研究：基于面板数据的分析[J].统计研究,2006(12)：48-54.
[38]丁平.中国服务贸易国际竞争力的影响因素分析与对策研究[J].世界经济研究,2007(9).
[39]何枫,陈荣,何林.我国资本存量的测量及其相关分析[J].经济学家,2003(5)：29-35.
[40]李怀政.我国服务贸易国际竞争力现状及国家竞争优势战略[J].国际贸易问题,2003(2).
[41]杨玉英.中国服务贸易发展的现状与对策[J].宏观经济研究,2003(2).
[42]郭海虹.竞争优势理论对中国发展国际服务贸易的启示[J].国际经济与贸易,2002(3).
[43]廖承东.我国服务贸易国际竞争力分析[J].国际贸易问题,2001(3).
[44]JOSEPH F. FRANCOIS. Trade in Producer Services and Returns Due to Specialization under Monopolistic Competition[J]. Canadian Journal of Economics. 23(1990).109-124.
[45]MARKUSEN JAMES R. Trade in Producer Services and in Other Specialized Intermediate Inputs[J]. American Economic Review,3(1989).85-95.
[46]HansenM. Do producer services induce regional economic development. Journal of regional science,1990,30(4):465-476.
[47]John T. Bowen Jr, ThomasR.Leinbach. AirCargo services inAsian industrialising economies:Electronicsmanufactures and the strategic use of advanced producer services[J]. Papers in regional science,2003,82:309-332.