多相流动测井优化及成像算法的研究与实践
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摘要
多相流产出剖面测井技术作为分析油层动用状况所必须的手段之一,为油田动态监测、制定各种措施提供了依据,在油田高效开发中发挥着重要作用。当多相流中存在多个滑脱速度时,只有优化解释技术能够处理这种情况。而且测井多相流优化解释技术能够充分利用多种测井资料,即使部分资料残缺或者个别曲线误差偏大,该优化解释技术也能在一定程度上提高解释的精度,从而得到较精确的解释结果。
测井多相流优化解释结果的精度,受到待优化目标函数的本身以及优化算法性能的影响。
待优化目标函数的构建是基于测井仪器的理论响应方程的,理论响应方程试图反映井筒内各相体积流量与仪器响应值之间的关系。文献调研发现,垂直井及低斜度井中,已经对测井仪器的响应方程做了较深入的研究,各相体积流量与仪器响应值之间的关联较稳定；但水平井及近水平井中,由于重力分异的影响,导致各相体积流量与仪器响应值之间的关联较差,影响了产出剖面测井解释的精度。而且,文献中待优化目标函数的构建只有两种形式：加权平方和形式与加权绝对值和的形式。都采用仪器分辨率来规格化测量数据,其目的是为了实现不同数量级测量数据的规格化,便于合理衡量实测值和理论响应值的偏差。但分析发现,当被测量值和仪器直接观测值不是同类型的物理量时,仪器分辨率不足以达到规格化数据的目的。所以本文首先提出了一种基于相对误差的目标函数构建方法,以仪器观测值的倒数为权重构建绝对值的和,试图更好的平衡不同测量数据之间的差异。原有目标函数的所有权值项中都含有衡量仪器可靠程度的一个参数,但没有见到有文献对如何确定该参数的值给出理论说明,调研发现,生产测井中,现在一般是下入由多种仪器串联成的仪器串,一次测量,同时获得多种数据,因而认为各类数据的可靠程度是相当的,所以在新的构建方法中,去除了权重中衡量仪器可靠程度的参数,这也使得本文提出的目标函数的构建方法简便易行。
因为部分测井仪器理论响应方程较为复杂,目标函数含有绝对值形式导致函数性质较差,而且目标函数的组成依赖于测井仪器串的构成,导致针对不同测井仪器串时的目标函数形式上不一致。由此可以看出,确定性优化算法不适用于测井多相流优化解释。因而考虑引入随机性优化算法,在分析了基本粒子群算法、蚁群优化算法的原理和特点以后,提出了构建带混沌扰动的粒子群-蚁群算法的思路和具体步骤,该算法充分利用粒子群算法前期收敛快的优点,以及蚁群算法后期寻优能力强的优点,再加上混沌扰动,充分考虑了寻优能力和收敛速度。该算法只使用目标函数的函数值,与目标函数的性质和构成没有直接联系,因而适用于测井多相流解释。采用16个测试函数,分析了各个测试函数二维时的几何特征,针对10维的情况,对比了标准粒子群算法(算法一)、混沌粒子群算法(算法二)、混沌粒子群-蚁群算法(算法三)的优化性能,发现：当实际最优值十分靠近寻优空间的边界时,算法一寻优能力最差,算法二全局寻优能力最好,但耗时较长；当实际最优值不是位于寻优空间的边界附近时,算法三全局寻优能力最好,而且精度高,耗时少。针对垂直井的实测资料,进行了编程试算,检验了所提出模型和算法的性能。
重力的分异作用导致在水平井及近水平井中,重质相与轻质相分离,容易出现分层流动,多相流流动状态与垂直井中差别较大。所以研究水平井中的测井多相流优化解释技术,需要从研究水平井多相流流型开始。进行了水平管及近水平管油水两相流流动实验,得到以下认识：
对流动状态,(1)在正负5。的井斜范围内(该角度记录井筒与水平面夹角,上坡流角度为正,下坡流为负),实验条件下,流体流型是层流,只是分相界面的光滑程度不同,界面的波动规律性不同,界面波及的范围大小不同：随流量的增加,分层界面从清晰稳定向波动进而紊乱变化；(2)总的来看,井斜角度为负时,重质相的滞留偏低,此时重质相持率小于含率。井斜角度为正时,重质相的滞留偏高,此时重质相持率大于含率。(3)井斜对层流界面状态的影响很大。尤其是小流量时,0。和正负1。之间,分层的位置差别很大；(4)严格的水平井(井斜0。)中,对于试验中出现的流量,侧视图片中的水相对应的深度(反映了持水率)与含水率关联准确清晰,可区分程度高;(5)在正负5。的井斜范围内,当总流量达到400方/天以上,尤其是达到500方/天时,井斜角度对侧视图像中的水相深度影响较小；
对于井斜、持水率、含水率、总流量间的关系,(1)就实验所及的井斜角度范围及流量、含水率范围而言,持水率、含水率、总流量与井斜角度具有确定的相关关系。井斜、总流量、含水率一定时,含水率与持水率有几乎是一一对应的函数关系。可以从持水率反求含水率；(2)流量50方/天及以上时,正负5。的井斜角度以内,可以根据持水率区别含水率；但当流量低于30方/天时,根据持水率识别含水率,识别的可靠程度受井斜角度极大影响。井斜0。时,即使是10方/天的流量,也具有可区别性；但上坡流(井斜1。,3。,5。)时,30方/天的流量也具有可区别性；下坡流时,30方/天的流量及以下,己经难于识别。(3)水平井内,影响持水率变化的主要因素是井斜角度。流量越小,则井斜角度的重要程度越大；(4)当井内情况类似于实验条件时,可以借助于实验图版实现持水率向含水率的转化。
对于井斜、滑脱速度、含水率、总流量间的关系,(1)井斜角度为负时(下坡流),对于一定的含水率,滑脱速度随流量的增加,呈现出降-升-降-升的大致形状,类似“W”形；(2)当流量向着500方／天增加时,滑脱速度的变化趋势是向Ocm/s靠近。这也表明,在大流量情况下,滑脱现象可以忽略。(3)虽然实验结果体现出了一定的规律性,但规律显现的还不够充分。原因可能包含：实验条件没有充分的保持一致、特征数据的采集准确度不够。由于实验历时较长,由温度导致的粘度差异没有考虑；数据的采集依赖于肉眼和侧视数字图像,导致数据的准确度不够。这有待找其它机会做进一步的实验来探讨滑脱速度-含水率-流量-井斜间的关系。
通过对已有测量仪器的调研发现,阵列电容仪(CAT)相对而言较为适于测量水平井中多相流的分相持率。国内一些厂家已经在仿制该仪器,需要有相应的解释方法。在分析该仪器测量原理的基础上,介绍了已有的解释算法,并指出了该仪器的结构特点、在实际使用及解释中应该注意的事项,针对多相流情况提出了两种新的持率计算方法和一种新的截面成像算法,基于Matlab环境进行了编程试算,得到了持率的预测值和截面成像图。
The production profile well logging technology for multiphase flow is a necessary approach to analyses the producing degree of reserves, it can give the foundation of oil field dynamic monitoring and the establishment of all kinds of measures, it will play an important role in the efficient development of oilfields. If there are some slipping velocities, Optimum interpretation technology is the only way which could used in the case. Optimum interpretation technology in multiphase flow logging (OITMFL) can make full use of logging data. Even some of the information is incomplete, or its error is considerable, the optimum interpretation technology also can improve the interpretation accuracy to a certain degree, so it will get a better result.
The accuracy of OITMFL is influenced by optimized objective function itself and the performance of optimization algorithm.
Objective function for optimization is based on theoretical response equations of logging instruments, the theoretical response equations try to show the relationship between volume flow rate of different phase in the well and response value of logging instruments. Through literature survey, we find that there are an in-depth studies on the response equations of logging instruments for vertical wells and low-inclination wells, there are a steady relationships between phase volume flow rate and response value of logging instruments. But in horizontal sections and nearly horizontal sections, there is a poor relationship between flow rate and response value because of the influence of gravitational differentiation, as a result, the reliability of interpretation results of a production profile is decreased. There are only two kinds of objective function for optimization:weighted square sum form and weighted absolute value sum form. Two kind of function normalize the measured data by using resolution ratio of tool for to weigh the error between measured data and response value equitably. But, if the measured data and response value are different type, resolution ratio of tool can't normalize the measured data perfectly. Firstly, the theses present an objective function based on relative error method, which is trend to balance the different data by using the reciprocal of measured data to weight the error. There is a weight parameter correspond to reliability level of tools in original objective function, but I can't find how to set the parameter with theoretical foundation. At the same time, it is usually to get measured data in one trip by using tool string nowadays, so we can believe that tools in one string have the same reliability level. And then, the new construction method don't considered the reliability parameter, it is helpful to generate the objective function.
Because some response equation are complex, absolute value form in objective function lead to poor function properties, and the sum in objective function is depend on the actual logging tool string, we consider deterministic optimization algorithm is not fit OITMFL. The writer introduces to use random global optimization algorithm. After analyses the theory and characteristic of basic particle swarm optimization (PSO) and ant colony optimization (ACO), the writer present a new algorithm, it integrate PSO, ACO and chaos disturbance, named CPA, C indicate chaos disturbance, P indicate PSO, A indicate ACO. CPA attempts to make the best of the advantages of PSO, ACO and chaos disturbance. PSO has a fast convergence at earlier stage, ACO has strong search ability at later stage. Chaos has pseudo-randomness, unpredictability, ergodicity. Chaos disturbance should increase the global search ability of CPA. For objective function, CPA is fit to OITMFL because it only use function value, and it don't use function characteristic and form. The author select16benchmark functions, analyses the geometric feature when function is2two dimension. And use the16functions to compare the searching ability of three algorithms:PSO (algorithm one), PSO with chaos disturbance (algorithm two), PSO-ACO with chaos disturbance (algorithm three). The results indicate that:if the actual global optimal value is near the searching space boundary enough, the searching ability of algorithm one is the worst, the ones of algorithm two is the best, but algorithm two needs so long computing time, if the actual global optimal value is at some distance from the searching space boundary, the searching ability of algorithm three is the best, and it spend little computing time with high precision solution. The author examines the performance of the new model and new algorithm by programming to the practical data.
The influence of gravitational differentiation lead to phase separation between heavy phase and light phase, so the multiphase flow situation in horizontal sections is very different from in vertical well. It is necessary to study flow pattern firstly for studying OITMFL in horizontal sections. The author present the results and conclusions come from the experiment of oil-water two phase flow in horizontal sections and nearly horizontal sections.
For flow pattern,(1)The range of well deviation angle is±5°(denote the angle between well-bore and horizontal plane, degree is positive when fluid flow upward, and negative when fluid flow downward), under the experiment condition used, flow pattern is laminar flow regime, the difference are the smooth degree of phase boundary, the fluctuation regularity of phase boundary, the fluctuation range of phase boundary; Along with the increase of the whole quantity of flow, the phase boundary become wave from smooth, and become chaos from wave;(2)When well deviation angle is negative, heavy phase residence is weakened, so the holdup of heavy phase is less than phase cut. When well deviation angle is positive, heavy phase residence is enhanced, so the holdup of heavy phase is larger than phase cut;(3) There is a big influence on the phase boundary from well deviation angle. Especially, the position of phase boundary is very different between0°and±1°(4) When well deviation angle is0degree, for the experimental flow rate, there is a distinguishable relationship between the water depth in the side view (indicate water holdup) and water cut;(5) In the range of±5°, if whole flow rate reach400m3/d, especially reach500m3/d, well deviation angle influent little on the water depth in the side view.
For well deviation, water holdup, water cut and whole flow rate,(1) Under the experimental condition, there is a determinate relationship among well deviation, water holdup, water cut and whole flow rate. If well deviation, water cut and whole flow rate are constants, there is almost a one-one corresponding functional relationship. It is possible to get water cut from water holdup;(2) If whole flow rate is more than50m3/d, in the giving well deviation range, we can identify water cut based on water holdup; but if whole flow rate is less than 30m3/d, the reliability level is significantly impacted by well deviation angel. When well deviation angel is0°, even the whole flow rate is10m3/d,it can be distinguished. When well deviation angel is positive,30m3/d is the lower limit flow rate which can be identified; When well deviation angel is negative, less than or equal to30m3/d is hard to be identified;(3)In horizontal well-bore, the most important factor which impact water holdup is well deviation angle. The little the whole flow rate is, The more important the well deviation angle is;(4)If production condition like the experimental condition, it can get water cut from water holdup by using experiment plate.
For well deviation, slip velocity, water cut and whole flow rate,(1) If well deviation angle is negative, for a certain water cut, slip velocity increase as the whole flow rate increase, the law show a trend: down-up-down-up, some like a transformative letter "W";(2)If whole flow rate is near or more than500m3/d, the slip velocity is close to0cm/s. So,we can ignore slip phenomenon under a big enough flow rate.(3)Although there is a fuzzy regularity shown, but it is far away from clear. The reasons maybe include:the consistency of the experimental condition, the accuracy of the characteristic data etc. As a fact, the experiment don't consider viscosity which is depend on temperature, but the experiment spent too much time, it's started in spring, and finished in autumn. We get characteristic data only use our eyes and side digital image come from digital camera, it will decrease the accuracy of data. It is worth doing some continue study to discuss the relationship among these factors.
I researched and found that Capacitance Array Tool (CAT) is more suitable to measure the phase holdup in horizontal section than other logging instruments. Some manufacturers are about to made CAT themselves, they need the interpretation method for the instrument. The author analyses the principle of measurement, and introduce the existing interpretation algorithms. The author presents the structural features of the tool, and some matters need attention in practice. The author presents two new algorithms to calculate phase holdup based on optimal method, and a new imaging algorithm for cross section image, then the author write programme to test the new algorithms under Matlab, then get the phase holdup and the cross section image.
测井多相流优化解释结果的精度,受到待优化目标函数的本身以及优化算法性能的影响。
待优化目标函数的构建是基于测井仪器的理论响应方程的,理论响应方程试图反映井筒内各相体积流量与仪器响应值之间的关系。文献调研发现,垂直井及低斜度井中,已经对测井仪器的响应方程做了较深入的研究,各相体积流量与仪器响应值之间的关联较稳定；但水平井及近水平井中,由于重力分异的影响,导致各相体积流量与仪器响应值之间的关联较差,影响了产出剖面测井解释的精度。而且,文献中待优化目标函数的构建只有两种形式：加权平方和形式与加权绝对值和的形式。都采用仪器分辨率来规格化测量数据,其目的是为了实现不同数量级测量数据的规格化,便于合理衡量实测值和理论响应值的偏差。但分析发现,当被测量值和仪器直接观测值不是同类型的物理量时,仪器分辨率不足以达到规格化数据的目的。所以本文首先提出了一种基于相对误差的目标函数构建方法,以仪器观测值的倒数为权重构建绝对值的和,试图更好的平衡不同测量数据之间的差异。原有目标函数的所有权值项中都含有衡量仪器可靠程度的一个参数,但没有见到有文献对如何确定该参数的值给出理论说明,调研发现,生产测井中,现在一般是下入由多种仪器串联成的仪器串,一次测量,同时获得多种数据,因而认为各类数据的可靠程度是相当的,所以在新的构建方法中,去除了权重中衡量仪器可靠程度的参数,这也使得本文提出的目标函数的构建方法简便易行。
因为部分测井仪器理论响应方程较为复杂,目标函数含有绝对值形式导致函数性质较差,而且目标函数的组成依赖于测井仪器串的构成,导致针对不同测井仪器串时的目标函数形式上不一致。由此可以看出,确定性优化算法不适用于测井多相流优化解释。因而考虑引入随机性优化算法,在分析了基本粒子群算法、蚁群优化算法的原理和特点以后,提出了构建带混沌扰动的粒子群-蚁群算法的思路和具体步骤,该算法充分利用粒子群算法前期收敛快的优点,以及蚁群算法后期寻优能力强的优点,再加上混沌扰动,充分考虑了寻优能力和收敛速度。该算法只使用目标函数的函数值,与目标函数的性质和构成没有直接联系,因而适用于测井多相流解释。采用16个测试函数,分析了各个测试函数二维时的几何特征,针对10维的情况,对比了标准粒子群算法(算法一)、混沌粒子群算法(算法二)、混沌粒子群-蚁群算法(算法三)的优化性能,发现：当实际最优值十分靠近寻优空间的边界时,算法一寻优能力最差,算法二全局寻优能力最好,但耗时较长；当实际最优值不是位于寻优空间的边界附近时,算法三全局寻优能力最好,而且精度高,耗时少。针对垂直井的实测资料,进行了编程试算,检验了所提出模型和算法的性能。
重力的分异作用导致在水平井及近水平井中,重质相与轻质相分离,容易出现分层流动,多相流流动状态与垂直井中差别较大。所以研究水平井中的测井多相流优化解释技术,需要从研究水平井多相流流型开始。进行了水平管及近水平管油水两相流流动实验,得到以下认识：
对流动状态,(1)在正负5。的井斜范围内(该角度记录井筒与水平面夹角,上坡流角度为正,下坡流为负),实验条件下,流体流型是层流,只是分相界面的光滑程度不同,界面的波动规律性不同,界面波及的范围大小不同：随流量的增加,分层界面从清晰稳定向波动进而紊乱变化；(2)总的来看,井斜角度为负时,重质相的滞留偏低,此时重质相持率小于含率。井斜角度为正时,重质相的滞留偏高,此时重质相持率大于含率。(3)井斜对层流界面状态的影响很大。尤其是小流量时,0。和正负1。之间,分层的位置差别很大；(4)严格的水平井(井斜0。)中,对于试验中出现的流量,侧视图片中的水相对应的深度(反映了持水率)与含水率关联准确清晰,可区分程度高;(5)在正负5。的井斜范围内,当总流量达到400方/天以上,尤其是达到500方/天时,井斜角度对侧视图像中的水相深度影响较小；
对于井斜、持水率、含水率、总流量间的关系,(1)就实验所及的井斜角度范围及流量、含水率范围而言,持水率、含水率、总流量与井斜角度具有确定的相关关系。井斜、总流量、含水率一定时,含水率与持水率有几乎是一一对应的函数关系。可以从持水率反求含水率；(2)流量50方/天及以上时,正负5。的井斜角度以内,可以根据持水率区别含水率；但当流量低于30方/天时,根据持水率识别含水率,识别的可靠程度受井斜角度极大影响。井斜0。时,即使是10方/天的流量,也具有可区别性；但上坡流(井斜1。,3。,5。)时,30方/天的流量也具有可区别性；下坡流时,30方/天的流量及以下,己经难于识别。(3)水平井内,影响持水率变化的主要因素是井斜角度。流量越小,则井斜角度的重要程度越大；(4)当井内情况类似于实验条件时,可以借助于实验图版实现持水率向含水率的转化。
对于井斜、滑脱速度、含水率、总流量间的关系,(1)井斜角度为负时(下坡流),对于一定的含水率,滑脱速度随流量的增加,呈现出降-升-降-升的大致形状,类似“W”形；(2)当流量向着500方／天增加时,滑脱速度的变化趋势是向Ocm/s靠近。这也表明,在大流量情况下,滑脱现象可以忽略。(3)虽然实验结果体现出了一定的规律性,但规律显现的还不够充分。原因可能包含：实验条件没有充分的保持一致、特征数据的采集准确度不够。由于实验历时较长,由温度导致的粘度差异没有考虑；数据的采集依赖于肉眼和侧视数字图像,导致数据的准确度不够。这有待找其它机会做进一步的实验来探讨滑脱速度-含水率-流量-井斜间的关系。
通过对已有测量仪器的调研发现,阵列电容仪(CAT)相对而言较为适于测量水平井中多相流的分相持率。国内一些厂家已经在仿制该仪器,需要有相应的解释方法。在分析该仪器测量原理的基础上,介绍了已有的解释算法,并指出了该仪器的结构特点、在实际使用及解释中应该注意的事项,针对多相流情况提出了两种新的持率计算方法和一种新的截面成像算法,基于Matlab环境进行了编程试算,得到了持率的预测值和截面成像图。
The production profile well logging technology for multiphase flow is a necessary approach to analyses the producing degree of reserves, it can give the foundation of oil field dynamic monitoring and the establishment of all kinds of measures, it will play an important role in the efficient development of oilfields. If there are some slipping velocities, Optimum interpretation technology is the only way which could used in the case. Optimum interpretation technology in multiphase flow logging (OITMFL) can make full use of logging data. Even some of the information is incomplete, or its error is considerable, the optimum interpretation technology also can improve the interpretation accuracy to a certain degree, so it will get a better result.
The accuracy of OITMFL is influenced by optimized objective function itself and the performance of optimization algorithm.
Objective function for optimization is based on theoretical response equations of logging instruments, the theoretical response equations try to show the relationship between volume flow rate of different phase in the well and response value of logging instruments. Through literature survey, we find that there are an in-depth studies on the response equations of logging instruments for vertical wells and low-inclination wells, there are a steady relationships between phase volume flow rate and response value of logging instruments. But in horizontal sections and nearly horizontal sections, there is a poor relationship between flow rate and response value because of the influence of gravitational differentiation, as a result, the reliability of interpretation results of a production profile is decreased. There are only two kinds of objective function for optimization:weighted square sum form and weighted absolute value sum form. Two kind of function normalize the measured data by using resolution ratio of tool for to weigh the error between measured data and response value equitably. But, if the measured data and response value are different type, resolution ratio of tool can't normalize the measured data perfectly. Firstly, the theses present an objective function based on relative error method, which is trend to balance the different data by using the reciprocal of measured data to weight the error. There is a weight parameter correspond to reliability level of tools in original objective function, but I can't find how to set the parameter with theoretical foundation. At the same time, it is usually to get measured data in one trip by using tool string nowadays, so we can believe that tools in one string have the same reliability level. And then, the new construction method don't considered the reliability parameter, it is helpful to generate the objective function.
Because some response equation are complex, absolute value form in objective function lead to poor function properties, and the sum in objective function is depend on the actual logging tool string, we consider deterministic optimization algorithm is not fit OITMFL. The writer introduces to use random global optimization algorithm. After analyses the theory and characteristic of basic particle swarm optimization (PSO) and ant colony optimization (ACO), the writer present a new algorithm, it integrate PSO, ACO and chaos disturbance, named CPA, C indicate chaos disturbance, P indicate PSO, A indicate ACO. CPA attempts to make the best of the advantages of PSO, ACO and chaos disturbance. PSO has a fast convergence at earlier stage, ACO has strong search ability at later stage. Chaos has pseudo-randomness, unpredictability, ergodicity. Chaos disturbance should increase the global search ability of CPA. For objective function, CPA is fit to OITMFL because it only use function value, and it don't use function characteristic and form. The author select16benchmark functions, analyses the geometric feature when function is2two dimension. And use the16functions to compare the searching ability of three algorithms:PSO (algorithm one), PSO with chaos disturbance (algorithm two), PSO-ACO with chaos disturbance (algorithm three). The results indicate that:if the actual global optimal value is near the searching space boundary enough, the searching ability of algorithm one is the worst, the ones of algorithm two is the best, but algorithm two needs so long computing time, if the actual global optimal value is at some distance from the searching space boundary, the searching ability of algorithm three is the best, and it spend little computing time with high precision solution. The author examines the performance of the new model and new algorithm by programming to the practical data.
The influence of gravitational differentiation lead to phase separation between heavy phase and light phase, so the multiphase flow situation in horizontal sections is very different from in vertical well. It is necessary to study flow pattern firstly for studying OITMFL in horizontal sections. The author present the results and conclusions come from the experiment of oil-water two phase flow in horizontal sections and nearly horizontal sections.
For flow pattern,(1)The range of well deviation angle is±5°(denote the angle between well-bore and horizontal plane, degree is positive when fluid flow upward, and negative when fluid flow downward), under the experiment condition used, flow pattern is laminar flow regime, the difference are the smooth degree of phase boundary, the fluctuation regularity of phase boundary, the fluctuation range of phase boundary; Along with the increase of the whole quantity of flow, the phase boundary become wave from smooth, and become chaos from wave;(2)When well deviation angle is negative, heavy phase residence is weakened, so the holdup of heavy phase is less than phase cut. When well deviation angle is positive, heavy phase residence is enhanced, so the holdup of heavy phase is larger than phase cut;(3) There is a big influence on the phase boundary from well deviation angle. Especially, the position of phase boundary is very different between0°and±1°(4) When well deviation angle is0degree, for the experimental flow rate, there is a distinguishable relationship between the water depth in the side view (indicate water holdup) and water cut;(5) In the range of±5°, if whole flow rate reach400m3/d, especially reach500m3/d, well deviation angle influent little on the water depth in the side view.
For well deviation, water holdup, water cut and whole flow rate,(1) Under the experimental condition, there is a determinate relationship among well deviation, water holdup, water cut and whole flow rate. If well deviation, water cut and whole flow rate are constants, there is almost a one-one corresponding functional relationship. It is possible to get water cut from water holdup;(2) If whole flow rate is more than50m3/d, in the giving well deviation range, we can identify water cut based on water holdup; but if whole flow rate is less than 30m3/d, the reliability level is significantly impacted by well deviation angel. When well deviation angel is0°, even the whole flow rate is10m3/d,it can be distinguished. When well deviation angel is positive,30m3/d is the lower limit flow rate which can be identified; When well deviation angel is negative, less than or equal to30m3/d is hard to be identified;(3)In horizontal well-bore, the most important factor which impact water holdup is well deviation angle. The little the whole flow rate is, The more important the well deviation angle is;(4)If production condition like the experimental condition, it can get water cut from water holdup by using experiment plate.
For well deviation, slip velocity, water cut and whole flow rate,(1) If well deviation angle is negative, for a certain water cut, slip velocity increase as the whole flow rate increase, the law show a trend: down-up-down-up, some like a transformative letter "W";(2)If whole flow rate is near or more than500m3/d, the slip velocity is close to0cm/s. So,we can ignore slip phenomenon under a big enough flow rate.(3)Although there is a fuzzy regularity shown, but it is far away from clear. The reasons maybe include:the consistency of the experimental condition, the accuracy of the characteristic data etc. As a fact, the experiment don't consider viscosity which is depend on temperature, but the experiment spent too much time, it's started in spring, and finished in autumn. We get characteristic data only use our eyes and side digital image come from digital camera, it will decrease the accuracy of data. It is worth doing some continue study to discuss the relationship among these factors.
I researched and found that Capacitance Array Tool (CAT) is more suitable to measure the phase holdup in horizontal section than other logging instruments. Some manufacturers are about to made CAT themselves, they need the interpretation method for the instrument. The author analyses the principle of measurement, and introduce the existing interpretation algorithms. The author presents the structural features of the tool, and some matters need attention in practice. The author presents two new algorithms to calculate phase holdup based on optimal method, and a new imaging algorithm for cross section image, then the author write programme to test the new algorithms under Matlab, then get the phase holdup and the cross section image.
引文
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