专业化劳动力、经济增长与产业升级
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摘要
改革开放30年来,中国走过了快速工业化的过程,保持了长期高速的经济增长,取得了举世瞩目的成就,也付出沉重的代价。尽快实现经济增长方式转变,推动产业升级是当前中国经济发展面临的首要命题。
深圳市的改革实践似乎为这一命题提供了可行的答案,即通过自主创新、分工深化、产业集聚、专业劳动力培育与升级、大力发展高新技术产业,实现了产业结构升级、经济增长方式转变、经济长期快速稳定增长。这种升级和发展,不是一味模仿,也不是简单的“雁形理论”的跟从,而是依靠创新和专业化分工,实现以简单劳动力静态比较优势为主向以专业化劳动力动态比较优势为主的转变。时至今日,深圳不仅拥有华为、中兴等国际一流的高新技术企业,也有服装、珠宝等产品远销海外的传统优势产业,深圳还培育出了发达的金融服务业,创新的现代物流业,走向全球的文化产业,并创建了国际一流的人居环境。
本文通过对增长理论的梳理,以增长理论的最新扩展即内生专业化劳动力增长理论为基础,结合实际做了进一步推演,构建了专业化劳动力的升级模型和基于专业化劳动力的产业结构分析模式。并以此为分析框架,选取深圳电子通讯设备制造业、生物基因产业作为高新技术产业的样本,选取深圳黄金珠宝业、服装业作为传统优势产业的样本,对深圳模式进行了系统的案例研究,总结发现了一条发展中国家基于专业化劳动力比较优势实现赶超的可能路径,从而回答了中国经济增长、转型、升级的三大核心问题。
形成的主要结论如下：1、在信息革命、知识经济、全球化分工的背景下,经济增长的核心源泉来自由分工和专业化形成的、富于创造和创新的专业化劳动力。2、通过促进产业聚集,深化分工,从而增加专业化劳动力的种类和数量,推动专业化劳动力升级,是缩小发展中国家与发达国家经济与技术差距的关键。3、依托专业化劳动力动态比较优势,推进新技术的应用,新产业的开发,新产业的创造,是发展中国家加快长期经济增长速度,拉近甚至赶超发达国家的关键。4、中国可以通过发挥专业化劳动力的动态比较优势,发展高新技术产业,转变经济增长方式；中国可以依托专业化劳动力的升级,实现产业的升级；中国可以借助基于专业化劳动力的创新,推进高新技术产业高级化,巩固和提升优势传统产业,培育壮大新兴战略产业,构建有国际竞争力的现代产业体系,推动中国经济实现长期较快增长。
Over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, China went through a course of rapid industrialization, sustained long-term fast economic growth, and achieved outstanding results, while the cost incurred was heavy. Therefore, it is now a first priority for China to realize the transformation of economic growth model and promote the overall industrial upgrading as soon as possible.
Shenzhen's reform experience seems to have provided a practical answer to this question. Via proactive innovation, specialization, industrial agglomeration, cultivation and upgrading of specialized labor, promotion of high/new-tech industries, Shenzhen succeeded in realizing industrial upgrading, transforming economic growth model, and sustaining long-term fast economic growth. Such upgrading and growth is neither mere imitation nor simple application of the theory of Flying Geese Pattern. Rather, Shenzhen relied on innovation and specialization to realize the transition from static comparative advantages based on simple labor to dynamic comparative advantages based on specialized labor. Now, Shenzhen boasts of world-leading high/new-tech enterprises such as Huawei and ZTE, as well as traditionally strong industries such as garment and jewelry whose products are being sold.globally. Along with the industrial upgrading, Shenzhen has fostered a strong financial services industry, an innovative modern logistics industry, an outward-looking cultural industry, as well as a world-leading living environment.
This paper carried out further inference in view of realities through review of the growth theories, based on the latest expansion of growth theories, i.e. the growth theory of organic specialized labor, and built an upgrading model of specialized labor and an industrial structure analysis model based on specialized labor. Taking the abovementioned as analysis framework, we chose Shenzhen's electronic telecommunication equipment manufacturing industry and gene industry as samples of high/new-tech industries, and chose Shenzhen's gold and jewelry industries and garment industry as samples of traditionally strong industries. We conducted systematic case research on the Shenzhen model, and obtained some copiable universal conclusions. We discovered a practicable path for developing countries to rely on comparative advantages created by specialized labor to achieve exceptional growth, thus answered the three core questions as to China's economic growth, transformation, and industrial upgrading.
Our major conclusions are as follows:1) In the backdrop of IT revolution, knowledge economy and global specialization, the core driver of economic growth is the creative and innovative specialized labor created by free specialization and labor division.2) The key to narrowing the economic and technical gaps between developing countries and developed ones is increasing the types and amounts of specialized labor via promotion of industrial agglomeration and labor division. thereby promoting the upgrading of specialized labor.3) The key for developing countries to accelerate long-term economic growth and get closer to or even outpace developed countries is to reply on dynamic comparative advantages arising from specialized labor to promote the application of new technologies, the development of new industries, and the creation of new industries.4) China can rely on the dynamic comparative advantages arising from specialized labor to develop high/new-tech industries and transform the economic growth model. China can rely on the upgrading of specialized labor to realize industrial upgrading. China can rely on the specialized labor-based innovation to promote the upgrading of high/new-tech industries, to consolidate and upgrade the traditionally strong industries, to foster and strengthen the emerging strategic industries, and to build a modern industry system with international competitiveness, thereby promoting the long-term rapid growth of China's economy.
深圳市的改革实践似乎为这一命题提供了可行的答案,即通过自主创新、分工深化、产业集聚、专业劳动力培育与升级、大力发展高新技术产业,实现了产业结构升级、经济增长方式转变、经济长期快速稳定增长。这种升级和发展,不是一味模仿,也不是简单的“雁形理论”的跟从,而是依靠创新和专业化分工,实现以简单劳动力静态比较优势为主向以专业化劳动力动态比较优势为主的转变。时至今日,深圳不仅拥有华为、中兴等国际一流的高新技术企业,也有服装、珠宝等产品远销海外的传统优势产业,深圳还培育出了发达的金融服务业,创新的现代物流业,走向全球的文化产业,并创建了国际一流的人居环境。
本文通过对增长理论的梳理,以增长理论的最新扩展即内生专业化劳动力增长理论为基础,结合实际做了进一步推演,构建了专业化劳动力的升级模型和基于专业化劳动力的产业结构分析模式。并以此为分析框架,选取深圳电子通讯设备制造业、生物基因产业作为高新技术产业的样本,选取深圳黄金珠宝业、服装业作为传统优势产业的样本,对深圳模式进行了系统的案例研究,总结发现了一条发展中国家基于专业化劳动力比较优势实现赶超的可能路径,从而回答了中国经济增长、转型、升级的三大核心问题。
形成的主要结论如下：1、在信息革命、知识经济、全球化分工的背景下,经济增长的核心源泉来自由分工和专业化形成的、富于创造和创新的专业化劳动力。2、通过促进产业聚集,深化分工,从而增加专业化劳动力的种类和数量,推动专业化劳动力升级,是缩小发展中国家与发达国家经济与技术差距的关键。3、依托专业化劳动力动态比较优势,推进新技术的应用,新产业的开发,新产业的创造,是发展中国家加快长期经济增长速度,拉近甚至赶超发达国家的关键。4、中国可以通过发挥专业化劳动力的动态比较优势,发展高新技术产业,转变经济增长方式；中国可以依托专业化劳动力的升级,实现产业的升级；中国可以借助基于专业化劳动力的创新,推进高新技术产业高级化,巩固和提升优势传统产业,培育壮大新兴战略产业,构建有国际竞争力的现代产业体系,推动中国经济实现长期较快增长。
Over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, China went through a course of rapid industrialization, sustained long-term fast economic growth, and achieved outstanding results, while the cost incurred was heavy. Therefore, it is now a first priority for China to realize the transformation of economic growth model and promote the overall industrial upgrading as soon as possible.
Shenzhen's reform experience seems to have provided a practical answer to this question. Via proactive innovation, specialization, industrial agglomeration, cultivation and upgrading of specialized labor, promotion of high/new-tech industries, Shenzhen succeeded in realizing industrial upgrading, transforming economic growth model, and sustaining long-term fast economic growth. Such upgrading and growth is neither mere imitation nor simple application of the theory of Flying Geese Pattern. Rather, Shenzhen relied on innovation and specialization to realize the transition from static comparative advantages based on simple labor to dynamic comparative advantages based on specialized labor. Now, Shenzhen boasts of world-leading high/new-tech enterprises such as Huawei and ZTE, as well as traditionally strong industries such as garment and jewelry whose products are being sold.globally. Along with the industrial upgrading, Shenzhen has fostered a strong financial services industry, an innovative modern logistics industry, an outward-looking cultural industry, as well as a world-leading living environment.
This paper carried out further inference in view of realities through review of the growth theories, based on the latest expansion of growth theories, i.e. the growth theory of organic specialized labor, and built an upgrading model of specialized labor and an industrial structure analysis model based on specialized labor. Taking the abovementioned as analysis framework, we chose Shenzhen's electronic telecommunication equipment manufacturing industry and gene industry as samples of high/new-tech industries, and chose Shenzhen's gold and jewelry industries and garment industry as samples of traditionally strong industries. We conducted systematic case research on the Shenzhen model, and obtained some copiable universal conclusions. We discovered a practicable path for developing countries to rely on comparative advantages created by specialized labor to achieve exceptional growth, thus answered the three core questions as to China's economic growth, transformation, and industrial upgrading.
Our major conclusions are as follows:1) In the backdrop of IT revolution, knowledge economy and global specialization, the core driver of economic growth is the creative and innovative specialized labor created by free specialization and labor division.2) The key to narrowing the economic and technical gaps between developing countries and developed ones is increasing the types and amounts of specialized labor via promotion of industrial agglomeration and labor division. thereby promoting the upgrading of specialized labor.3) The key for developing countries to accelerate long-term economic growth and get closer to or even outpace developed countries is to reply on dynamic comparative advantages arising from specialized labor to promote the application of new technologies, the development of new industries, and the creation of new industries.4) China can rely on the dynamic comparative advantages arising from specialized labor to develop high/new-tech industries and transform the economic growth model. China can rely on the upgrading of specialized labor to realize industrial upgrading. China can rely on the specialized labor-based innovation to promote the upgrading of high/new-tech industries, to consolidate and upgrade the traditionally strong industries, to foster and strengthen the emerging strategic industries, and to build a modern industry system with international competitiveness, thereby promoting the long-term rapid growth of China's economy.
引文
47 Adrian Wooldridge 《A special report on innovation in emerging markets》—The emerging world, long a source of cheap labour, now rivals the rich countries for business innovation. Economist April 17th-23rd 2010.
59 Adrian Wooldridge 《A special report on innovation in emerging markets》—The emerging world, long a source of cheap labour, now rivals the rich countries for business innovation. Economist April 17th-23rd 2010.
60 C. K. Prahalad The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid Wharton School Publishing August 5,2004 ISBN978-0-131-46750-7, The New Age of Innovation. Driving Co-Created Value Through Global Networks. By C.K.Prahalad and M.S. Krishnan (McGraw Hill,2008).
61 Open Innovation:the new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Henry William Chesbrough. ISBN:978-1-422102-83-1 2005 227 pages Harvard Business press.
74 盛斌、马涛《中间产品贸易对另劳动力需求变化的影响：基于工业部门动态面板数据的分析》,《世界经济》2008/3。
75生产分割的生产率效应》“经济研究”2010/2。刘庆林等《国际
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91见杨汝岱和姚洋《有限赶超与经济增长》“经济研究”2008/8
95参见RichardN. Langlois《技术、组织与社会的模块性》康涅狄格大学工作论文,1999年5月。
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74 盛斌、马涛《中间产品贸易对另劳动力需求变化的影响：基于工业部门动态面板数据的分析》,《世界经济》2008/3。
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76吴延兵《自主研发、技术引进与生产率—基于中国地区工业的实证研究》“经济研究,,2008/8。
77杨汝岱,姚洋《有限赶超与经济增长》“经济研究”2008/8
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96参见《内生制度与制度变迁》国际经济协会2005年世界论坛约稿,《日本经济失去的十年》"Cournot Centre for Economic Studies"(?)工作论文,2007年9月。
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