中国奶业原料奶生产组织模式及效率研究
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摘要
奶业是中国快速发展的新兴产业,奶制品不仅营养丰富全面,而且易于消化吸收,正日益成为居民消费的重要食品。奶业跨越第一、二、三产业,链条长,辐射面广,在为消费者提供终端产品的同时,也带动了相关产业的发展。近年来,随着人们生活水平的提高和消费观念的转变,奶制品的消费量呈现出良好的增长势头,这种变化以及由此产生的奶制品加工业的快速发展,为原料奶生产创造了巨大的市场空间。但是,在发展的过程中,原料奶产量增长的速度远远滞后于加工企业需求增长的速度,这不仅使原料奶生产成为制约奶业发展的瓶颈,而且也引发了奶制品严重的质量安全问题。如何深入分析这些问题的内在原因,从而有效解决目前存在的问题,对于中国奶业的健康发展具有重要意义。
     原料奶市场供不应求,说明我国原料奶产量小、效率低,而造成这一现象的根本原因在于奶牛养殖的总体规模和组织化程度还不够高。因此,分析研究我国目前原料奶生产的组织模式,总结和借鉴科学的生产方式,充分发挥资源和技术优势,大力提高生产效率是解决原料奶供给不足的有效途径。本文以奶牛养殖重点地区内蒙古呼和浩特地区为点做实证分析,以全国范围不同组织模式及其效率,不同地区的组织模式、生产特点及其效率为线做对比分析,通过一点两线的分析研究,试图探索原料奶生产的内在规律。
     产业组织的模式和结构对效率有较大影响。现阶段,我国原料奶生产的组织模式主要有四种,即农户家庭散养模式、养殖场模式、养殖小区模式和新型合作制模式。其中,农户家庭散养模式约占80%,比重最大,但组织化程度和管理水平最低,由于相对成本比较小,因而技术效率和配置效率比较低而经济效率比较高。养殖小区模式和养殖场模式所占比重比较小,虽然组织化程度和管理水平都有所改进,但相对成本增加得较多,所以技术效率和配置效率比较高而经济效率却比较低。新型合作制模式起步晚、数量少,但由于整合了各方面的资源优势,因而整体生产效率最高,显示出良好的发展前景。
     内蒙古地区作为我国原料奶生产的优势区域具有一定的典型性。实证分析表明,内蒙古奶业的发展居全国领先地位,原料奶生产的组织模式以农户家庭散养为主,规模化养殖有了一定的发展,呼和浩特地区成年奶牛平均年单产在5吨多,总体来看,养殖效率还不高。目前,影响原料奶生产效率的因素主要有奶牛品种、养殖时间、养殖者受培训的程度和饲草料成本。如果奶牛品种好、养殖时间长、养殖者经验技术成熟、自己有饲草料基地,则养殖效率比较好,反之则比较差。
     不同区域的自然条件和生产要素存在差异,其原奶生产的组织模式和效率也会有所不同。了解这些特点有利于发挥区域优势,促进资源流动,提高生产效率。我国奶业产区可以分为东北、华北、西北、大城市周边和南方五大区域,凡是气候较为凉爽、饲草料供应充足的地区,原奶生产发展也比较快,大城市周边地区,虽然生产成本比较高,但由于技术和管理水平好,奶牛单产在全国是最高的。总体而言,我国原料奶生产的优势区域在北方,养殖模式以家庭散养为主,大城市周边地区规模养殖场多一些,全国奶牛单产水平由高到低依次为大城市周边、东北、华北、南方和西北地区。
     原料奶生产除了自身因素之外,还受外部因素的影响,其中主要有加工企业、国家产业政策和经济全球化等因素。2008年发生的“三鹿”事件,不是一个孤立的现象,正是各种因素长期作用的结果。解决当前的奶业问题,需要从深层次分析其内在原因。本文认为,解决好三个方面的问题是至关重要的,即:原料奶市场的供求关系、利益主体的契约关系与一体化经营、乳品行业自律与政府监管。展望未来,不断研究和积极探索我国原料奶生产的组织模式,努力提高生产效率对于奶业的健康发展是必要的,完善新型合作制模式,实现一体化经营应该是未来发展的方向。
The dairy industry is a fast developed emerging industry in China. The milk product is not only nutrition rich comprehensive, but also easy to digest and becoming an important food of consumption. The dairy industry surmounts Primary, Secondary and Tertiary industries, has a long chain link and a broad radiating surface, while provides the terminal product for the consumer, it has led the related industries to develop. In recent years, with people living standard's enhancement and the expense idea's transformation, the consumption quantity of milk product has a good rising trend, This change, as well as dairy products, resulting in the rapid development of processing enterprises, has created the giant market space for raw milk production. However, in the development process, the speed of raw milk output grows is lags to the speed of the Processing industry demand grows, which not only causes raw milk product into the bottleneck ,but also has caused the serious quality security problems of the milk product. How to analyze thoroughly the immanent cause of these questions, thereby effectively to solve the present problems, has the important meaning regarding the Chinese dairy industry's healthy development.
     The supply of raw milk market is unable to meet the demand. That means our country raw milk output is small and the inefficiency, but the basic reason of this phenomenon lie in the overall scale and the organization degree on the cow cultivation is low. Therefore, it is an efficient path for overcoming the raw milk insufficient to analyses and study the present raw milk production's organization pattern in our country, summarize the scientific production method, display the resources and the technical superiority fully and raise vigorously the production efficiency. This paper attempts to explore the inner laws on raw milk production by making the empirical analysis taking cow cultivation key area Inner Mongolia as the spot to give a contrastive analysis of the efficiency in different organization pattern and production method in different area.
     Industrial organization's pattern and the structure have a great affect to efficiency. In present stage, there are mainly four kinds about raw milk production's organization pattern in our country, namely the peasant family frees-rang pattern, the farm pattern, the breeding plot pattern and the new cooperation pattern. The proportion of peasant family frees-rang pattern is approximately 80%, and it is the biggest, but the organization degree and the management level are low. As a result of the relatively smaller costs, the technical efficiency and the allocative effects are quite lower, the economic efficiency is higher. The breeding plot pattern and the farm pattern accounts for quite smaller proportion, although the organization degree and the management level have greater improvement in turn, the relative cost also increases, the technical efficiency and the allocative effects are quite high and the economic efficiency are quite actually low. The new cooperation pattern just starts, its quantity is few, but as a result of conforming various aspects resources superiority and highest production efficiency, it demonstrates a good prospects.
     There is certain typical nature in The Inner Mongolian area as our country raw milk production's superiority region. The empirical analysis indicated that the Inner Mongolian dairy industry's development occupies the national leading position, the raw milk production frees-rang by the peasant family primarily, the formalization cultivation has had certain development, The average unit yield per year of grown-up cow in Hohhot is about five tons, overall, the cultivation efficiency is not high. At present, the main factors affecting raw material milk production efficiency are cow variety, cultivation time, the planter's trained degree and the fodder cost. If the cow variety is good, the cultivation time is long, the planter's experiences and technology are better, and they have their fodder base, the cultivation efficiency is quite good, otherwise is quite bad.
     The natural conditions and elements of production of different zones are different, so will raw milk production pattern and its efficiency. Understanding these characteristics is advantageous in displaying the region superiority, promoting resource to flow and raising the production efficiency. Dairy industrial production region in our country may be divided into Northeast, North China, Northwest, The big city peripheral and South ranges, If one region has the comparatively cool climate and the sufficient feed supply, its raw milk production also develops fast. Although the high production cost in big city's peripheral region, the cow's yield per unit is the highest in the nation for the technology and the management level are good, In a word, the north is raw milk productive superiority region in our country, and the cultivation pattern is frees-rang by the family primarily. There are many large farms in big urban peripheral locality somewhat. The cow's yield level per unit is the big city peripheral, Northeast, North China, South and Northwestern Region in turn from high to low in our country.
     Besides its interior factors, raw milk production is also influenced by external factors, such as processing industry, country industrial policies and economic globalization. In 2008, the "three deer" event is not an isolated phenomenon, as a result of kinds of factors' long-term function. To solve current dairy industrial problems, we need to analyses its immanent cause from a deep hierarchy. This paper believed that it is very important to solve three problems as fellows: the supply-demand relation in raw milk market, the contractual relationship of the main connection side and integrated management, dairy industrial autonomy and government supervision. Looking forward to the future, it is diligently necessary to study and explore raw milk productive organization pattern in our country and to raise the productive efficiency for the dairy industrial healthy development. We should consummate the new cooperation pattern and realize the integrated management in future.
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