牛羊全日粮复合秸秆饲料成型工艺研究
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摘要
本论文通过对复合秸秆成型饲料工艺的研究,确定了适宜的复合秸秆饲料成型工艺流程和工艺参数。同时,深入研究了不同日粮组成及其性状、添加剂及其水平等对复合秸秆饲料成型效果的影响。并通过模糊综合评判模型,对各种加工方案进行了多因子模糊综合评判。
结果表明:①采用SYKH850环模压块机,通过调整粗饲料中水分、糖蜜、膨润土的添加量及玉米秸秆与苜蓿干草的比例等条件,可压制出3×3cm~2规格的牛羊复合秸秆成型状饲料。其最佳复合秸秆全日粮成型工艺流程为:粗饲料铡短、揉丝—→生化复合处理—→干燥—→配置精饲料—→混合—→添加调质—→压块—→干燥冷却—→打包。②精粗比4:6的日粮含水率为21.48%时,成型率最高,为90.36%,密度最大,为861.63kg/m~3,抗碎性最好为95.20%;粒度2粗饲料配制的日粮压块成型率最高,为91.35%,抗碎性最大,为90.35;粒度3粗饲料配制的日粮压块密度最大,为885.63kg/m~3;喂料速度对压块效果基本上没有影响,但速度过快会发生压块机进料口堵塞,速度过慢,生产效率太低。③随着膨润土添加量的增大,块料的成型率、抗碎性均有提高,密度增大,但当添加量过高时,因膨润土比例加大而配方营养浓度降低,一般采用3%的膨润土添加水平为宜;糖蜜添加对成型率、密度与抗碎性等各项指标没有明显的影响,且有随着添加量的增大成型有反而下降的微弱趋势。④随着日粮精粗比的提高日粮制粒效果逐渐变差;粗蛋白水平越高的日粮越容易压块;苜蓿干草较玉米秸秆容易成型,当用苜蓿干草完全取代玉米秸秆时,压块效果最好。⑤水分、糖蜜添加量、膨润土添加量、苜蓿干草与玉米秸秆比例四个因素对三个指标影响的主次关系是:水分>膨润土添加量>苜蓿干草与玉米秸秆比例>糖蜜添加量,且经正交试验预测精粗比4:6的TMR水分含量、膨润土添加量、苜蓿干草与玉米秸秆比例及糖蜜添加量分别为23%、3%、25:35、1.5%时试验成型效果最好;经多因素3水平交互作用正交方差分析,含水率与粒度交互作用、粒度与膨润土交互作用对成型率影响不明显,含水率与膨润土交互作用对成型率的影响明显,两因素都取水平3为好。(6)通过多层次模糊综合评判,本研究27个加工方案综合评判值前三位分别为:加工工艺24,加工工艺27,加工工艺21。
Technical flow-process and parameters of biochemically treated crop fodder ration formation processing were investigated and determined. Furthermore, the effect of different ration ingredients and their characters, different additives and their adding levels on formation effectiveness of crop fodder ration were studied systematically. Besides, the optimal processing scheme was selected from 27 processing scheme through fuzzy multifactorial model.The results showed that: (1) The best Technical flow-process is Cuttings—Biochemically treating — Drying—Adding concentrate —Commixing — Modulating—Pelleting—Drying and cooling —Packing. (2) When the moisture content of ration(concentrate/roughage is 4:6) was 21.48, the shaping rate was the highest (90.36%), the density was the largest (861.63kg/m3 ), and smash resistance was the best (95.20%). Pellets made with roughage size 3 had the highest density(885.63 kg/m3). The ration adding velocity had no significant effect on pelleting, but low adding velocity led to poor production efficiency, while high adding velocity caused frequently choke. (3) With the increasing of adding quantity of bentonite, shaping rate, smash-resistance and density were improved, but the nutrient density of ration was too low when the bentonite adding level was too high. So, 3% was adopted as a optimum adding level. Adding molasses did not have significant effect on pelleting indexes, such as shaping rate , smash-resistance, density and so on.To the contrary, it had a faint depressing trend on shaping rate .(4)With the ratio of concentrate/roughage increasing, the shaping of ration was becoming harder. While with the increased crude protein level in ration, the shaping of ration was becoming easier. The alfalfa hay has a good character as a ingredient to haping pellet, when alfalfa hay totally take the place of corn fodder ,the shaping effectiveness was the best. (5)Four factors(moisture , molasses, bentonite , alfalfa hay/corn fodder) had different effect degree on three pelleting indexes(shaping rate, smash-resistance, and density) ,and the order was ranked as follow: moisture > Bentonite > alfalfa hay/corn fodder > molasses. 23%moisture, 3% Bentonite, 25:35 alfalfa hay/corn fodder, 1.5% molasses forecasted by The Orthogonal Experiment Design [L_9(3~4)] were the best level to pellet. Through analysis of variance, neither alternating of moisture and size,nor alternating of size and bentonite had effect on pelleting, while alternating of moisture and bentonite had a significant effect on pelleting, and level 3 was the best adding quatity. (6) Through a fuzzy multifactorial evaluation of mathematical model, the three best processing scheme was ranked as: processing scheme 24, processing scheme 27, processing scheme 21.
结果表明:①采用SYKH850环模压块机,通过调整粗饲料中水分、糖蜜、膨润土的添加量及玉米秸秆与苜蓿干草的比例等条件,可压制出3×3cm~2规格的牛羊复合秸秆成型状饲料。其最佳复合秸秆全日粮成型工艺流程为:粗饲料铡短、揉丝—→生化复合处理—→干燥—→配置精饲料—→混合—→添加调质—→压块—→干燥冷却—→打包。②精粗比4:6的日粮含水率为21.48%时,成型率最高,为90.36%,密度最大,为861.63kg/m~3,抗碎性最好为95.20%;粒度2粗饲料配制的日粮压块成型率最高,为91.35%,抗碎性最大,为90.35;粒度3粗饲料配制的日粮压块密度最大,为885.63kg/m~3;喂料速度对压块效果基本上没有影响,但速度过快会发生压块机进料口堵塞,速度过慢,生产效率太低。③随着膨润土添加量的增大,块料的成型率、抗碎性均有提高,密度增大,但当添加量过高时,因膨润土比例加大而配方营养浓度降低,一般采用3%的膨润土添加水平为宜;糖蜜添加对成型率、密度与抗碎性等各项指标没有明显的影响,且有随着添加量的增大成型有反而下降的微弱趋势。④随着日粮精粗比的提高日粮制粒效果逐渐变差;粗蛋白水平越高的日粮越容易压块;苜蓿干草较玉米秸秆容易成型,当用苜蓿干草完全取代玉米秸秆时,压块效果最好。⑤水分、糖蜜添加量、膨润土添加量、苜蓿干草与玉米秸秆比例四个因素对三个指标影响的主次关系是:水分>膨润土添加量>苜蓿干草与玉米秸秆比例>糖蜜添加量,且经正交试验预测精粗比4:6的TMR水分含量、膨润土添加量、苜蓿干草与玉米秸秆比例及糖蜜添加量分别为23%、3%、25:35、1.5%时试验成型效果最好;经多因素3水平交互作用正交方差分析,含水率与粒度交互作用、粒度与膨润土交互作用对成型率影响不明显,含水率与膨润土交互作用对成型率的影响明显,两因素都取水平3为好。(6)通过多层次模糊综合评判,本研究27个加工方案综合评判值前三位分别为:加工工艺24,加工工艺27,加工工艺21。
Technical flow-process and parameters of biochemically treated crop fodder ration formation processing were investigated and determined. Furthermore, the effect of different ration ingredients and their characters, different additives and their adding levels on formation effectiveness of crop fodder ration were studied systematically. Besides, the optimal processing scheme was selected from 27 processing scheme through fuzzy multifactorial model.The results showed that: (1) The best Technical flow-process is Cuttings—Biochemically treating — Drying—Adding concentrate —Commixing — Modulating—Pelleting—Drying and cooling —Packing. (2) When the moisture content of ration(concentrate/roughage is 4:6) was 21.48, the shaping rate was the highest (90.36%), the density was the largest (861.63kg/m3 ), and smash resistance was the best (95.20%). Pellets made with roughage size 3 had the highest density(885.63 kg/m3). The ration adding velocity had no significant effect on pelleting, but low adding velocity led to poor production efficiency, while high adding velocity caused frequently choke. (3) With the increasing of adding quantity of bentonite, shaping rate, smash-resistance and density were improved, but the nutrient density of ration was too low when the bentonite adding level was too high. So, 3% was adopted as a optimum adding level. Adding molasses did not have significant effect on pelleting indexes, such as shaping rate , smash-resistance, density and so on.To the contrary, it had a faint depressing trend on shaping rate .(4)With the ratio of concentrate/roughage increasing, the shaping of ration was becoming harder. While with the increased crude protein level in ration, the shaping of ration was becoming easier. The alfalfa hay has a good character as a ingredient to haping pellet, when alfalfa hay totally take the place of corn fodder ,the shaping effectiveness was the best. (5)Four factors(moisture , molasses, bentonite , alfalfa hay/corn fodder) had different effect degree on three pelleting indexes(shaping rate, smash-resistance, and density) ,and the order was ranked as follow: moisture > Bentonite > alfalfa hay/corn fodder > molasses. 23%moisture, 3% Bentonite, 25:35 alfalfa hay/corn fodder, 1.5% molasses forecasted by The Orthogonal Experiment Design [L_9(3~4)] were the best level to pellet. Through analysis of variance, neither alternating of moisture and size,nor alternating of size and bentonite had effect on pelleting, while alternating of moisture and bentonite had a significant effect on pelleting, and level 3 was the best adding quatity. (6) Through a fuzzy multifactorial evaluation of mathematical model, the three best processing scheme was ranked as: processing scheme 24, processing scheme 27, processing scheme 21.
引文
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