生命周期评价在环境治理工程中的应用
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摘要
生命周期评价(LCA)是一种对产品、生产工艺以及活动的整个生命周期对环境的压力进行辨识和量化的工具。生命周期评价是在可持续发展要求的推动下，为降低对环境的影响又能满足用户和管理者的需求而提出的。它是将综合预防污染和节约资源的战略用于产品、工艺过程的设计中，以开发出更为生态的、经济的、可持续发展的体系。它是对产品或过程从最初的原材料采集到加工制造、产品使用以及用后处理的全过程进行跟踪和定量分析(即所谓的从摇篮到坟墓)与定性评价的方法。
本文在传统生命周期评价方法的基础上，研究了一套适用于城市污水处理厂的生命周期评价体系。该评价体系综合考虑了环境、经济、技术水平三方面因素，并通过具体实例的考察，对所提方案进行论证，同时也为污水处理厂的经营者和环境管理者提供了数据基础，有利于建设更为环保、经济、可持续发展的城市污水处理厂。另外，在评价过程中采用了层次分析的评分方法，在该层次分析法的使用中，不仅选用了专家评分的定性给分法，同时还根据获取数据的具体数值，运用了定量给分的方法，从而使计算结果对工程实际的体现程度更高。
Life Cycle assessment(LCA) is a tool which distinguish and valuate the environmental impact of a product, process or activity throughout its entire life cycle. It is put forward to meet the needs of reducing total environmental impacts while satisfying the demand of customers as well as environmental governor under the force of sustainable development of society. It integrates polluting prevention and resource conservation strategies into the design of the product and process to develop more ecological, economical and sustainable system. It is a quantitative and qualitative analysis method which evaluate the product and process from the collection of raw material to the manufacture, use of the product as well as the disposal of it.A LCA system which is suitable to evaluate the municipal wastewater treatment work is discussed on the basis of the traditional LCA in this paper. It contains environment, economy and technology three factors and is demonstrated by the example. This LCA system provide basic data to the manager and governor, at the same time it is benefit for constructing more ecological and economically sustainable municipal wastewater treatment work. Analytic hiberarchy process is used in the paper. In order to reflect the practice more effectively, quantitative and qualitative evaluate method are both used.
本文在传统生命周期评价方法的基础上，研究了一套适用于城市污水处理厂的生命周期评价体系。该评价体系综合考虑了环境、经济、技术水平三方面因素，并通过具体实例的考察，对所提方案进行论证，同时也为污水处理厂的经营者和环境管理者提供了数据基础，有利于建设更为环保、经济、可持续发展的城市污水处理厂。另外，在评价过程中采用了层次分析的评分方法，在该层次分析法的使用中，不仅选用了专家评分的定性给分法，同时还根据获取数据的具体数值，运用了定量给分的方法，从而使计算结果对工程实际的体现程度更高。
Life Cycle assessment(LCA) is a tool which distinguish and valuate the environmental impact of a product, process or activity throughout its entire life cycle. It is put forward to meet the needs of reducing total environmental impacts while satisfying the demand of customers as well as environmental governor under the force of sustainable development of society. It integrates polluting prevention and resource conservation strategies into the design of the product and process to develop more ecological, economical and sustainable system. It is a quantitative and qualitative analysis method which evaluate the product and process from the collection of raw material to the manufacture, use of the product as well as the disposal of it.A LCA system which is suitable to evaluate the municipal wastewater treatment work is discussed on the basis of the traditional LCA in this paper. It contains environment, economy and technology three factors and is demonstrated by the example. This LCA system provide basic data to the manager and governor, at the same time it is benefit for constructing more ecological and economically sustainable municipal wastewater treatment work. Analytic hiberarchy process is used in the paper. In order to reflect the practice more effectively, quantitative and qualitative evaluate method are both used.
引文
[1] (英)赖斯(Nath，B)等，吕永龙主译，环境管理，中国环境科学出版社，1996
[2] Mary Ann Curran, "Groad-based Environmental Life Cycle Assessment", Environ. Sci .Technol., 1993,27(3):431～436
[3] 杨建新，王如松，生命周期评价的回顾与展望，环境科学进展，1998，6(2)：21～28
[4] 刘顺妮，林宗涛，张小伟，硅酸盐水泥的生命周期评价方法初探，中国环境科学，1998，19(4)：328～332
[5] 席德立，彭小燕，LCA中清单分析数据的获得，环境科学，1997，18(5)：84～87
[6] 杨建新，王寿兵，徐成，生命周期清单分析中的分配方法，中国环境科学，1999，19(3)：285～288
[7] 周仲凡，王吉，陈文明，生命周期设计用于产品环境要求设计初探，环境科学研究，1999，12(3)：45～48
[8] 陶华，陶加林，生命周期评价在中国城市垃圾减量化的应用，环境科学研究，1998，11(3)：45～48
[9] 王寿兵，胡聃，杨建新，综合产品环境审计工具：生命周期清单分析，环境科学，2000，21(3)：27-30
[10] 王毅，魏江，许庆瑞，生命周期评价的应用、内涵与挑战，环境导报，1998，5：27～29
[11] GB／T 24040-1999环境管理生命周期评价 原则与框架，1999
[12] A. Azapagic and B .Solberg-Johansen ollk at the principles and practice of life cycle assessment, Engineering February 1998, 26～27
[13] A. azapagic and R. Clift, Life Cycle Assessment and Linear Programming-Environmental Optimization of Product System, Computerrs chem. Engng, 1995(19):229～234
[14] 王寿兵，胡聃，吴千红，生命周期评价及其在环境管理中的应用，中国环境科学，1999，19(1)：77-80
[15] 杨建新，面向产品的环境管理工具：产品生命周期评价，环境科学，1999，20(1)：100～103
[16] 王寿兵，杨建新，胡聃，生命周期评价方法及其进展，上海环境科学，1998，17(11)
[17] IVO Hknoepfel, A Framework for Environmental Impact Assessment of Long-distance Energy Transport System, Energy, 1996,7/8(21):693～702
[18] V. Aelion, Francesc castells, Agis Veroutis, Life Cycle Inventory Analysis of Chemical Processes, Environ. Progr. 1995, 14(3): 193～200
[19] E. Patrick, W. Laurence, Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process Techniques to Streamlined Life-Cycle Analysis of Two Anodizing Process, Environ. Sci. Technol., 1993, 33: 1495～1500
[20] S. T. Chubbs, B. A. Steinet, Life Cycle Assessment in the Steel Industry, Environ. Progr., 1998, 17(2):922～995
[21] 郑勇，闭路循环应用于金属表面处理行业的环境影响分析——生命周期分析的实例，城市环境与城市生态，1998，11(4)：17～20
[22] 佘丰宁，运用生命周期评估进行废弃物管理，环境保护，1998，7：18～20
[23] J. R. Barton, D .Dalley and V. S. Patel, Life Cycle Assessment for Waste Management, Waste Management, 1996, 16 :35～50
[24] 徐成，杨建新，胡聃，城市生活垃圾生命周期管理，城市环境与城市生态，1998，11(3)：52～55
[25] R. Chittaranjan, K. Ravi, A. Bemard and E. Dean, Hazardous Waste Minimization through Life Cycle Cost Analysis at Federal Facilities, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 1999, 49 :17～27
[26] H. Song, J .Hyun, A Study on the Comparison of Various Waste Management Scenarios for PET Bottles Using the Life-Cycle Assessment(LCA) methodology, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 1999, 27: 267～284
[27] J. Seppata, M. Melanen, T. Jouttijarvi, L. Kauppi, Forest Industry and the Environment: A Life Cycle Assessment Study From Finland, Resources, Conservation, Recycling, 1998,23:87～105
[28] A. Hart, R. Clift, S. Riddlestone, Local Paper Production: Life Cycle Assessment of A Novel Form of Graphics Quality Paper Production, EngD in Environmental Technology Conference 1998, 29～41
[29] P. J. Rocleved, A .Klapwijk, P. G. Eggds, W. H. Rulkens and W .Van Starkenburg, Sustainability of municipal Wastewater Treatment, Wate. Sci .Tech., 1997, 35(10): 221～228
[30] 辛志伟，郭连城，张永真等，应用简式生命周期矩阵评价环境标志产品，环境保护，1996，6：23～25
[31] L .C. Nancy, T. David, An Abridged Life-Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicle Batteries, Environ ,Sci .Technol., 1998,JAN.:40～46
[32] Marry Ann Curran, Using LCA-Based Approaches to Evaluate Pollution Prevention, Environmental Progress, 1995,14(4):247～253
[33] 周新，中国塑料生命周期的环境——经济综合评价，环境保护，1998，7：34～37
[34] B. Catherine, A. Gilbert, L. Jean, C. Jean, Integration of the Recycling Processes to the Life Cycle Analysis of Construction Products, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 1997, 20: 227～243
[35] L. Heather, B. Lester, A Life-Cycle Model of an Automobile, Environ. Sci. Technol., 1998, JULY1: 322～330
[36] Franklin Associates, Ltd., Energy and Environmental Profile Analysis of Children's Disposable and Cloth Diapers. Report Prepared for the American Paper Institute's Diaper Manufacturers' Group, Prairie Village, ks, July 1990
[37] Hocking, B. Martin, Paper versus Polystyrene., Science,251: 504～505(February 1991)
[38] S. Svoboda and S. Hart. McDonald's Environmental Strategy. National Pollution Prevention Center for Higher Education, Ann Arbor, MI, doc. 93～3, December 1993
[39] A. Mary, Environmenta Life-Cycle Assessment, The United States of America McGraw-Hill Companies. Inc., 1996. Chapter 5. A.David, Application of the Life-Cycle Assessment, p. 1～16
[40] A. Mary, Environmenta Life-Cycle Assessment, The United States of America McGraw-Hill Companies. Inc., 1996. Chapter 8. Eun-Sook Goide, Mary Mckiel. Public Policy Application of Life-Cycle Assessment, p. 1～11
[41] H Audo de Haes, Guidelines for the Application of Life-Cycle Assessment in the European Union Ecolabeling Program. Society for the Promotion of Life-Cycle Development(SPOLD), Brussels, Belgium. 1994
[42] A. Mary, Using LCA-Based Approaches to Evaluate Pollution Prevention. Environmental Progress, 1995, 14(4) ,247～253
[43] EPA .Pollution Prevention Facts Methodology Based on Life-Cycle Assessment: A Lithographic Printing Industry Case Study (EPA/600/R-94/157)., Prepared by Battelle for the Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, 1994
[44] F. J. Dennison, A. Axapagic, R. Clift and J. S. Colboume, Assessing Management Options for Wastewater Treatment Works in the Context of Life Cycle Assessment, Wat .Sci. Tech., 1998, 11(38) :23～30
[4
[45] 杨建新，郝一舒，陈绍伟，污水处理厂环境影响的生命周期分析，环境导报，1999，5：5～7
[46] A. Vital, C. Francesc, V .Agis, Life Cycle Analysis of Chemical Processes, Environ.Progr., 1995,14(3): 193～200
[47] E. Patrick, W. Laurence, Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process Techniques to Streamlined Life-Cycle Analysis of Two Anodizing Processes, Environ .Sci. Technol, 1999, 33: 1495～1500
[48] 胡尧良，环境负荷——ICI公司环境评价的新指标，环境导报，1999，2：29～3
[49] 钱易，米祥友，现代废水处理新技术，中国科学技术出版社，1992
[50] 王洪臣，杨向平，涂兆林，城市污水处理厂运行控制与维护管理，科学出版社，1999
[51] 丁亚兰，国内外废水处理工程设计实例，化学工业出版社，2000
[52] 赵焕臣，许树柏，和金生，层次分析法——一种简易的新决策方法，1986
[53] 甘应爱，田丰，李维铮等，运筹学，清华大学出版社，1990
[54] 王众托，系统工程引论，电子工业出版社，1991
[2] Mary Ann Curran, "Groad-based Environmental Life Cycle Assessment", Environ. Sci .Technol., 1993,27(3):431～436
[3] 杨建新，王如松，生命周期评价的回顾与展望，环境科学进展，1998，6(2)：21～28
[4] 刘顺妮，林宗涛，张小伟，硅酸盐水泥的生命周期评价方法初探，中国环境科学，1998，19(4)：328～332
[5] 席德立，彭小燕，LCA中清单分析数据的获得，环境科学，1997，18(5)：84～87
[6] 杨建新，王寿兵，徐成，生命周期清单分析中的分配方法，中国环境科学，1999，19(3)：285～288
[7] 周仲凡，王吉，陈文明，生命周期设计用于产品环境要求设计初探，环境科学研究，1999，12(3)：45～48
[8] 陶华，陶加林，生命周期评价在中国城市垃圾减量化的应用，环境科学研究，1998，11(3)：45～48
[9] 王寿兵，胡聃，杨建新，综合产品环境审计工具：生命周期清单分析，环境科学，2000，21(3)：27-30
[10] 王毅，魏江，许庆瑞，生命周期评价的应用、内涵与挑战，环境导报，1998，5：27～29
[11] GB／T 24040-1999环境管理生命周期评价 原则与框架，1999
[12] A. Azapagic and B .Solberg-Johansen ollk at the principles and practice of life cycle assessment, Engineering February 1998, 26～27
[13] A. azapagic and R. Clift, Life Cycle Assessment and Linear Programming-Environmental Optimization of Product System, Computerrs chem. Engng, 1995(19):229～234
[14] 王寿兵，胡聃，吴千红，生命周期评价及其在环境管理中的应用，中国环境科学，1999，19(1)：77-80
[15] 杨建新，面向产品的环境管理工具：产品生命周期评价，环境科学，1999，20(1)：100～103
[16] 王寿兵，杨建新，胡聃，生命周期评价方法及其进展，上海环境科学，1998，17(11)
[17] IVO Hknoepfel, A Framework for Environmental Impact Assessment of Long-distance Energy Transport System, Energy, 1996,7/8(21):693～702
[18] V. Aelion, Francesc castells, Agis Veroutis, Life Cycle Inventory Analysis of Chemical Processes, Environ. Progr. 1995, 14(3): 193～200
[19] E. Patrick, W. Laurence, Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process Techniques to Streamlined Life-Cycle Analysis of Two Anodizing Process, Environ. Sci. Technol., 1993, 33: 1495～1500
[20] S. T. Chubbs, B. A. Steinet, Life Cycle Assessment in the Steel Industry, Environ. Progr., 1998, 17(2):922～995
[21] 郑勇，闭路循环应用于金属表面处理行业的环境影响分析——生命周期分析的实例，城市环境与城市生态，1998，11(4)：17～20
[22] 佘丰宁，运用生命周期评估进行废弃物管理，环境保护，1998，7：18～20
[23] J. R. Barton, D .Dalley and V. S. Patel, Life Cycle Assessment for Waste Management, Waste Management, 1996, 16 :35～50
[24] 徐成，杨建新，胡聃，城市生活垃圾生命周期管理，城市环境与城市生态，1998，11(3)：52～55
[25] R. Chittaranjan, K. Ravi, A. Bemard and E. Dean, Hazardous Waste Minimization through Life Cycle Cost Analysis at Federal Facilities, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 1999, 49 :17～27
[26] H. Song, J .Hyun, A Study on the Comparison of Various Waste Management Scenarios for PET Bottles Using the Life-Cycle Assessment(LCA) methodology, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 1999, 27: 267～284
[27] J. Seppata, M. Melanen, T. Jouttijarvi, L. Kauppi, Forest Industry and the Environment: A Life Cycle Assessment Study From Finland, Resources, Conservation, Recycling, 1998,23:87～105
[28] A. Hart, R. Clift, S. Riddlestone, Local Paper Production: Life Cycle Assessment of A Novel Form of Graphics Quality Paper Production, EngD in Environmental Technology Conference 1998, 29～41
[29] P. J. Rocleved, A .Klapwijk, P. G. Eggds, W. H. Rulkens and W .Van Starkenburg, Sustainability of municipal Wastewater Treatment, Wate. Sci .Tech., 1997, 35(10): 221～228
[30] 辛志伟，郭连城，张永真等，应用简式生命周期矩阵评价环境标志产品，环境保护，1996，6：23～25
[31] L .C. Nancy, T. David, An Abridged Life-Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicle Batteries, Environ ,Sci .Technol., 1998,JAN.:40～46
[32] Marry Ann Curran, Using LCA-Based Approaches to Evaluate Pollution Prevention, Environmental Progress, 1995,14(4):247～253
[33] 周新，中国塑料生命周期的环境——经济综合评价，环境保护，1998，7：34～37
[34] B. Catherine, A. Gilbert, L. Jean, C. Jean, Integration of the Recycling Processes to the Life Cycle Analysis of Construction Products, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 1997, 20: 227～243
[35] L. Heather, B. Lester, A Life-Cycle Model of an Automobile, Environ. Sci. Technol., 1998, JULY1: 322～330
[36] Franklin Associates, Ltd., Energy and Environmental Profile Analysis of Children's Disposable and Cloth Diapers. Report Prepared for the American Paper Institute's Diaper Manufacturers' Group, Prairie Village, ks, July 1990
[37] Hocking, B. Martin, Paper versus Polystyrene., Science,251: 504～505(February 1991)
[38] S. Svoboda and S. Hart. McDonald's Environmental Strategy. National Pollution Prevention Center for Higher Education, Ann Arbor, MI, doc. 93～3, December 1993
[39] A. Mary, Environmenta Life-Cycle Assessment, The United States of America McGraw-Hill Companies. Inc., 1996. Chapter 5. A.David, Application of the Life-Cycle Assessment, p. 1～16
[40] A. Mary, Environmenta Life-Cycle Assessment, The United States of America McGraw-Hill Companies. Inc., 1996. Chapter 8. Eun-Sook Goide, Mary Mckiel. Public Policy Application of Life-Cycle Assessment, p. 1～11
[41] H Audo de Haes, Guidelines for the Application of Life-Cycle Assessment in the European Union Ecolabeling Program. Society for the Promotion of Life-Cycle Development(SPOLD), Brussels, Belgium. 1994
[42] A. Mary, Using LCA-Based Approaches to Evaluate Pollution Prevention. Environmental Progress, 1995, 14(4) ,247～253
[43] EPA .Pollution Prevention Facts Methodology Based on Life-Cycle Assessment: A Lithographic Printing Industry Case Study (EPA/600/R-94/157)., Prepared by Battelle for the Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, 1994
[44] F. J. Dennison, A. Axapagic, R. Clift and J. S. Colboume, Assessing Management Options for Wastewater Treatment Works in the Context of Life Cycle Assessment, Wat .Sci. Tech., 1998, 11(38) :23～30
[4
[45] 杨建新，郝一舒，陈绍伟，污水处理厂环境影响的生命周期分析，环境导报，1999，5：5～7
[46] A. Vital, C. Francesc, V .Agis, Life Cycle Analysis of Chemical Processes, Environ.Progr., 1995,14(3): 193～200
[47] E. Patrick, W. Laurence, Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process Techniques to Streamlined Life-Cycle Analysis of Two Anodizing Processes, Environ .Sci. Technol, 1999, 33: 1495～1500
[48] 胡尧良，环境负荷——ICI公司环境评价的新指标，环境导报，1999，2：29～3
[49] 钱易，米祥友，现代废水处理新技术，中国科学技术出版社，1992
[50] 王洪臣，杨向平，涂兆林，城市污水处理厂运行控制与维护管理，科学出版社，1999
[51] 丁亚兰，国内外废水处理工程设计实例，化学工业出版社，2000
[52] 赵焕臣，许树柏，和金生，层次分析法——一种简易的新决策方法，1986
[53] 甘应爱，田丰，李维铮等，运筹学，清华大学出版社，1990
[54] 王众托，系统工程引论，电子工业出版社，1991