北方农牧交错带草地植被动态研究
|
摘要
北方农牧交错带是我国北方半湿润农区与干旱、半干旱牧区接壤的过渡交汇地带,也是将我国农业区与草原牧区分割开来的半农半牧、时农时牧交替变化的地域。北方农牧交错带地理位置独特,生态环境脆弱。近年来,由于生态环境恶化、草地资源大面积遭到人为破坏而导致土地荒漠化和大量贫困人口产生。因此,对北方农牧交错带植被动态学的研究有着重要的生态学意义和现实意义。
本文以地处北方农牧交错带的宁夏盐池为例,从植物种群、植被群落及景观等3个不同尺度对北方农牧交错带草地植被的动态特征进行研究。种群和群落尺度上的研究主要以不同生境类型、不同植被恢复措施进行样地布设。根据样地生境梯度,分别采用样方法和样线法进行植被和土壤调查,调查时间为每年的6～8月,时间跨度为2002～2006年,共5年。采用TWINSPAN双向指示种分类法和DCA除趋势对应分析法及种群、群落指标分析法等,结合WinTWINS、CANNCO、Biodiversity Pro、SPSS13.0等生态学、统计学软件对外业资料进行处理分析,在此基础上对北方农牧交错带草地植被群落、植物种群现状及动态特征进行系统的研究;景观尺度(即宏观尺度)上采用归一化植被指数(NDVI)对研究区植被景观2002—2005年动态特征进行分析,同时结合了研究区2002—2005年的气象资料和相应的NDVI均值进行相关分析,探讨影响北方农牧交错带植被动态的主要气象因子。此外,群落边缘效应作为一种特殊的植被动态类型本文也进行了讨论。研究表明,种群、群落以及景观三个不同尺度的研究均表明盐池县2003年植被生长状况是近年来最好的一年,2005、2006年相对较差。主要初步研究结果如下;
(1)群落分类结果将研究区草地植被主要划分为3个植被型,21个群丛类型。3个植被型分别为草原植被、草甸植被和沼泽植被。草原植被分布范围广泛,是盐池县主要的植被类型;草甸植被主要分布在低洼地、湿地—草原的过渡带等水热条件较好的区域;沼泽植被主要分布在沼泽湿地;土壤水分状况,全N、速K是影响区域群落分布格局的主要环境因子。此外,放牧等人为干扰及不同植被恢复措施对植被分布格局也有一定的影响。
(2)种群波动研究表明;2002—2006年,研究区种群动态主要有4种形式;一是波动式上升,代表种群为黑沙蒿;二是波动式下降,代表植物为白草;三是较为稳定的种群,代表种群为老瓜头和苦豆子;第四种波动形式是气候波动型,主要以一年生草本植物为代表,受调查前期降水等影响较大。研究区主要植物种群2002—2006年格局均多呈聚集分布,聚集度受降水等气象因子影响较大。
(3)本文在生态学及统计学的意义下,结合北方农牧交错带草地植被特征,在群落尺度上初步构建了北方农牧交错带草地植被波动测度公式,即;据公式知,2002—2006年,研究区植被波动率分别为0.666、0.685、0.637、-1.098、-0.889。正向波动以2003年的0.685为最大,表明2003年是近年来草地植被生长状况较好的年份;负向波动以2005年-1.098的绝对值为最大,表明2005年是近年来草地植被生长状况较差的一年。
(4)群落结构波动特征研究表明;2003年群落各项指标如群落生态优势度、群落均匀性等均最高,表明2003年是近年来盐池县植被生长状况最好的一年;2005年及2006年群落组成结构各项指标均较低,表明2005年和2006年植被状况是近年来较差的年份。
(5)不同植被恢复措施群落波动研究结果认为;退耕还草、植被自然恢复、撂荒等措施均起到了有效的植被恢复作用,尤其退耕还草地。不同植被恢复措施2002—2006年群落动态研究还发现,人工封育草地自2000年底封育后2—3年群落各项指标均较高,此后呈现下降趋势,到2006年,封育区植物群落各项指标均是6种不同植被恢复措施中最低的一种。
(6)在景观(宏观)尺度上,采用反演模型法对研究区NDVI和生物量进行回归分析,并建立植被生物量反演模型,即;
Y=887841NDVI~3-710288NDVI~2+198232NDVI-15935(R=0.809);基于上述反演模型,2002—2005年研究区草地植被生长状况最好的是2003年,最差的是2005年;月平均NDVI值和研究区气象因子的秩相关分析结果表明,研究区草地植被动态的最主要外部因子是降水和气温,其它气象因子如风速等和植被动态无显著关系。
(7)湿地—草原群落交错带边缘效应研究发现,湿地—草原交错带除群落均匀度稍小于草原生态系统外,其它群落组成结构指标如群落丰富度指数、群落生态优势度、物种多样性指数、群落均匀度指数均是交错带最大,充分体现了群落交错带的边缘效应。
The North Farming-Pastoral Ecotones of China(NFPE)was a transition zone where the semi-humid agriculture area and arid & semi-arid pasturing area meet here.The significances of studying NFPE were as follows;first of all,the geographic position of NFPE was important and the ecological environment was quite fragile; secondly,the ecological environment was deteriorated and the grassland was destroyed,resulting in large numbers of poor people in recent years.Thus,the studies about the vegetation dynamics in NFPE were significant in the meaning of ecology and actuality. This dissertation takes Yanchi County in NFPE as an example to study the characteristic of grassland vegetation dynamic from 3 scales;plant species,community and landscape(RS scale).The sample-plots were distributed according to different measures of vegetation protection and restoration in population and community scales.The quadrat method and sample line approaches were quoted according to the biotope gradient to investigate vegetation and soil in annual June to August,2002-2006. The data was analyzed by the means of TWINSPAN,DCA and indices analyse of species and community by using community classification software WinTWINS,community ordination software CANNCO,biodiversity analysis software Biodiversity Pro and other ecological statistics software.On this base,the present status and dynamic of grassland vegetation community and plant species in NFPE were studied systematically.In the scale of landscape(macroscopic scale),the vegetation dynamic characteristics from the year of 2002 to 2005 were studied by using NDVI.At the same time, correlation analysis between meteorologic data and mean NDVI values had been done to discuss the main meteorologic factors that influence the vegetation dynamic in NFPE.At the same time,as a special vegetation dynamics type,community edge effect was also studied in this dissertation The grassland vegetation dynamics were studied on 3 scales in Yanchi County in NFPE,2002-2006. Results showed that the best vegetation growth was in 2003 and the less vegetation growth was in 2005 & 2006 and the main phasic research findings were as follows; 1)The vegetation in study area was classified into 3 types and 20 associations.The three vegetation types were;grassland vegetation,which distributed widely and was the main vegetation type in Yanchi County; meadow vegetation,which distributed in the wetland-grassland ecotones and low lying land; halophytic marsh vegetation,which was mainly distributed in the wetland zone.Soil moisture content, organic matter,soil salt content,total nitrogen and so on were the main environmental factors which influence the vegetation distribution pattern along the biotope gradient.Also,the microtopography and grazing pressure were the other influencing factors. 2)Population fluctuation study showed that there were 4 dynamic types;fluctuation increase, representative species was Artemisia ordosica; fluctuation decline,representative species was Pennisetum flaccidum; stable community,representative species were Sophora alopecuroides and Cynanchum komarovii; type of climate fluctuation,mainly included annual plant whose growth status was influenced easily by investigation antecedent precipitation.Plant species mainly present gathering distribution from 2002-2006,but gathering degree was different because of species' biological and ecological characteristic.Otherwise,precipitation,temperature and so on were the other factors influencing populations gathering degree. 3)Based on the meanings of ecology and statistics from community scale,this paper defined the grassland vegetation fluctuation and fluctuation ratio,and built the fluctuation ratio formula as follows; The grassland vegetation quantitative fluctuation and fluctuation ratio in Yanchi,2002-2006 were calculated.Results showed the maximal positive fluctuation ratio was 0.685,meaning a better vegetation growth,which was in 2003.The most negative fluctuation ratio was -1.098,meaning a less vegetation growth,which was in 2005. 4)Community structure fluctuation study showed;all of the values of ecological indices such as community ecological dominance,evenness index and so on were maximal in the year of 2003.In the year of 2005 & 2006,the values of the ecological indices were smaller,especially 2006,the minimum. Thus,the year of 2003 was a better vegetation growth year and 2006,a vegetation less growth year. 5)Community fluctuation of different measures of vegetation protection and restoration showed that nature grassland,rehabilitated fields,abandoned land and so on were effective grassland vegetation restoration measures,especially nature grassland and rehabilitated fields.The study outcomes also discovered that the fenced taming grassland,one of the measures of vegetation restoration was special. After 2-3 years' fencing cultivation,dominant plant community reinforced their dominant position with some companion species dying out in the competition.Plant characteristic number peaked during this time and descended later.In addition,both plant species diversity and the main plants' importance value showed the same trend. 6)Based on the regression analysis between NDVI and biomass,the inversion model applicable for NFPE was built up as follows; Y = 887841NDVI~3 - 710288NDVI~2 + 198232NDVI-15935(R=0.809) On this base,the grassland vegetation quantitative attribute in study area from 2002-2005 was studied. Results showed that the vegetation growth status was best in 2003 and worst in 2005.Rank correlation between values of month-mean NDVI and meteorologic factors presented that precipitation and temperature were the main vegetation dynamic influencing factors in NFPE.Other meteorologic factors such as wind etc.had no obvious correlation to grassland vegetation dynamic in NFPE. 7)The study about edge effect of wetland and grassland ectone discovered that all of the ecological induces such as species richness,community ecological dominance and species diversity were maximal in ecotones than in other two vegetation zone(wetland zone & arid grassland zone)excepting the community evenness index.This indicated community ecotones had higher edge effect.
本文以地处北方农牧交错带的宁夏盐池为例,从植物种群、植被群落及景观等3个不同尺度对北方农牧交错带草地植被的动态特征进行研究。种群和群落尺度上的研究主要以不同生境类型、不同植被恢复措施进行样地布设。根据样地生境梯度,分别采用样方法和样线法进行植被和土壤调查,调查时间为每年的6～8月,时间跨度为2002～2006年,共5年。采用TWINSPAN双向指示种分类法和DCA除趋势对应分析法及种群、群落指标分析法等,结合WinTWINS、CANNCO、Biodiversity Pro、SPSS13.0等生态学、统计学软件对外业资料进行处理分析,在此基础上对北方农牧交错带草地植被群落、植物种群现状及动态特征进行系统的研究;景观尺度(即宏观尺度)上采用归一化植被指数(NDVI)对研究区植被景观2002—2005年动态特征进行分析,同时结合了研究区2002—2005年的气象资料和相应的NDVI均值进行相关分析,探讨影响北方农牧交错带植被动态的主要气象因子。此外,群落边缘效应作为一种特殊的植被动态类型本文也进行了讨论。研究表明,种群、群落以及景观三个不同尺度的研究均表明盐池县2003年植被生长状况是近年来最好的一年,2005、2006年相对较差。主要初步研究结果如下;
(1)群落分类结果将研究区草地植被主要划分为3个植被型,21个群丛类型。3个植被型分别为草原植被、草甸植被和沼泽植被。草原植被分布范围广泛,是盐池县主要的植被类型;草甸植被主要分布在低洼地、湿地—草原的过渡带等水热条件较好的区域;沼泽植被主要分布在沼泽湿地;土壤水分状况,全N、速K是影响区域群落分布格局的主要环境因子。此外,放牧等人为干扰及不同植被恢复措施对植被分布格局也有一定的影响。
(2)种群波动研究表明;2002—2006年,研究区种群动态主要有4种形式;一是波动式上升,代表种群为黑沙蒿;二是波动式下降,代表植物为白草;三是较为稳定的种群,代表种群为老瓜头和苦豆子;第四种波动形式是气候波动型,主要以一年生草本植物为代表,受调查前期降水等影响较大。研究区主要植物种群2002—2006年格局均多呈聚集分布,聚集度受降水等气象因子影响较大。
(3)本文在生态学及统计学的意义下,结合北方农牧交错带草地植被特征,在群落尺度上初步构建了北方农牧交错带草地植被波动测度公式,即;据公式知,2002—2006年,研究区植被波动率分别为0.666、0.685、0.637、-1.098、-0.889。正向波动以2003年的0.685为最大,表明2003年是近年来草地植被生长状况较好的年份;负向波动以2005年-1.098的绝对值为最大,表明2005年是近年来草地植被生长状况较差的一年。
(4)群落结构波动特征研究表明;2003年群落各项指标如群落生态优势度、群落均匀性等均最高,表明2003年是近年来盐池县植被生长状况最好的一年;2005年及2006年群落组成结构各项指标均较低,表明2005年和2006年植被状况是近年来较差的年份。
(5)不同植被恢复措施群落波动研究结果认为;退耕还草、植被自然恢复、撂荒等措施均起到了有效的植被恢复作用,尤其退耕还草地。不同植被恢复措施2002—2006年群落动态研究还发现,人工封育草地自2000年底封育后2—3年群落各项指标均较高,此后呈现下降趋势,到2006年,封育区植物群落各项指标均是6种不同植被恢复措施中最低的一种。
(6)在景观(宏观)尺度上,采用反演模型法对研究区NDVI和生物量进行回归分析,并建立植被生物量反演模型,即;
Y=887841NDVI~3-710288NDVI~2+198232NDVI-15935(R=0.809);基于上述反演模型,2002—2005年研究区草地植被生长状况最好的是2003年,最差的是2005年;月平均NDVI值和研究区气象因子的秩相关分析结果表明,研究区草地植被动态的最主要外部因子是降水和气温,其它气象因子如风速等和植被动态无显著关系。
(7)湿地—草原群落交错带边缘效应研究发现,湿地—草原交错带除群落均匀度稍小于草原生态系统外,其它群落组成结构指标如群落丰富度指数、群落生态优势度、物种多样性指数、群落均匀度指数均是交错带最大,充分体现了群落交错带的边缘效应。
The North Farming-Pastoral Ecotones of China(NFPE)was a transition zone where the semi-humid agriculture area and arid & semi-arid pasturing area meet here.The significances of studying NFPE were as follows;first of all,the geographic position of NFPE was important and the ecological environment was quite fragile; secondly,the ecological environment was deteriorated and the grassland was destroyed,resulting in large numbers of poor people in recent years.Thus,the studies about the vegetation dynamics in NFPE were significant in the meaning of ecology and actuality. This dissertation takes Yanchi County in NFPE as an example to study the characteristic of grassland vegetation dynamic from 3 scales;plant species,community and landscape(RS scale).The sample-plots were distributed according to different measures of vegetation protection and restoration in population and community scales.The quadrat method and sample line approaches were quoted according to the biotope gradient to investigate vegetation and soil in annual June to August,2002-2006. The data was analyzed by the means of TWINSPAN,DCA and indices analyse of species and community by using community classification software WinTWINS,community ordination software CANNCO,biodiversity analysis software Biodiversity Pro and other ecological statistics software.On this base,the present status and dynamic of grassland vegetation community and plant species in NFPE were studied systematically.In the scale of landscape(macroscopic scale),the vegetation dynamic characteristics from the year of 2002 to 2005 were studied by using NDVI.At the same time, correlation analysis between meteorologic data and mean NDVI values had been done to discuss the main meteorologic factors that influence the vegetation dynamic in NFPE.At the same time,as a special vegetation dynamics type,community edge effect was also studied in this dissertation The grassland vegetation dynamics were studied on 3 scales in Yanchi County in NFPE,2002-2006. Results showed that the best vegetation growth was in 2003 and the less vegetation growth was in 2005 & 2006 and the main phasic research findings were as follows; 1)The vegetation in study area was classified into 3 types and 20 associations.The three vegetation types were;grassland vegetation,which distributed widely and was the main vegetation type in Yanchi County; meadow vegetation,which distributed in the wetland-grassland ecotones and low lying land; halophytic marsh vegetation,which was mainly distributed in the wetland zone.Soil moisture content, organic matter,soil salt content,total nitrogen and so on were the main environmental factors which influence the vegetation distribution pattern along the biotope gradient.Also,the microtopography and grazing pressure were the other influencing factors. 2)Population fluctuation study showed that there were 4 dynamic types;fluctuation increase, representative species was Artemisia ordosica; fluctuation decline,representative species was Pennisetum flaccidum; stable community,representative species were Sophora alopecuroides and Cynanchum komarovii; type of climate fluctuation,mainly included annual plant whose growth status was influenced easily by investigation antecedent precipitation.Plant species mainly present gathering distribution from 2002-2006,but gathering degree was different because of species' biological and ecological characteristic.Otherwise,precipitation,temperature and so on were the other factors influencing populations gathering degree. 3)Based on the meanings of ecology and statistics from community scale,this paper defined the grassland vegetation fluctuation and fluctuation ratio,and built the fluctuation ratio formula as follows; The grassland vegetation quantitative fluctuation and fluctuation ratio in Yanchi,2002-2006 were calculated.Results showed the maximal positive fluctuation ratio was 0.685,meaning a better vegetation growth,which was in 2003.The most negative fluctuation ratio was -1.098,meaning a less vegetation growth,which was in 2005. 4)Community structure fluctuation study showed;all of the values of ecological indices such as community ecological dominance,evenness index and so on were maximal in the year of 2003.In the year of 2005 & 2006,the values of the ecological indices were smaller,especially 2006,the minimum. Thus,the year of 2003 was a better vegetation growth year and 2006,a vegetation less growth year. 5)Community fluctuation of different measures of vegetation protection and restoration showed that nature grassland,rehabilitated fields,abandoned land and so on were effective grassland vegetation restoration measures,especially nature grassland and rehabilitated fields.The study outcomes also discovered that the fenced taming grassland,one of the measures of vegetation restoration was special. After 2-3 years' fencing cultivation,dominant plant community reinforced their dominant position with some companion species dying out in the competition.Plant characteristic number peaked during this time and descended later.In addition,both plant species diversity and the main plants' importance value showed the same trend. 6)Based on the regression analysis between NDVI and biomass,the inversion model applicable for NFPE was built up as follows; Y = 887841NDVI~3 - 710288NDVI~2 + 198232NDVI-15935(R=0.809) On this base,the grassland vegetation quantitative attribute in study area from 2002-2005 was studied. Results showed that the vegetation growth status was best in 2003 and worst in 2005.Rank correlation between values of month-mean NDVI and meteorologic factors presented that precipitation and temperature were the main vegetation dynamic influencing factors in NFPE.Other meteorologic factors such as wind etc.had no obvious correlation to grassland vegetation dynamic in NFPE. 7)The study about edge effect of wetland and grassland ectone discovered that all of the ecological induces such as species richness,community ecological dominance and species diversity were maximal in ecotones than in other two vegetation zone(wetland zone & arid grassland zone)excepting the community evenness index.This indicated community ecotones had higher edge effect.
引文
[1]安树青,张久海,谈健康.森林植被动态研究述评[J].生态学杂志,1998,17(5);50-58
[2]包维楷,刘照光,袁亚夫.瓦屋山中亚热带湿性常绿阔叶林的林窗形成特征[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(4);485-490
[3]蔡飞,宋永昌.武夷山木荷种群结构和动态的研究[J].植物生态学报,1997,2l(2);138-148
[4]曹成有,蒋德明,阿拉木萨等.小叶锦鸡儿人工固沙区植被恢复生态过程的研究[J].应用生态学报,2000a,11(3);349-354
[5]曹成有,寇振武,蒋德明等.科尔沁沙地丘间地植被演变的研究[J].植物生态学报,2000b,24(3);262-267
[6]常庆瑞,贾科利,刘京.陕北农牧交错带土地荒漠化动态变化研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(2);74-78
[7]常学礼,邬建国.科尔沁沙地沙漠化过程中的物种多样性[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(2);151-156
[8]常月明,王心源,李俊英.农牧交错带水土流失与生态环境恶化及成因-以内蒙古四子王旗东南部为例[J].国土与自然资源研究,2003(4);57-58
[9]常月明,王心源,沙俊英.农牧交错带水土流失的危害及其成因-以内蒙古四子王旗为例[J].地域研究与开发,2004,23(1);80-83
[10]陈波,达良俊,宋永昌.常绿阔叶林内和林窗中栲树的种子萌发和幼苗生长[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2002,10(3);207-214
[11]陈广庭.内蒙古高原东南部现代沙漠化过程[J].中国沙漠,1991,11(2);11-19
[12]陈海,康慕谊,曹明明.北方农牧交错带农业气候资源空间特征分析[J].自然资源学报,2006,21(2);204-209
[13]陈一鹗.从盐池县谈农牧交错地带草场资源的管护问题.干旱地区农业研究,1985,(4);12-16
[14]陈章和,陈惠琴,刘惠琼.南亚热带常绿阔叶林几个树种的种子萌发和幼苗发育[J].植物学报,1995,37(8);630-635
[15]陈正新,王学东,史世斌.内蒙古阴山北麓农牧交错带生态建设中天然草地的利用[J].中国草地,2001,23(6);68-72
[16]程序.农牧交错带研究中的现代生态学前沿问题[J].资源科学,1999,21(5);1-8
[17]程占红,张金屯,张峰.不同旅游干扰下草甸种群生态优势度的差异[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(8);1,476-1,479
[18]池宏康.黄土高原地区提取植被信息方法的研究[J].植物学报,1996,38(1);40-44
[19]丁圣彦,宋永昌.常绿阔叶林植被动态研究进展[J].生态学报,2004,24(8);1,769-1,779
[20]丁圣彦,宋永昌.浙江天童常绿阔叶林演替系列优势种光合生理生态的比较[J].生态学报, 1999,19[3);318-323
[21]董光荣,吴波,慈龙骏等.我国荒漠化现状、成因与防治对策[J].中国沙漠,1999,19(4);318-324
[22]董鸣.异质量性生境中的植物克隆生长;风险分摊[J].植物生态学报,1996,20(6);543-548
[23]董世魁,龙瑞军,胡自治.高寒地区多年生禾草人工草地杂草种群动态研究[J].兰州大学学报,2003,39(5);82-87
[24]杜崇,林年丰,汤洁等.吉林省西部农牧交错带草地资源变化趋势研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,2005,27(1);86-91
[25]多立安,田德昌.羊草+杂类草群落数量特征季节动态的研究[J].植物研究,1996,16(2);235-241
[26]方修琦.从农业气候条件看我国北方原始农业的衰落与农牧交错带的形成[J].自然资源学报,1999,14(3);212-218
[27]傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明等.景观生态学原理及运用[M].北京;科学出版社,2001
[28]戈峰.现代生态学[M].科学出版社,2000.10;263
[29]格日乐,孙保平,刘军.农牧交错带土地退化类型区的划分及其防治研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2004,18(6);101-107
[30]辜智慧,陈晋,史培军.锡林郭勒草原1983-1999年NDVI逐旬变化量与气象因子的相关分析[J].植物生态学报,2005,29(5);753-765
[31]海春兴,周心澄,关文彬.社会发展与科技进步对农牧交错带土地利用方式变化驱动研究综述[J].北京林业大学学报(社会科学版),2005,4(1);69-72
[32]海山.内蒙古农牧交错带可持续发展研究[J].经济地理,1995,15(2);100-104
[33]黄敬峰,王秀珍,王人潮等.天然草地牧草产量与气象卫星植被指数的相关分析[J].农业现代化研究.2000,21(1);33-36
[34]黄世国,林思祖,曹光球等.不同生境中杉阔混交林物种多样性特征初步研究[J].生物多样性,2001,9(2);162-167
[35]黄志伟,彭敏,陈桂琛.青海湖几种主要湿地植物的种群分布格局及动态[J].应用与环境生物学报,2001,7(2);113-116
[36]黄永梅,张明理.鄂尔多斯高原植物群落多样性时空变化特点[J].生物多样性 2006,14(1);13-20
[37]郝仕龙,李壁成.土地利用的尺度和尺度转换[J].中国土地科学,2004,18(5);32-36
[38]霍成君.我国北方农牧交错带草地退化和荒漠化成因的研究[D].中国农业大学博士学位论文,2002.5
[39]江洪.云杉种群生态学[M].北京;中国林业出版社,1992;41-50
[40]江子瀛.深圳-东莞地区快速城市化过程对植被覆盖动态变化的影响[D].北京;北京大学, 2001.1-5
[41]蒋德明,卜军,寇振武.沙地人工植物群落生物量动态及其更新途径[J].中国沙漠,1997,17(2);189-193
[42]李宝林,周成虎.东北平原西部沙地沙质荒漠化的遥感监测研究[J].遥感学报,2002,6(2);117-112
[43]李瑞,张克斌,张生英等.宁夏盐池人工封育草原植物生态位研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2006a,4(1);49-54
[44]李瑞,张克斌,王百田等.湿地-干草原生态系统植物物种多样性研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2006b,28(5);12-17
[45]李瑞,王百田,张克斌.半干旱区湿地生态系统植被数量分类研究[C].全国博士生论坛-林业及生态建设领域相关学科,2006c;751-758
[46]李博.生态学[M].北京;高等教育出版社,1999;47-50
[47]李博等.草原与稀树草原[A].吴征镒.中国植被[M].北京;科学出版社,1980
[48]李栋梁,吕兰芝.中国农牧交错带的气候特征与演变[J].中国沙漠,2002,22(5);283-287
[49]李根前,唐德瑞,王迪海.陕南马尾松种群结构与动态的初步研究[J].西北植物学报,1994,14(4);307-313
[50]李广,黄高宝.北方农牧交错带气候变化及草地生产力的响应-以甘肃省定西县为例[J].中国草地,2005,27(1);7-11
[51]李开丽,蒋建军,茅荣正等.植被叶面积指数遥感监测模型[J].生态学报,2005,25(6);1,491-1,496
[52]李连方,王培,殷甫络等.不同保护措施对山地草甸植物多样性的影响[J].草地学报,1999,7(2);106-112
[53]李全发,刘文耀,沈有信等.南涧干热退化山地植被恢复的植物多样性变化[J].山地学报,2005,23(5);557-564
[54]李志熙,廖允成,白岗栓.毛乌素沙地植被特征与建设.水土保持通报,2005,25(5);66-74
[55]凌佐志,谢应忠.宁夏东部退化草原植物群落类型数量分析.宁夏农学院学报,2002,23(4);18-22
[56]李双成,蔡运.地理尺度转换若干问题的初步探讨[J].地理研究,2005,24(1);11-18
[57]李世奎,王石立,1988.中国北部半干旱地区农牧气候界限探讨[A],见;中国自然资源研究会,中国地理学会,中国农业学会等.中国干旱半干旱地区自然资源研究[C].北京;科学技术出版社
[58]吕一河,傅伯杰.生态学中的尺度及尺度转换方法[J].生态学报,2001,21(12);2096-2105
[59]李新荣,Pabnov B H.俄罗斯平原针-阔林过度带森林群落组成结构与物种多样性的研究[J].生物多样性,1999,7(4);291-296
[60]李旭光,何维明,董鸣.缙云山大头茶种群林窗动态的初步研究[J].生态学报,1997,17,(5); 542-547
[61]李增建,刘东维,文奇.农牧交错带生态系统恢复的科技支撑[J].内蒙古科技与经济,2001,(4);2-5
[62]梁士楚.贵阳喀斯特山地云贵鹅耳枥种群动态研究[J].生态学报,1992,12(1);51-60
[63]梁士楚.黔灵山云贵鹅耳枥群落乔木优势种群分布格局初探[J].生态学杂志,1991,10(6);1-5
[64]刘加珍,陈亚宁.新疆塔里木河下游植物群落逆向演替分析[J].干旱区地理,2002,25(3);231-236
[65]刘林德,高玉葆.论中国北方农牧交错带的生态环境建设与系统功能整合[J].地球科学进展,2002,17(2);174-181
[66]刘卫国,潘晓玲,高炜.新疆阜康绿洲生态系统生物量遥感估算分析.资源科学[J],2005,27(5);134-130
[67]刘正恩,葛剑平.北方农牧交错带生态恢复与重建的原则及对策[J].干旱区研究,2004,21(3);299-303
[68]刘钟龄,王炜,梁存柱等.内蒙古草原植被在持续牧压下退化演替的模式与诊断[J].草地学报,1998,6(4);244-251
[69]柳新伟,申卫军,张桂莲.南亚热带森林演替植物幼苗生态位适应度模拟[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(1);1-6
[70]吕宪国.湿地生态系统观测方法[M].中国环境科学出版社,2005;90
[71]罗修岳,郑柯.脆弱生态环境植被指数和植被盖度数字图像的编制及其应用研究-以晋陕蒙地区为例[A].晋陕蒙接埃地区脆弱生态系统遥感监侧与管理研究[C].北京;宇航出版社,1994;24-35
[72]骆东玲,张金屯,陈林美.白羊草群落优势种群生态位研究[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版)2003,26(1);76-80
[73]买买提·阿不都拉.新疆湿地现状与保护[J].新疆林业,2001,43(4);4-5
[74]苗莉云,王孝安,王志高.太白红杉群落交错带物种多样性的研究[J].广西植物,2005,25(2);112-116
[75]牟长城,罗菊春,王襄平等.长白山林区森林/沼泽交错群落的植物多样性[J].生物多样性,1998,6(2);132-137.
[76]牛德水.农业生物学与农业持续发展[M].北京;科学出版社,1997
[77]牛文元,生态环境脆弱带ECOTONE的基础判定[J].生态学报,1989,9(2);97-104
[78]牛志春,倪绍详.青海湖环湖地区草地植被生物量遥感监测模型[J].地理学报,2003,58(5);695-702
[79]潘占兵,蒋齐,温学飞等.长城沿线农牧交错区退化草场恢复对策-以宁夏盐池沙地退化草场为例[J].西北农业学报,2004,13(4);115-119
[80]潘志华,安萍莉,刘亚玲.北方农牧交错带生态系统自然环境变化研究-以武川县为例[J].中国农业资源与区划,2003,24(5);37-41
[81]彭军,李旭光,董鸣.重庆四面山亚热带常绿阔叶林种子库研究[J].植物生态学报,2000a,24(2);209-214
[82]彭军,李旭光,付永川.重庆四面山常绿阔叶林建群种种子雨、种子库研究[J].应用生态学报,2000b,11(1);22-24
[83]彭珂珊.农牧交错区生态环境恢复与重建的可持续发展思路[J].四川草原,2003(1);13-17
[84]彭少麟,方炜,任海等.鼎湖山厚壳桂群落演替过程的组成和结构动态[J].植物生态学报,1998,22(3)245-249
[85]彭少麟,方炜.鼎湖山植被演替过程优势种群动态研究Ⅲ.黄果厚壳桂和厚壳桂种群[J].热带亚热带植物学报,1994,2(4);79-87
[86]彭少麟,方炜.鼎湖山植被演替过程中椎栗和荷木种群的动态[J].植物生态学报,1995,19(4);311-318
[87]彭少麟,王伯荪.鼎湖山森林群落分析Ⅵ[A].非线性演替系统,热带亚热带森林生态系统[C].第三集,25-31
[88]彭少麟.南亚热带森林群落动态学[M].北京;科学出版社,1996
[89]彭少麟.森林群落波动的探讨[J].运用生态学报,1993,4(2);120-125
[90]彭少麟.森林群落动态学理论及其运用[D].中山大学博士学位论文,1989.6
[91]彭少麟.森林群落稳定性与动态测度[J].广西植物,1987,7(1);67-72
[92]彭少麟.植物群落演替研究Ⅱ.动态研究的方法[J].生态科学,1994,(2);117-119
[93]裘国旺,赵艳霞,王石立.气候变化对我国北方农牧交错带及其气候生产力的影响[J].干旱区研究,2001,18(1);23-28
[94]全国农业区划委员会《中国综合农业区划》编写组.中国综合农业区划[M].农业出版社,1981
[95]任海,刘世忠,彭少麟等.植物群落波动的类型与机理(综述)[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2001,9(2);167-173
[96]桑卫国,李景文.小兴安岭南坡红松林动态模拟[J].生态学报,1998,18(1);38-47
[97]沈泽昊,金义兴,赵子恩等.亚热带山地森林珍稀植物群落的结构与动态.生态学报,2000,20(5);800-807
[98]沈泽昊.山地森林样带植被-环境关系的多尺度研究[J].生态学报,2002,22(4);461-470
[99]史德宽.农牧交错带在持续发展战略中的特殊地位[J].草地学报,1999,7(1);17-21
[100]史军辉,黄忠良,蚁伟民等.渐危植物格木群落动态及其保护对策[J].西北林学院学报,2005,20(3);65-69
[101]石瑞香,康慕谊.NECT上农牧交错区耕地变化及其驱动力分析[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2000,36(5);700-705
[102]宋会兴,苏智先,高贤明.植被状况对乔木幼苗物种多样性的影响[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2001,9(4);289-294
[103]宋永昌.植被生态学[M].上海;华东师范大学出版社,2001
[104]苏志尧,吴大荣,陈北光.粤北天然林优势种群结构与空间格局动态[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(3);337-341
[105]孙颌,石玉林等.中国农业自然资源与区域发展[M].南京;江苏科技出版社,1994
[106]唐海萍.陆地生态系统样带研究的方法与实践-中国东北样带植被-环境关系研究[M].北京;科学出版社,2003
[107]唐海萍,张新时.中国东北样带的生态系统多样性梯度研究[J].第四纪研究,1999(5);479
[108]陶建平,钟章成,杨万勤.不同群落种四川大头茶幼苗的生长动态研究[J].西南农业大学学报,2001,23(2);167-170
[109]田汉勤,齐晔.生态演替的过程分析[A].见;马世骏主编,现代生态学透视[M].北京;科学出版社,1990,90-100
[110]田永明,刘德福.农牧交错区草地资源可持续利用定量研究[J].中国草地,2005,27(3);1-4
[111]王伯荪,李鸣光,彭少麟.植物种群学[M].广州;广东高等教育出版社,1995,100-112
[112]王伯荪,彭少麟.鼎湖山森林群落分析X.边缘效应[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),1986(4);52-56
[113]王伯荪,彭少麟.鼎湖山森林优势种群数量动态[J].生态学报,1987,7(3);214-221
[114]王伯荪.植物群落学[M].北京;高等教育出版社,1987
[115]王国平.水资源开发对科尔沁湿地环境的负面效应[J].国土与自然资源研究,2001,4(2);45-47
[116]王金达,王起超,刘景双等.东北地区西部农牧交错区可持续发展战略构想[J].农业环境与发展,2001(1);25-27
[117]王琳,张金屯,上官铁梁等.历山山地草甸的物种多样性及其与土壤理化性质的关系[J].应用与环境生物学报,2004,10(1);18-22
[118]王立群,陈世璜,郝利忠.黑沙蒿生态生物学特性及群落地理分布规律相关性研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2002,16(4);95-98
[119]王庆锁,王襄平,罗菊春等.生物交错带与生物多样性[J].生物多样性,1997,5(2);126-131
[120]王如松,马世骏.边缘效应及其在经济生态学中的应用[J].生态学杂志,1985(2);38-42
[121]王涛主编.中国的沙漠、沙漠化及其防治[M].石家庄;河北省科学技术出版社,2002;321-323,334-339
[122]王巍,刘灿然,马克平等.东灵山两个落叶阔叶林中辽东栎种群结构和动态[J].植物学报,1999,41(4);425-432
[123]王秀珍,黄敬峰.用AVHRR资料监测北疆北部天然草地[J].中国农业气象,1995,16(3);43-47
[124]王周平,李旭光,石胜友.重庆缙云山针阔混交林林隙树木更替规律研究[J].植物生态学报, 2001,51(4);399-404
[125]邬建国,Vankat JL.生态演替理论和模型[A].见;刘建国主编,当代生态学博论[M].北京;中国科学技术出版社,1992,49-64
[126]武吉华,张绅.植物地理学(第3版)[M].高等教育出版社,2001.12
[127]奚为民,钟章成,毕润成.四川缙云山亚热带常绿阔叶林林窗边缘效应的研究[J].植物生态学与地植物学学报,1993,17(3);232-242
[128]席建超,张红旗,张志强.应用遥感数据反演针叶林有效叶面积指数[J].北京林业大学学报,2004,26(6);36-39
[129]谢宗强,陈伟烈,路鹏.濒危植物银杉的种群统计与年龄结构[J].生态学报,1999,19(4);523-528
[130]邢福,宋日.草地有毒植物狼毒种群分布格局及动态[J].草业科学,2002,19(1);16-19
[131]邢兆凯,吴祥云,张学利等.辽西北地区农牧交错带土地退化原因及其对土壤性状的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,1999,30(2);102-105
[132]徐彩琳,李自珍.干旱荒漠区人工植物群落演替模式及其生态学机制研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(9);1,451-1,456
[133]徐全芝,张万昌,刘三超.黑河流域叶面积指数的遥感反演[J].干旱区研究,2003,20(4);281-284
[134]徐学红,于明坚,胡正华.浙江古田山自然保护区甜槠种群结构与动态[J].生态学报,2005,25(3);645-653
[135]许中旗,李文华,鲍维楷.植被原生演替研究进展[J].生态学报,2005,25(12);3,383-3,389
[136]闫德仁,杨俊平,安晓亮等.荒漠藻固沙结皮试验研究初报[J].干旱区资源与环境,2004,18(5);147-150
[137]盐池县志编纂委员会.盐池县志[M].银川;宁夏人民出版社,2002
[138]阎传海,徐科峰.徐连过渡带低山丘陵森林植被次生演替模式与生态恢复重建策略[J].地理科学,2005,25(1);94-101
[139]杨持.生态学试验与实习[M].北京;高等教育出版社,2003,56-60
[140]杨持.羊草草原群落水平格局的研究Ⅰ-邻接格子样方的应用[J].内蒙古大学学报,1983(2);245-254
[141]杨晓晖,张克斌,侯瑞萍.封育措施对半干旱沙地草场植被群落特征及地上生物量的影响[J]生态环境,2005,14(5);730-734
[142]杨晓晖,张克斌,候瑞萍等.干旱沙地封育草场的植被变化及其与土壤因子间的关系[J].生态学报,2005,12(25);3,212-3,219
[143]杨元合,朴世龙.青藏高原草地植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的关系[J].植物生态学报,2006,30(1);1-8
[144]杨在中,郝敦元,杨持.植物群落种群分布格局研究的新方法[J].生态学报,1984,4(3);237 -247
[145]杨志荣,索秀芬.我国北方农牧交错带人类活动与环境的关系[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),1996,32(3);415-416
[146]弋良朋,尹林克.基于遥感和GIS的塔里木河下游土地荒漠化的动态变化[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2005,35(1);86-90
[147]尹爱国,苏志尧,李彩红.广东石门台自然保护区山顶矮林优势种群分布格局及动态[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(1);55-59
[148]于大炮.长白山北坡森林群落交错区植被结构及动态[D].中国科学院研究生院博士学位论文,2004,6
[149]喻理飞,朱守谦,叶镜中等.退化喀斯特森林自然恢复过程中群落动态研究[J].林业科学,2002,38(1);1-7
[150]云南大学生物系编.植物生态学[M].人民教育出版社,1980;186-196
[151]臧润国.林隙更新动态研究进展[J].生态学杂志,1998,17(2);50-58
[152]张笃见,叶晓娅,由文辉.常绿阔叶林地被层在群落中的作用-以浙江天童为例[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),1997,22(3);320-323
[153]张峰,张金屯,张峰.历山自然保护区猪尾沟森林群落植被格局及环境解释[J].生态学报,2003,23(3);421-427
[154]张凤荣,宋乃平,李超等.农牧交错区的荒漠化防治与土地持续利用途径探讨[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(1);19-22
[155]张汉雄,邵明安,张兴昌.东北农牧交错带生态环境恢复与持续发展战略[J].干旱区资源与环境,2004,18(1);129-134
[156]张继义,赵哈林等.科尔沁沙地植物群落恢复演替系列种群生态位动态特征[J].生态学报,2003,23(12);1,241-1,246
[157]张金屯.数量生态学[M].北京;科学出版社,2004
[158]张金屯.植被数量生态学方法[M].北京;中国科学技术出版社,1995
[159]张景光,李新荣,王新平等.沙坡头地区固定沙丘一年生植物小画眉草种群动态研究[J].中国沙漠,2001,21(3);232-235
[160]张军涛,傅小锋.东北农牧交错生态脆弱区可持续发展研究[J].中国人口.资源与环境,2005,15(5);58-62
[161]张军涛,李哲,郑度.温度与降水变化的小波分析及其环境效应解释-以东北农牧交错区为例[J].地理研究,2002,21(1);54-60
[162]张克斌,李瑞,侯瑞萍等.宁夏盐池县不同荒漠化治理措施植物多样性研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2004,2(4);66-72
[163]张克斌,王锦林,侯瑞萍.我国农牧交错区土地退化研究-以宁夏盐池县为例[J].中国水土保持科学.2003,1(1);85-90
[164]张丽霞,张峰,上官铁梁.山西芦芽山植物群落的数量分类[J].植物学通报,2001,18(2);231-239
[165]张林静,岳明,赵桂仿.不同生态位计测方法在绿洲荒漠过渡带上的应用比较[J].生态学杂志,2002,21(4);71-75
[166]张文辉,卢涛,马克明.岷江上游干旱河谷植物群落分布的环境与空间因素分析[J].生态学报,2004,24(3);552-559
[167]张文辉.裂叶沙参种群生态学研究[M].哈尔滨;东北林业大学出版社,1998;46-48
[168]张一平,马友鑫,刘玉洪.云南哀牢山常绿阔叶林林窗小气候特征[J].东北林业大学学报,2001,29(2);47-50
[169]张治国,王仁卿,陆健健.胶东沿海砂生植被基本特征及主要建群种空间分布格局的研究[J].山东大学学报(理学版),2002,37(4);364-368
[170]张自和,郭正刚,吴素琴.西部高寒地区草业面临的问题与可持续发展[J].草业学报,2002,11(3);29-33
[171]张新时.研究全球变化的植被-气候分类系统[J].第四纪研究,1993,2;157-169
[172]张新时,高琼,杨奠安等.中国东部样带的梯度分析及其预测[J].植物学报,1997a,39(9);785-799
[173]张新时,周广胜,高琼等.全球变化研究中的中国东北森林-草原陆地样带(NECT)[J].地学前缘,1997b,4(1-2);145-151
[174]赵冰茹,刘闯,王晶杰等.锡林郭勒草地MODIS植被指数时空变化研究[J].中国草地,2004,26(1);1-8
[175]赵哈林,张铜会,崔建恒等.近40a我国北方农牧交错区气候变化及其与土地沙漠化的关系-以科尔沁沙地为例[J].中国沙漠,2000,20(增刊);1-6
[176]赵哈林,赵学勇,张铜会等.北方农牧交错带的地理界定及其生态问题[J].地球科学进展,2002,17(5);739-747
[177]赵举,郑大玮,妥德宝.我国农牧交错带资源环境现状与可持续发展对策[J].中国生态农业学报,2003,11(4);176-177
[178]赵丽娅,李兆华,李锋瑞等.科尔沁沙地植被恢复演替进程中群落土壤种子库研究[J].生态学报,2005,25(12);3,204-3,211
[179]赵松乔,黄勉,过鉴懋.内蒙古自治区农牧业生产配置问题的初步研究[M].北京;科学出版社,1958
[180]赵松乔.察北、察盟及锡盟-一个农牧交错带地区经济地理调查[J].地理学报,1953,19(1);43-60
[181]赵松乔.川滇农牧交错地区地理调查研究[M].北京;科学出版社,1959
[182]赵雪等.河北坝上脆弱生态环境及整治[M].北京;中国环境科学出版社,1997
[183]赵艳霞,裘国旺.气候变化对北方农牧交错带的可能影响[J].气象,2001,27(5);3-7
[184]郑元润.不同方法在沙地云杉种群分布格局中适用性的研究[J].植物生态学报,1997,21(5);480-484
[185]周灿芳.植物群落动态研究进展.生态科学[J],2000,19(2);53-59
[186]周道纬,卢文喜,夏丽华.北方农牧交错带东段草地退化与水土流失[J].资源科学,1999,21(5);57-61
[187]周广胜.气候变化对生态脆弱地区农牧业生产力影响机制与模拟[J].资源科学,1999,21(5);46-52
[188]周国英,陈桂琛,魏国良.青海湖地区芨芨草群落主要种群分布格局研究[J].西北植物学报,2006,26(3);579-584
[189]周国英,陈桂琛,赵以莲等.青海湖地区芨芨草群落特征及其物种多样性研究[J].西北植物学报,2003,23(11);1,956-1,962
[190]周厚诚,任海,彭少麟等.广东南澳岛植被恢复过程中的群落动态研究[J].植物生态学报,2001,25(3)298-305
[191]周纪纶,郑师章,杨持.植物种群生态学[M].北京;高等教育出版社.1992,231-235
[192]周纪纶,郑师章,杨持.植物种群生态学[M].北京;高等教育出版社.1992,23-50
[193]周纪纶,郑师章,杨持.植物种群生态学[M].北京;高等教育出版社.1992,96-106
[194]周立三等.甘肃农牧交错地区农业区划初步研究[M].北京;科学出版社,1955
[195]周廷儒,张兰生等,中国北方农牧交错带全新世环境演变及顶测[M].北京;地质出版社,1992
[196]周先叶,王伯荪,李鸣光等.广东黑石顶自然保护区森林次生演替过程中的群落动态.植物学报,1999,41(8);877-886
[197]朱震达,刘恕.中国北部农牧交错区沙漠化治理的途径[A].中国科学院兰州沙漠研究所集刊,第3号[C].北京;科学出版社,1980;1-18
[198]朱震达,王涛.从若干典型地区的研究对近十余年来中国土地沙漠化演变趋势的分析[J],地理学报,1990,45(4);430-440
[199]朱震达.最近十年来中国北方农牧交错地区土地沙质荒漠化发展趋势的一例(丰宁北部及多伦南部)[J].中国沙漠,1994,14(4);1-6
[200]左小安,赵学勇,张铜会等.中国北方农牧交错带植被动态研究进展.水土保持究[J].2005,12(1);162-166
[201]Aiba S,Hill DA,Agetsuma N.Comparison between old-growth stands and secondary stands regenerating after clear-felling in warn-temperate forests of Yakushima,southern Japan[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2001,140;163-175
[202]Albertson FW,Riegel A,Launchbaugh J.Effects of different intensities of clipping on short grasses in west-central Kansas[J].Ecology,1953,34,1-20
[203]Barkman JJ.On the ecology of cryptogamic epiphytes with special reference to the Netherlands [J]. Belmontia, 1958,2:10-18
[204] Boyd DS and Ripple WJ. Potential vegetation indices for determining global forest cover [J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1997,18 (6): 1,395-1,401
[205] Braswell BH, Schimel DS, Linder E, Moore B. The response of global terrestrial ecosystems to interannual temperature variability [J]. Science, 1997, 238, 870 -872
[206] Braun-Blanquet J. Pflanzensoziologie. 3rd ed [M]. Springer, Wien. 1964
[207] Burk C.J. A four-year analysis of vegetation following an oil spill in a fresh water march [J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 1977,14: 515-522
[208] Chen JM. Derivation and validation of Canada-wide coarse-resolution leaf area index maps using high-resolution satellite imagery and ground measurements [J]. Remote Sens Ennviron, 2001, 80, 1-20
[209] Clements FE. Plant Succession and Indicator [M]. Wilson: New York, 1928
[210] Clements FE. Plant Succession: Analysis of the Development of Vegetation [M]. Carnegie Institute Publication: Washington DC, 1916
[211] Connel JH, Slatyer RO. Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization [M]. Amer. Nat., 1979,111:1119-1144.
[212] Coupland RT, Skoglund NA, Heard AJ. Effects of grazing in the Canadian Mixed Prairie. Proc. Intern. Grassl. Congress, 1960, 8, 212-215
[213] De Raeve F, Van der Meulen F, Jungerius PD, et al. eds. S and dune vegetation and management dynamics, in Coastal Dune Management [M]. SPB Academic Publishing, 1989. 99-109
[214] Del Moral R, Bliss LC. Mechanisms of primary succession: insights resulting from the eruption of Mount St. Helens [M]. Advances in Ecological Research, 1993, 24: 1-66.
[215] Di L, Rundquist DC, Han L. Modeling relationships between NDVI and precipitation during vegetation growth cycles [J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1994,15: 2121-2136
[216] Digby PG, Kempton RA. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Communities [M]. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1987
[217] Egler FE. Vegetation science concept I . Initial floristic composition-a factor in old-field vegetation development [J]. Vegetatio, 1954, 4: 412-418
[218] Eklundh L. Estimating relations between AVHRR NDVI and rainfall in East Africa at 10_day and monthly time scales [J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1998, 19: 563-568
[219] Everit BS. Graphical techniques for multivariate data [M]. New York: North-Holland, 1978
[220] Fang JY, Piao SL, He JS, et al. Increasing terrestrial vegetation activity in China, 1982-1999 [J]. Science in China (Series C), 2004, 47, 229-240
[221] Fischer RA, Corbet, Williams. The relation between the number of individuals and the number of species in a random sample of an animal population [J]. J. Anim. Ecol., 1943, 12:42-58
[222] Girard CM, Benoit M, de Vaubernier E et al. SPOT HRV data to discriminate grassland quality [J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1990,11(12): 2253-2267
[223] Gleason HA. Further view on the succession concept. Ecology, 1927, 8: 299-326
[224] Golley FB. Ecological Succession [M]. Stroudburg: Hutchinson & Ross, 1977
[225] Greig-Smith P. Pattern in Vegetation [J]. Journal of Ecology, 1979, 755-779
[226] Greig-Smith P. Quantitative Plant Ecology. 3rded [M]. Oxford: Blankwell Science Publications, 1983.105-112
[227] Greig-Smith P. Quantitative Plant Ecology. 3rded [M]. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1983,54-104
[228] Grootjans AP, Ernst WHO, Stuyfzand PJ. European dune Slack: strong interactions of biology, pedogenesis and hydrology. Tree, 1998,13 (3): 96-100.
[229] Haenrich EF. Environmental fluctuations on southfacing slopes in the Santa Catalina Mountains of Arizona [J]. Ecology, 1976, 51,959-974
[230] Hielkema JU, Prince SD, Astle WL. Rainfall and vegetation monitoring in the Savanna Zone of the Democratic Republic of Sudan using the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer [J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1986,7,1499-1513
[231] Hiernaux P. Effects of grazing on plant species composition and spatial distribution in rangelands of the Sahel [J]. Plant Ecology, 1998,138:191-202
[232] Ipatov VS. A study of the variation of the soil cover from year to year in a taiga-type boreal forest [J]. Bot Zh, 1969, 54,1939-1951
[233] Jenins MA, Parker GR. Composition and diversity of woody vegetation in silvicultural openings of southern Indiana forests [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 1998,109: 57-74
[234] Justice CO, Hiemaux PH. Monitoring the grasslands of the Sahel using NOAAA VHRR data: Niger 1983 [J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1986, 7(11): 1475-1497
[235] Kauffman JB. Survival by sprouting following fire in tropical forest of the east Amazon [J]. Biotropica, 1991, 23 (3): 219-224
[236] Khan ML. Regeneration and survival of tree seedling and sprouting in tropical deciduous and sub-tropical forest of Meghalaya India [J]. For. Eco. Manag., 1986,14: 293-304
[237] Knapp R.(宋永昌等译). 植被动态[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1986,68-76
[238] Korchangin AA. Symposium on the dynamics of vegetation in the FRG [J]. Bot Zh, 1968, 53, 1,669-1,676
[239] Li SG, Zhao HL, He ZY, et al. Grassland Desertification and Micro-Meteorologigical Changes in Naiman [J]. Journal of Desert Research, 1998,18(4): 259-365
[240] Manfred Wanner, Wolfram Dunger. Primary immigration and succession of soil organisms on reclaimed opencast coal mining areas in eastern Germany [J]. European Journal of Soil Biology, 2003, 38:137-143
[241] Margalef R. Perspectives in Ecological Theory [M]. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1968
[242] Matthews JA. The ecology of recently deglaciated terrain: a geoecological approach to glacier forelands and primary succession [M]. Cambridge: University Press, 1992
[243] McCloy KR, Hall KA. Mapping the density of woody vegetative cover using Landsat MSS digital data [J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1991,12 (9): 1877-1885
[244] Mcintosh RP. Succession and ecological theory in forest succession and application [M]. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1981: 10-23
[245] Merrill EH, Bramble-Brodahl MK, Marrs RW, et al. Estimation of green herbaceous phytomass from Landsat MSS data in Yellowstone National Park [J]. Journal of Range Management, 1993, 46(2): 151-157
[246] Miles J. Vegetation Dynamics [M]. New York: Halsted Press, 1979
[247] Mladenoff D, Baker WL. Spatial Modeling of Forest Landscape Change [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999
[248] Myneni RB, Tucker CJ, Asrar G, Keeling C. Interannual variations in satellitesensed vegetation index data from 1981 to 1991 [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1998,103: 6145-6160
[249] Negrelle RRB. Sprouting after up rooting of canopy trees in the Atlantic rain forest of Brazil. Biotropica, 1995, 27 (4): 448-454
[250] Nicholas Coops and Darius Culvenor. Utlizing local variance of simulated high spatial resolution imagery to predict spatial pattorn of forest stands [J]. Remote Sensing Environment, 2000, 71 (3): 248-260
[251] Noble IR, Slatyer RO. The use of vital attributes to predict successional change in plant communities subject to recurrent disturbances [J].Vegetation, 1980, 43: 5-21
[252] Odum EP (孙儒泳等译) .生态学基础[M]. 北京: 人民教育出版社, 1981
[253] Oliver CD, Larson BC. Forest stand dynamics [M]. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990
[254] Omar S. Dynamics of range plants following 10 years of protection in arid rangelands of Kuwait [J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 1991, 21: 99-111
[255] Paruelo JM, Golluscio RA. Range assessment using remote sensing in Northwest Patagonia (Argentina) [J]. Journal of Range Management, 1994, 47(6): 498-502
[256] Peltzer DA, Bast ML, Willson SD, et al. Plant diversity and tree responses following contrasting disturbances in boreal forest [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2000, 127:191-203
[257] Poschlod P, Bakker J, Bonn S, et al. Dispersal of plants in fragmented landscapes-changes of dispersal processes in the actual and historical man-made landscape [A]. In: settele J, Margules C, Poschlod, P, Henle K. Eds. Species Survival in Fragmented Landscapes [C]. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1996: 123-127
[258] Prince SD, Astle WL. Satellite remote sensing of rangelands in Botswama I: Landsat MSS and herbaceous vegetation [J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1986, 7(11): 1,533-1,553
[259] Qi J, Chehbouni A, Huete AR, et al. Amodified soil-adjusted vegetation index [J]. Remote Sens Environm, 1994,48,119-126
[260] Rabotnov TA. Fluctuations of meadows [J]. Bjull. Mosk. OI Prir. O. Biol, 1955, 60 (3):17-23
[261] Read DJ, Haselwandter K. Observation on the mycorrhizal arrays of some alpine communities [J]. New Phytologist, 1981, 88: 341-352.
[262] Rouse JW, Haas RH, Schell JA, and Deering DW. Monitoring vegetation systems in the Great Plains with ERTS [A]. Proceedings of Third Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1 Symposium[C], Greenbelt: NASA SP-351,1974: 310-317
[263] Saltz D, Schmidt H, Rowen M, etal. Assessing grazing impacts by remote sensing in hyper-arid environments [J]. Journal of Range Management, 1999, 52(5): 500-507
[264] Shugart HH. A theory of forest dynamics, The Ecological Implications of Forest Succession Models [M]. New York: Springer-Verlag. 1984
[265] Song YT. Vegetation Ecology [M]. Shanghai: East China normal University, 2001
[266] Stacker GC. Regeneration of A North Queensland rain forest following felling and burning [J]. Biotropica, 1981,13(2): 86-92
[267] Svoboda, Henry GHR. Succession in marginal artic environments [J]. Arctic and Alpine Research, 1987.19: 373-384.
[268] Tamm GO. Growth and plant nutrient concentration in Hylocomium proliferum Lindl. in relation to tree canopy [J]. Oikos, 1950, 2, 60-64
[269] Taylor BF, et al. Determination of seasonal and interannual variation in New Zealand pasture growth from NOAA 7 data [J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 1985, 18:177-192
[270] Terborgh J. Bird species diversity on an Andean elevational gradient [J]. Ecology, 1977, 58: 1007-1019
[271] Terborgh J. The role of ecotones in the distribution of Andean birds [J]. Ecology, 1985, 66(4): 1,237-1,246
[272] Timothy BM, Judith L, Timothy GW, et al. Evluating change in rangeland condition using multitemporal AVARR data and geographic information system analysis [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 1999, 59: 211-223
[273] Tsuyuzaki S. Origin of plants recovering on the volcano U su, Northern Japan, Since the eruptions of 1977 and 1978 [J]. Vegetatio, 1987, 73: 53-58
[274] Turner MD. Long-term effects of daily grazing orbits on nutrient availability in Sahelian West Africa: 1. Gradients in the chemical composition of rangeland soils and vegetation [J]. Journal of Biogeography, 1998, 25: 669-682
[275]Turner MG,Gardner RH.Quantitative methods in landscape ecology[M].New York;Springer-Verlag,1991
[276]Wang J,Rich PM,Price KP.Temporal responses of NDVI to precipitation and temperature in the central Great Plains,USA[J].International Journal of Remote Sensin,2003,24,2345-2364
[277]Whittaker RH(王伯荪译),1986.植物群落排序[M].北京;科学出版社
[278]Whittaker RJ,Bush MB,Richards K.Plant recolonization and vegetation succession on the Krakatoa Islands,Indonesia[J].Ecol.Monogr,1989,59;59-123
[279]Zhikang C.Monitoring seasonal dynamics of arid land vegetation using AVIRIS data[J].Remote Sensing Environment,1998,65(3);255-266
[2]包维楷,刘照光,袁亚夫.瓦屋山中亚热带湿性常绿阔叶林的林窗形成特征[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(4);485-490
[3]蔡飞,宋永昌.武夷山木荷种群结构和动态的研究[J].植物生态学报,1997,2l(2);138-148
[4]曹成有,蒋德明,阿拉木萨等.小叶锦鸡儿人工固沙区植被恢复生态过程的研究[J].应用生态学报,2000a,11(3);349-354
[5]曹成有,寇振武,蒋德明等.科尔沁沙地丘间地植被演变的研究[J].植物生态学报,2000b,24(3);262-267
[6]常庆瑞,贾科利,刘京.陕北农牧交错带土地荒漠化动态变化研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(2);74-78
[7]常学礼,邬建国.科尔沁沙地沙漠化过程中的物种多样性[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(2);151-156
[8]常月明,王心源,李俊英.农牧交错带水土流失与生态环境恶化及成因-以内蒙古四子王旗东南部为例[J].国土与自然资源研究,2003(4);57-58
[9]常月明,王心源,沙俊英.农牧交错带水土流失的危害及其成因-以内蒙古四子王旗为例[J].地域研究与开发,2004,23(1);80-83
[10]陈波,达良俊,宋永昌.常绿阔叶林内和林窗中栲树的种子萌发和幼苗生长[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2002,10(3);207-214
[11]陈广庭.内蒙古高原东南部现代沙漠化过程[J].中国沙漠,1991,11(2);11-19
[12]陈海,康慕谊,曹明明.北方农牧交错带农业气候资源空间特征分析[J].自然资源学报,2006,21(2);204-209
[13]陈一鹗.从盐池县谈农牧交错地带草场资源的管护问题.干旱地区农业研究,1985,(4);12-16
[14]陈章和,陈惠琴,刘惠琼.南亚热带常绿阔叶林几个树种的种子萌发和幼苗发育[J].植物学报,1995,37(8);630-635
[15]陈正新,王学东,史世斌.内蒙古阴山北麓农牧交错带生态建设中天然草地的利用[J].中国草地,2001,23(6);68-72
[16]程序.农牧交错带研究中的现代生态学前沿问题[J].资源科学,1999,21(5);1-8
[17]程占红,张金屯,张峰.不同旅游干扰下草甸种群生态优势度的差异[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(8);1,476-1,479
[18]池宏康.黄土高原地区提取植被信息方法的研究[J].植物学报,1996,38(1);40-44
[19]丁圣彦,宋永昌.常绿阔叶林植被动态研究进展[J].生态学报,2004,24(8);1,769-1,779
[20]丁圣彦,宋永昌.浙江天童常绿阔叶林演替系列优势种光合生理生态的比较[J].生态学报, 1999,19[3);318-323
[21]董光荣,吴波,慈龙骏等.我国荒漠化现状、成因与防治对策[J].中国沙漠,1999,19(4);318-324
[22]董鸣.异质量性生境中的植物克隆生长;风险分摊[J].植物生态学报,1996,20(6);543-548
[23]董世魁,龙瑞军,胡自治.高寒地区多年生禾草人工草地杂草种群动态研究[J].兰州大学学报,2003,39(5);82-87
[24]杜崇,林年丰,汤洁等.吉林省西部农牧交错带草地资源变化趋势研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,2005,27(1);86-91
[25]多立安,田德昌.羊草+杂类草群落数量特征季节动态的研究[J].植物研究,1996,16(2);235-241
[26]方修琦.从农业气候条件看我国北方原始农业的衰落与农牧交错带的形成[J].自然资源学报,1999,14(3);212-218
[27]傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明等.景观生态学原理及运用[M].北京;科学出版社,2001
[28]戈峰.现代生态学[M].科学出版社,2000.10;263
[29]格日乐,孙保平,刘军.农牧交错带土地退化类型区的划分及其防治研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2004,18(6);101-107
[30]辜智慧,陈晋,史培军.锡林郭勒草原1983-1999年NDVI逐旬变化量与气象因子的相关分析[J].植物生态学报,2005,29(5);753-765
[31]海春兴,周心澄,关文彬.社会发展与科技进步对农牧交错带土地利用方式变化驱动研究综述[J].北京林业大学学报(社会科学版),2005,4(1);69-72
[32]海山.内蒙古农牧交错带可持续发展研究[J].经济地理,1995,15(2);100-104
[33]黄敬峰,王秀珍,王人潮等.天然草地牧草产量与气象卫星植被指数的相关分析[J].农业现代化研究.2000,21(1);33-36
[34]黄世国,林思祖,曹光球等.不同生境中杉阔混交林物种多样性特征初步研究[J].生物多样性,2001,9(2);162-167
[35]黄志伟,彭敏,陈桂琛.青海湖几种主要湿地植物的种群分布格局及动态[J].应用与环境生物学报,2001,7(2);113-116
[36]黄永梅,张明理.鄂尔多斯高原植物群落多样性时空变化特点[J].生物多样性 2006,14(1);13-20
[37]郝仕龙,李壁成.土地利用的尺度和尺度转换[J].中国土地科学,2004,18(5);32-36
[38]霍成君.我国北方农牧交错带草地退化和荒漠化成因的研究[D].中国农业大学博士学位论文,2002.5
[39]江洪.云杉种群生态学[M].北京;中国林业出版社,1992;41-50
[40]江子瀛.深圳-东莞地区快速城市化过程对植被覆盖动态变化的影响[D].北京;北京大学, 2001.1-5
[41]蒋德明,卜军,寇振武.沙地人工植物群落生物量动态及其更新途径[J].中国沙漠,1997,17(2);189-193
[42]李宝林,周成虎.东北平原西部沙地沙质荒漠化的遥感监测研究[J].遥感学报,2002,6(2);117-112
[43]李瑞,张克斌,张生英等.宁夏盐池人工封育草原植物生态位研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2006a,4(1);49-54
[44]李瑞,张克斌,王百田等.湿地-干草原生态系统植物物种多样性研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2006b,28(5);12-17
[45]李瑞,王百田,张克斌.半干旱区湿地生态系统植被数量分类研究[C].全国博士生论坛-林业及生态建设领域相关学科,2006c;751-758
[46]李博.生态学[M].北京;高等教育出版社,1999;47-50
[47]李博等.草原与稀树草原[A].吴征镒.中国植被[M].北京;科学出版社,1980
[48]李栋梁,吕兰芝.中国农牧交错带的气候特征与演变[J].中国沙漠,2002,22(5);283-287
[49]李根前,唐德瑞,王迪海.陕南马尾松种群结构与动态的初步研究[J].西北植物学报,1994,14(4);307-313
[50]李广,黄高宝.北方农牧交错带气候变化及草地生产力的响应-以甘肃省定西县为例[J].中国草地,2005,27(1);7-11
[51]李开丽,蒋建军,茅荣正等.植被叶面积指数遥感监测模型[J].生态学报,2005,25(6);1,491-1,496
[52]李连方,王培,殷甫络等.不同保护措施对山地草甸植物多样性的影响[J].草地学报,1999,7(2);106-112
[53]李全发,刘文耀,沈有信等.南涧干热退化山地植被恢复的植物多样性变化[J].山地学报,2005,23(5);557-564
[54]李志熙,廖允成,白岗栓.毛乌素沙地植被特征与建设.水土保持通报,2005,25(5);66-74
[55]凌佐志,谢应忠.宁夏东部退化草原植物群落类型数量分析.宁夏农学院学报,2002,23(4);18-22
[56]李双成,蔡运.地理尺度转换若干问题的初步探讨[J].地理研究,2005,24(1);11-18
[57]李世奎,王石立,1988.中国北部半干旱地区农牧气候界限探讨[A],见;中国自然资源研究会,中国地理学会,中国农业学会等.中国干旱半干旱地区自然资源研究[C].北京;科学技术出版社
[58]吕一河,傅伯杰.生态学中的尺度及尺度转换方法[J].生态学报,2001,21(12);2096-2105
[59]李新荣,Pabnov B H.俄罗斯平原针-阔林过度带森林群落组成结构与物种多样性的研究[J].生物多样性,1999,7(4);291-296
[60]李旭光,何维明,董鸣.缙云山大头茶种群林窗动态的初步研究[J].生态学报,1997,17,(5); 542-547
[61]李增建,刘东维,文奇.农牧交错带生态系统恢复的科技支撑[J].内蒙古科技与经济,2001,(4);2-5
[62]梁士楚.贵阳喀斯特山地云贵鹅耳枥种群动态研究[J].生态学报,1992,12(1);51-60
[63]梁士楚.黔灵山云贵鹅耳枥群落乔木优势种群分布格局初探[J].生态学杂志,1991,10(6);1-5
[64]刘加珍,陈亚宁.新疆塔里木河下游植物群落逆向演替分析[J].干旱区地理,2002,25(3);231-236
[65]刘林德,高玉葆.论中国北方农牧交错带的生态环境建设与系统功能整合[J].地球科学进展,2002,17(2);174-181
[66]刘卫国,潘晓玲,高炜.新疆阜康绿洲生态系统生物量遥感估算分析.资源科学[J],2005,27(5);134-130
[67]刘正恩,葛剑平.北方农牧交错带生态恢复与重建的原则及对策[J].干旱区研究,2004,21(3);299-303
[68]刘钟龄,王炜,梁存柱等.内蒙古草原植被在持续牧压下退化演替的模式与诊断[J].草地学报,1998,6(4);244-251
[69]柳新伟,申卫军,张桂莲.南亚热带森林演替植物幼苗生态位适应度模拟[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(1);1-6
[70]吕宪国.湿地生态系统观测方法[M].中国环境科学出版社,2005;90
[71]罗修岳,郑柯.脆弱生态环境植被指数和植被盖度数字图像的编制及其应用研究-以晋陕蒙地区为例[A].晋陕蒙接埃地区脆弱生态系统遥感监侧与管理研究[C].北京;宇航出版社,1994;24-35
[72]骆东玲,张金屯,陈林美.白羊草群落优势种群生态位研究[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版)2003,26(1);76-80
[73]买买提·阿不都拉.新疆湿地现状与保护[J].新疆林业,2001,43(4);4-5
[74]苗莉云,王孝安,王志高.太白红杉群落交错带物种多样性的研究[J].广西植物,2005,25(2);112-116
[75]牟长城,罗菊春,王襄平等.长白山林区森林/沼泽交错群落的植物多样性[J].生物多样性,1998,6(2);132-137.
[76]牛德水.农业生物学与农业持续发展[M].北京;科学出版社,1997
[77]牛文元,生态环境脆弱带ECOTONE的基础判定[J].生态学报,1989,9(2);97-104
[78]牛志春,倪绍详.青海湖环湖地区草地植被生物量遥感监测模型[J].地理学报,2003,58(5);695-702
[79]潘占兵,蒋齐,温学飞等.长城沿线农牧交错区退化草场恢复对策-以宁夏盐池沙地退化草场为例[J].西北农业学报,2004,13(4);115-119
[80]潘志华,安萍莉,刘亚玲.北方农牧交错带生态系统自然环境变化研究-以武川县为例[J].中国农业资源与区划,2003,24(5);37-41
[81]彭军,李旭光,董鸣.重庆四面山亚热带常绿阔叶林种子库研究[J].植物生态学报,2000a,24(2);209-214
[82]彭军,李旭光,付永川.重庆四面山常绿阔叶林建群种种子雨、种子库研究[J].应用生态学报,2000b,11(1);22-24
[83]彭珂珊.农牧交错区生态环境恢复与重建的可持续发展思路[J].四川草原,2003(1);13-17
[84]彭少麟,方炜,任海等.鼎湖山厚壳桂群落演替过程的组成和结构动态[J].植物生态学报,1998,22(3)245-249
[85]彭少麟,方炜.鼎湖山植被演替过程优势种群动态研究Ⅲ.黄果厚壳桂和厚壳桂种群[J].热带亚热带植物学报,1994,2(4);79-87
[86]彭少麟,方炜.鼎湖山植被演替过程中椎栗和荷木种群的动态[J].植物生态学报,1995,19(4);311-318
[87]彭少麟,王伯荪.鼎湖山森林群落分析Ⅵ[A].非线性演替系统,热带亚热带森林生态系统[C].第三集,25-31
[88]彭少麟.南亚热带森林群落动态学[M].北京;科学出版社,1996
[89]彭少麟.森林群落波动的探讨[J].运用生态学报,1993,4(2);120-125
[90]彭少麟.森林群落动态学理论及其运用[D].中山大学博士学位论文,1989.6
[91]彭少麟.森林群落稳定性与动态测度[J].广西植物,1987,7(1);67-72
[92]彭少麟.植物群落演替研究Ⅱ.动态研究的方法[J].生态科学,1994,(2);117-119
[93]裘国旺,赵艳霞,王石立.气候变化对我国北方农牧交错带及其气候生产力的影响[J].干旱区研究,2001,18(1);23-28
[94]全国农业区划委员会《中国综合农业区划》编写组.中国综合农业区划[M].农业出版社,1981
[95]任海,刘世忠,彭少麟等.植物群落波动的类型与机理(综述)[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2001,9(2);167-173
[96]桑卫国,李景文.小兴安岭南坡红松林动态模拟[J].生态学报,1998,18(1);38-47
[97]沈泽昊,金义兴,赵子恩等.亚热带山地森林珍稀植物群落的结构与动态.生态学报,2000,20(5);800-807
[98]沈泽昊.山地森林样带植被-环境关系的多尺度研究[J].生态学报,2002,22(4);461-470
[99]史德宽.农牧交错带在持续发展战略中的特殊地位[J].草地学报,1999,7(1);17-21
[100]史军辉,黄忠良,蚁伟民等.渐危植物格木群落动态及其保护对策[J].西北林学院学报,2005,20(3);65-69
[101]石瑞香,康慕谊.NECT上农牧交错区耕地变化及其驱动力分析[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2000,36(5);700-705
[102]宋会兴,苏智先,高贤明.植被状况对乔木幼苗物种多样性的影响[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2001,9(4);289-294
[103]宋永昌.植被生态学[M].上海;华东师范大学出版社,2001
[104]苏志尧,吴大荣,陈北光.粤北天然林优势种群结构与空间格局动态[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(3);337-341
[105]孙颌,石玉林等.中国农业自然资源与区域发展[M].南京;江苏科技出版社,1994
[106]唐海萍.陆地生态系统样带研究的方法与实践-中国东北样带植被-环境关系研究[M].北京;科学出版社,2003
[107]唐海萍,张新时.中国东北样带的生态系统多样性梯度研究[J].第四纪研究,1999(5);479
[108]陶建平,钟章成,杨万勤.不同群落种四川大头茶幼苗的生长动态研究[J].西南农业大学学报,2001,23(2);167-170
[109]田汉勤,齐晔.生态演替的过程分析[A].见;马世骏主编,现代生态学透视[M].北京;科学出版社,1990,90-100
[110]田永明,刘德福.农牧交错区草地资源可持续利用定量研究[J].中国草地,2005,27(3);1-4
[111]王伯荪,李鸣光,彭少麟.植物种群学[M].广州;广东高等教育出版社,1995,100-112
[112]王伯荪,彭少麟.鼎湖山森林群落分析X.边缘效应[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),1986(4);52-56
[113]王伯荪,彭少麟.鼎湖山森林优势种群数量动态[J].生态学报,1987,7(3);214-221
[114]王伯荪.植物群落学[M].北京;高等教育出版社,1987
[115]王国平.水资源开发对科尔沁湿地环境的负面效应[J].国土与自然资源研究,2001,4(2);45-47
[116]王金达,王起超,刘景双等.东北地区西部农牧交错区可持续发展战略构想[J].农业环境与发展,2001(1);25-27
[117]王琳,张金屯,上官铁梁等.历山山地草甸的物种多样性及其与土壤理化性质的关系[J].应用与环境生物学报,2004,10(1);18-22
[118]王立群,陈世璜,郝利忠.黑沙蒿生态生物学特性及群落地理分布规律相关性研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2002,16(4);95-98
[119]王庆锁,王襄平,罗菊春等.生物交错带与生物多样性[J].生物多样性,1997,5(2);126-131
[120]王如松,马世骏.边缘效应及其在经济生态学中的应用[J].生态学杂志,1985(2);38-42
[121]王涛主编.中国的沙漠、沙漠化及其防治[M].石家庄;河北省科学技术出版社,2002;321-323,334-339
[122]王巍,刘灿然,马克平等.东灵山两个落叶阔叶林中辽东栎种群结构和动态[J].植物学报,1999,41(4);425-432
[123]王秀珍,黄敬峰.用AVHRR资料监测北疆北部天然草地[J].中国农业气象,1995,16(3);43-47
[124]王周平,李旭光,石胜友.重庆缙云山针阔混交林林隙树木更替规律研究[J].植物生态学报, 2001,51(4);399-404
[125]邬建国,Vankat JL.生态演替理论和模型[A].见;刘建国主编,当代生态学博论[M].北京;中国科学技术出版社,1992,49-64
[126]武吉华,张绅.植物地理学(第3版)[M].高等教育出版社,2001.12
[127]奚为民,钟章成,毕润成.四川缙云山亚热带常绿阔叶林林窗边缘效应的研究[J].植物生态学与地植物学学报,1993,17(3);232-242
[128]席建超,张红旗,张志强.应用遥感数据反演针叶林有效叶面积指数[J].北京林业大学学报,2004,26(6);36-39
[129]谢宗强,陈伟烈,路鹏.濒危植物银杉的种群统计与年龄结构[J].生态学报,1999,19(4);523-528
[130]邢福,宋日.草地有毒植物狼毒种群分布格局及动态[J].草业科学,2002,19(1);16-19
[131]邢兆凯,吴祥云,张学利等.辽西北地区农牧交错带土地退化原因及其对土壤性状的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,1999,30(2);102-105
[132]徐彩琳,李自珍.干旱荒漠区人工植物群落演替模式及其生态学机制研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(9);1,451-1,456
[133]徐全芝,张万昌,刘三超.黑河流域叶面积指数的遥感反演[J].干旱区研究,2003,20(4);281-284
[134]徐学红,于明坚,胡正华.浙江古田山自然保护区甜槠种群结构与动态[J].生态学报,2005,25(3);645-653
[135]许中旗,李文华,鲍维楷.植被原生演替研究进展[J].生态学报,2005,25(12);3,383-3,389
[136]闫德仁,杨俊平,安晓亮等.荒漠藻固沙结皮试验研究初报[J].干旱区资源与环境,2004,18(5);147-150
[137]盐池县志编纂委员会.盐池县志[M].银川;宁夏人民出版社,2002
[138]阎传海,徐科峰.徐连过渡带低山丘陵森林植被次生演替模式与生态恢复重建策略[J].地理科学,2005,25(1);94-101
[139]杨持.生态学试验与实习[M].北京;高等教育出版社,2003,56-60
[140]杨持.羊草草原群落水平格局的研究Ⅰ-邻接格子样方的应用[J].内蒙古大学学报,1983(2);245-254
[141]杨晓晖,张克斌,侯瑞萍.封育措施对半干旱沙地草场植被群落特征及地上生物量的影响[J]生态环境,2005,14(5);730-734
[142]杨晓晖,张克斌,候瑞萍等.干旱沙地封育草场的植被变化及其与土壤因子间的关系[J].生态学报,2005,12(25);3,212-3,219
[143]杨元合,朴世龙.青藏高原草地植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的关系[J].植物生态学报,2006,30(1);1-8
[144]杨在中,郝敦元,杨持.植物群落种群分布格局研究的新方法[J].生态学报,1984,4(3);237 -247
[145]杨志荣,索秀芬.我国北方农牧交错带人类活动与环境的关系[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),1996,32(3);415-416
[146]弋良朋,尹林克.基于遥感和GIS的塔里木河下游土地荒漠化的动态变化[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2005,35(1);86-90
[147]尹爱国,苏志尧,李彩红.广东石门台自然保护区山顶矮林优势种群分布格局及动态[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(1);55-59
[148]于大炮.长白山北坡森林群落交错区植被结构及动态[D].中国科学院研究生院博士学位论文,2004,6
[149]喻理飞,朱守谦,叶镜中等.退化喀斯特森林自然恢复过程中群落动态研究[J].林业科学,2002,38(1);1-7
[150]云南大学生物系编.植物生态学[M].人民教育出版社,1980;186-196
[151]臧润国.林隙更新动态研究进展[J].生态学杂志,1998,17(2);50-58
[152]张笃见,叶晓娅,由文辉.常绿阔叶林地被层在群落中的作用-以浙江天童为例[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),1997,22(3);320-323
[153]张峰,张金屯,张峰.历山自然保护区猪尾沟森林群落植被格局及环境解释[J].生态学报,2003,23(3);421-427
[154]张凤荣,宋乃平,李超等.农牧交错区的荒漠化防治与土地持续利用途径探讨[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(1);19-22
[155]张汉雄,邵明安,张兴昌.东北农牧交错带生态环境恢复与持续发展战略[J].干旱区资源与环境,2004,18(1);129-134
[156]张继义,赵哈林等.科尔沁沙地植物群落恢复演替系列种群生态位动态特征[J].生态学报,2003,23(12);1,241-1,246
[157]张金屯.数量生态学[M].北京;科学出版社,2004
[158]张金屯.植被数量生态学方法[M].北京;中国科学技术出版社,1995
[159]张景光,李新荣,王新平等.沙坡头地区固定沙丘一年生植物小画眉草种群动态研究[J].中国沙漠,2001,21(3);232-235
[160]张军涛,傅小锋.东北农牧交错生态脆弱区可持续发展研究[J].中国人口.资源与环境,2005,15(5);58-62
[161]张军涛,李哲,郑度.温度与降水变化的小波分析及其环境效应解释-以东北农牧交错区为例[J].地理研究,2002,21(1);54-60
[162]张克斌,李瑞,侯瑞萍等.宁夏盐池县不同荒漠化治理措施植物多样性研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2004,2(4);66-72
[163]张克斌,王锦林,侯瑞萍.我国农牧交错区土地退化研究-以宁夏盐池县为例[J].中国水土保持科学.2003,1(1);85-90
[164]张丽霞,张峰,上官铁梁.山西芦芽山植物群落的数量分类[J].植物学通报,2001,18(2);231-239
[165]张林静,岳明,赵桂仿.不同生态位计测方法在绿洲荒漠过渡带上的应用比较[J].生态学杂志,2002,21(4);71-75
[166]张文辉,卢涛,马克明.岷江上游干旱河谷植物群落分布的环境与空间因素分析[J].生态学报,2004,24(3);552-559
[167]张文辉.裂叶沙参种群生态学研究[M].哈尔滨;东北林业大学出版社,1998;46-48
[168]张一平,马友鑫,刘玉洪.云南哀牢山常绿阔叶林林窗小气候特征[J].东北林业大学学报,2001,29(2);47-50
[169]张治国,王仁卿,陆健健.胶东沿海砂生植被基本特征及主要建群种空间分布格局的研究[J].山东大学学报(理学版),2002,37(4);364-368
[170]张自和,郭正刚,吴素琴.西部高寒地区草业面临的问题与可持续发展[J].草业学报,2002,11(3);29-33
[171]张新时.研究全球变化的植被-气候分类系统[J].第四纪研究,1993,2;157-169
[172]张新时,高琼,杨奠安等.中国东部样带的梯度分析及其预测[J].植物学报,1997a,39(9);785-799
[173]张新时,周广胜,高琼等.全球变化研究中的中国东北森林-草原陆地样带(NECT)[J].地学前缘,1997b,4(1-2);145-151
[174]赵冰茹,刘闯,王晶杰等.锡林郭勒草地MODIS植被指数时空变化研究[J].中国草地,2004,26(1);1-8
[175]赵哈林,张铜会,崔建恒等.近40a我国北方农牧交错区气候变化及其与土地沙漠化的关系-以科尔沁沙地为例[J].中国沙漠,2000,20(增刊);1-6
[176]赵哈林,赵学勇,张铜会等.北方农牧交错带的地理界定及其生态问题[J].地球科学进展,2002,17(5);739-747
[177]赵举,郑大玮,妥德宝.我国农牧交错带资源环境现状与可持续发展对策[J].中国生态农业学报,2003,11(4);176-177
[178]赵丽娅,李兆华,李锋瑞等.科尔沁沙地植被恢复演替进程中群落土壤种子库研究[J].生态学报,2005,25(12);3,204-3,211
[179]赵松乔,黄勉,过鉴懋.内蒙古自治区农牧业生产配置问题的初步研究[M].北京;科学出版社,1958
[180]赵松乔.察北、察盟及锡盟-一个农牧交错带地区经济地理调查[J].地理学报,1953,19(1);43-60
[181]赵松乔.川滇农牧交错地区地理调查研究[M].北京;科学出版社,1959
[182]赵雪等.河北坝上脆弱生态环境及整治[M].北京;中国环境科学出版社,1997
[183]赵艳霞,裘国旺.气候变化对北方农牧交错带的可能影响[J].气象,2001,27(5);3-7
[184]郑元润.不同方法在沙地云杉种群分布格局中适用性的研究[J].植物生态学报,1997,21(5);480-484
[185]周灿芳.植物群落动态研究进展.生态科学[J],2000,19(2);53-59
[186]周道纬,卢文喜,夏丽华.北方农牧交错带东段草地退化与水土流失[J].资源科学,1999,21(5);57-61
[187]周广胜.气候变化对生态脆弱地区农牧业生产力影响机制与模拟[J].资源科学,1999,21(5);46-52
[188]周国英,陈桂琛,魏国良.青海湖地区芨芨草群落主要种群分布格局研究[J].西北植物学报,2006,26(3);579-584
[189]周国英,陈桂琛,赵以莲等.青海湖地区芨芨草群落特征及其物种多样性研究[J].西北植物学报,2003,23(11);1,956-1,962
[190]周厚诚,任海,彭少麟等.广东南澳岛植被恢复过程中的群落动态研究[J].植物生态学报,2001,25(3)298-305
[191]周纪纶,郑师章,杨持.植物种群生态学[M].北京;高等教育出版社.1992,231-235
[192]周纪纶,郑师章,杨持.植物种群生态学[M].北京;高等教育出版社.1992,23-50
[193]周纪纶,郑师章,杨持.植物种群生态学[M].北京;高等教育出版社.1992,96-106
[194]周立三等.甘肃农牧交错地区农业区划初步研究[M].北京;科学出版社,1955
[195]周廷儒,张兰生等,中国北方农牧交错带全新世环境演变及顶测[M].北京;地质出版社,1992
[196]周先叶,王伯荪,李鸣光等.广东黑石顶自然保护区森林次生演替过程中的群落动态.植物学报,1999,41(8);877-886
[197]朱震达,刘恕.中国北部农牧交错区沙漠化治理的途径[A].中国科学院兰州沙漠研究所集刊,第3号[C].北京;科学出版社,1980;1-18
[198]朱震达,王涛.从若干典型地区的研究对近十余年来中国土地沙漠化演变趋势的分析[J],地理学报,1990,45(4);430-440
[199]朱震达.最近十年来中国北方农牧交错地区土地沙质荒漠化发展趋势的一例(丰宁北部及多伦南部)[J].中国沙漠,1994,14(4);1-6
[200]左小安,赵学勇,张铜会等.中国北方农牧交错带植被动态研究进展.水土保持究[J].2005,12(1);162-166
[201]Aiba S,Hill DA,Agetsuma N.Comparison between old-growth stands and secondary stands regenerating after clear-felling in warn-temperate forests of Yakushima,southern Japan[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2001,140;163-175
[202]Albertson FW,Riegel A,Launchbaugh J.Effects of different intensities of clipping on short grasses in west-central Kansas[J].Ecology,1953,34,1-20
[203]Barkman JJ.On the ecology of cryptogamic epiphytes with special reference to the Netherlands [J]. Belmontia, 1958,2:10-18
[204] Boyd DS and Ripple WJ. Potential vegetation indices for determining global forest cover [J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1997,18 (6): 1,395-1,401
[205] Braswell BH, Schimel DS, Linder E, Moore B. The response of global terrestrial ecosystems to interannual temperature variability [J]. Science, 1997, 238, 870 -872
[206] Braun-Blanquet J. Pflanzensoziologie. 3rd ed [M]. Springer, Wien. 1964
[207] Burk C.J. A four-year analysis of vegetation following an oil spill in a fresh water march [J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 1977,14: 515-522
[208] Chen JM. Derivation and validation of Canada-wide coarse-resolution leaf area index maps using high-resolution satellite imagery and ground measurements [J]. Remote Sens Ennviron, 2001, 80, 1-20
[209] Clements FE. Plant Succession and Indicator [M]. Wilson: New York, 1928
[210] Clements FE. Plant Succession: Analysis of the Development of Vegetation [M]. Carnegie Institute Publication: Washington DC, 1916
[211] Connel JH, Slatyer RO. Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization [M]. Amer. Nat., 1979,111:1119-1144.
[212] Coupland RT, Skoglund NA, Heard AJ. Effects of grazing in the Canadian Mixed Prairie. Proc. Intern. Grassl. Congress, 1960, 8, 212-215
[213] De Raeve F, Van der Meulen F, Jungerius PD, et al. eds. S and dune vegetation and management dynamics, in Coastal Dune Management [M]. SPB Academic Publishing, 1989. 99-109
[214] Del Moral R, Bliss LC. Mechanisms of primary succession: insights resulting from the eruption of Mount St. Helens [M]. Advances in Ecological Research, 1993, 24: 1-66.
[215] Di L, Rundquist DC, Han L. Modeling relationships between NDVI and precipitation during vegetation growth cycles [J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1994,15: 2121-2136
[216] Digby PG, Kempton RA. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Communities [M]. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1987
[217] Egler FE. Vegetation science concept I . Initial floristic composition-a factor in old-field vegetation development [J]. Vegetatio, 1954, 4: 412-418
[218] Eklundh L. Estimating relations between AVHRR NDVI and rainfall in East Africa at 10_day and monthly time scales [J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1998, 19: 563-568
[219] Everit BS. Graphical techniques for multivariate data [M]. New York: North-Holland, 1978
[220] Fang JY, Piao SL, He JS, et al. Increasing terrestrial vegetation activity in China, 1982-1999 [J]. Science in China (Series C), 2004, 47, 229-240
[221] Fischer RA, Corbet, Williams. The relation between the number of individuals and the number of species in a random sample of an animal population [J]. J. Anim. Ecol., 1943, 12:42-58
[222] Girard CM, Benoit M, de Vaubernier E et al. SPOT HRV data to discriminate grassland quality [J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1990,11(12): 2253-2267
[223] Gleason HA. Further view on the succession concept. Ecology, 1927, 8: 299-326
[224] Golley FB. Ecological Succession [M]. Stroudburg: Hutchinson & Ross, 1977
[225] Greig-Smith P. Pattern in Vegetation [J]. Journal of Ecology, 1979, 755-779
[226] Greig-Smith P. Quantitative Plant Ecology. 3rded [M]. Oxford: Blankwell Science Publications, 1983.105-112
[227] Greig-Smith P. Quantitative Plant Ecology. 3rded [M]. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1983,54-104
[228] Grootjans AP, Ernst WHO, Stuyfzand PJ. European dune Slack: strong interactions of biology, pedogenesis and hydrology. Tree, 1998,13 (3): 96-100.
[229] Haenrich EF. Environmental fluctuations on southfacing slopes in the Santa Catalina Mountains of Arizona [J]. Ecology, 1976, 51,959-974
[230] Hielkema JU, Prince SD, Astle WL. Rainfall and vegetation monitoring in the Savanna Zone of the Democratic Republic of Sudan using the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer [J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1986,7,1499-1513
[231] Hiernaux P. Effects of grazing on plant species composition and spatial distribution in rangelands of the Sahel [J]. Plant Ecology, 1998,138:191-202
[232] Ipatov VS. A study of the variation of the soil cover from year to year in a taiga-type boreal forest [J]. Bot Zh, 1969, 54,1939-1951
[233] Jenins MA, Parker GR. Composition and diversity of woody vegetation in silvicultural openings of southern Indiana forests [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 1998,109: 57-74
[234] Justice CO, Hiemaux PH. Monitoring the grasslands of the Sahel using NOAAA VHRR data: Niger 1983 [J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1986, 7(11): 1475-1497
[235] Kauffman JB. Survival by sprouting following fire in tropical forest of the east Amazon [J]. Biotropica, 1991, 23 (3): 219-224
[236] Khan ML. Regeneration and survival of tree seedling and sprouting in tropical deciduous and sub-tropical forest of Meghalaya India [J]. For. Eco. Manag., 1986,14: 293-304
[237] Knapp R.(宋永昌等译). 植被动态[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1986,68-76
[238] Korchangin AA. Symposium on the dynamics of vegetation in the FRG [J]. Bot Zh, 1968, 53, 1,669-1,676
[239] Li SG, Zhao HL, He ZY, et al. Grassland Desertification and Micro-Meteorologigical Changes in Naiman [J]. Journal of Desert Research, 1998,18(4): 259-365
[240] Manfred Wanner, Wolfram Dunger. Primary immigration and succession of soil organisms on reclaimed opencast coal mining areas in eastern Germany [J]. European Journal of Soil Biology, 2003, 38:137-143
[241] Margalef R. Perspectives in Ecological Theory [M]. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1968
[242] Matthews JA. The ecology of recently deglaciated terrain: a geoecological approach to glacier forelands and primary succession [M]. Cambridge: University Press, 1992
[243] McCloy KR, Hall KA. Mapping the density of woody vegetative cover using Landsat MSS digital data [J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1991,12 (9): 1877-1885
[244] Mcintosh RP. Succession and ecological theory in forest succession and application [M]. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1981: 10-23
[245] Merrill EH, Bramble-Brodahl MK, Marrs RW, et al. Estimation of green herbaceous phytomass from Landsat MSS data in Yellowstone National Park [J]. Journal of Range Management, 1993, 46(2): 151-157
[246] Miles J. Vegetation Dynamics [M]. New York: Halsted Press, 1979
[247] Mladenoff D, Baker WL. Spatial Modeling of Forest Landscape Change [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999
[248] Myneni RB, Tucker CJ, Asrar G, Keeling C. Interannual variations in satellitesensed vegetation index data from 1981 to 1991 [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1998,103: 6145-6160
[249] Negrelle RRB. Sprouting after up rooting of canopy trees in the Atlantic rain forest of Brazil. Biotropica, 1995, 27 (4): 448-454
[250] Nicholas Coops and Darius Culvenor. Utlizing local variance of simulated high spatial resolution imagery to predict spatial pattorn of forest stands [J]. Remote Sensing Environment, 2000, 71 (3): 248-260
[251] Noble IR, Slatyer RO. The use of vital attributes to predict successional change in plant communities subject to recurrent disturbances [J].Vegetation, 1980, 43: 5-21
[252] Odum EP (孙儒泳等译) .生态学基础[M]. 北京: 人民教育出版社, 1981
[253] Oliver CD, Larson BC. Forest stand dynamics [M]. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990
[254] Omar S. Dynamics of range plants following 10 years of protection in arid rangelands of Kuwait [J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 1991, 21: 99-111
[255] Paruelo JM, Golluscio RA. Range assessment using remote sensing in Northwest Patagonia (Argentina) [J]. Journal of Range Management, 1994, 47(6): 498-502
[256] Peltzer DA, Bast ML, Willson SD, et al. Plant diversity and tree responses following contrasting disturbances in boreal forest [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2000, 127:191-203
[257] Poschlod P, Bakker J, Bonn S, et al. Dispersal of plants in fragmented landscapes-changes of dispersal processes in the actual and historical man-made landscape [A]. In: settele J, Margules C, Poschlod, P, Henle K. Eds. Species Survival in Fragmented Landscapes [C]. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1996: 123-127
[258] Prince SD, Astle WL. Satellite remote sensing of rangelands in Botswama I: Landsat MSS and herbaceous vegetation [J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1986, 7(11): 1,533-1,553
[259] Qi J, Chehbouni A, Huete AR, et al. Amodified soil-adjusted vegetation index [J]. Remote Sens Environm, 1994,48,119-126
[260] Rabotnov TA. Fluctuations of meadows [J]. Bjull. Mosk. OI Prir. O. Biol, 1955, 60 (3):17-23
[261] Read DJ, Haselwandter K. Observation on the mycorrhizal arrays of some alpine communities [J]. New Phytologist, 1981, 88: 341-352.
[262] Rouse JW, Haas RH, Schell JA, and Deering DW. Monitoring vegetation systems in the Great Plains with ERTS [A]. Proceedings of Third Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1 Symposium[C], Greenbelt: NASA SP-351,1974: 310-317
[263] Saltz D, Schmidt H, Rowen M, etal. Assessing grazing impacts by remote sensing in hyper-arid environments [J]. Journal of Range Management, 1999, 52(5): 500-507
[264] Shugart HH. A theory of forest dynamics, The Ecological Implications of Forest Succession Models [M]. New York: Springer-Verlag. 1984
[265] Song YT. Vegetation Ecology [M]. Shanghai: East China normal University, 2001
[266] Stacker GC. Regeneration of A North Queensland rain forest following felling and burning [J]. Biotropica, 1981,13(2): 86-92
[267] Svoboda, Henry GHR. Succession in marginal artic environments [J]. Arctic and Alpine Research, 1987.19: 373-384.
[268] Tamm GO. Growth and plant nutrient concentration in Hylocomium proliferum Lindl. in relation to tree canopy [J]. Oikos, 1950, 2, 60-64
[269] Taylor BF, et al. Determination of seasonal and interannual variation in New Zealand pasture growth from NOAA 7 data [J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 1985, 18:177-192
[270] Terborgh J. Bird species diversity on an Andean elevational gradient [J]. Ecology, 1977, 58: 1007-1019
[271] Terborgh J. The role of ecotones in the distribution of Andean birds [J]. Ecology, 1985, 66(4): 1,237-1,246
[272] Timothy BM, Judith L, Timothy GW, et al. Evluating change in rangeland condition using multitemporal AVARR data and geographic information system analysis [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 1999, 59: 211-223
[273] Tsuyuzaki S. Origin of plants recovering on the volcano U su, Northern Japan, Since the eruptions of 1977 and 1978 [J]. Vegetatio, 1987, 73: 53-58
[274] Turner MD. Long-term effects of daily grazing orbits on nutrient availability in Sahelian West Africa: 1. Gradients in the chemical composition of rangeland soils and vegetation [J]. Journal of Biogeography, 1998, 25: 669-682
[275]Turner MG,Gardner RH.Quantitative methods in landscape ecology[M].New York;Springer-Verlag,1991
[276]Wang J,Rich PM,Price KP.Temporal responses of NDVI to precipitation and temperature in the central Great Plains,USA[J].International Journal of Remote Sensin,2003,24,2345-2364
[277]Whittaker RH(王伯荪译),1986.植物群落排序[M].北京;科学出版社
[278]Whittaker RJ,Bush MB,Richards K.Plant recolonization and vegetation succession on the Krakatoa Islands,Indonesia[J].Ecol.Monogr,1989,59;59-123
[279]Zhikang C.Monitoring seasonal dynamics of arid land vegetation using AVIRIS data[J].Remote Sensing Environment,1998,65(3);255-266