适应夏热冬冷地区气候的办公建筑设计研究
|
摘要
中国人口密度较大地区,大部分具有夏热冬冷的气候特征,在这些地区,年气温变化相对较大,为了维持舒适的室内环境,建筑往往要以高昂的运作成本和能源耗费及污染排放为代价,现代办公建筑尤是如此。这无疑背离了人与自然和谐相处的发展之道。由于该地区在不同季节兼具南、北地区的气候特点,简单使用北方寒冷地区或南方炎热地区的设计策略将陷入“顾此失彼、难以两全”的境地。
建筑本质上是人类适应气候环境条件的自然产物。气候是一个长期的、宏观的概念,凭借目前的科学水平还很难将其改变,但是人可以宏观地适应气候,可以调节城市微气候,从规划、建筑和细部构造各个层面,创造出舒适的建筑微气候。建筑设计结合气候就是根据气候特点,把握当地的太阳辐射、风、降水状况,进行围护结构的保温、隔热、通风、防潮设计,从建筑的选址、采光、遮阳、保温、隔热、蓄热集热、采暖与制冷、通风与防风等方面进行考虑,形成良好的室内热环境。
生态建筑设计方面的策略对于建筑环境效应的影响至关重要。从气候分析入手的,适合气候条件的设计策略,往往比单纯的依靠技术条件实现的“生态”事半功倍。本文在对与气候相关的建筑设计理论进行阐述的基础上,结合夏热冬冷地区气候的特殊性,总结出适应夏热冬冷地区的建筑设计策略,来指导建筑设计。“作为研究的设计”的设计过程,类似于科学模式之中的循环性系统,在设计过程中融入研究、理论和实验。设计是一种实验的形式,同时也是一个研究的过程,一种强调过程的创造,而不是那个最初的想法或是最终的结论。
Most of high-population regions in China share the same climate characteristic, which means hot in summer and cold in winter. In these regions, buildings must operate with high expense, energy and poisonous emission in order to resist ultra-temperature, especially office buildings. It’s obviously not the harmony way for human to co-develop with the nature. Because it has the cold and hot climatic characteristic in this zone in different seasons, it will inevitably be trapped in a dilemma and fail to solve the opposite requirements properly, if we simply applying the strategies used in cold north or scorching south.
In essence, the architecture is the results of the acclimatizing oneself to the climates. The climate is a long and macroscopical conception that can not be changed by science, though people could adapt buildings to the climates, control the microclimate of the city, and create comfortable microclimate, from the layout, architecture and the constitution. The design with the climates base on the characteristics of the climates, design the envelope for the heat preservation, heat insulation, the ventilation and the dampproof by holding the radiation of the sun, the wind and the precipitation, to form favourable indoor environment, from the site, lighting, solar shading, heat preservation, heat insulation, thermal storage, heating, cooling, ventilation and so on.
The strategies of the design are one of the most important factors that impacted on the environment. The strategies based on the climates that adapt to the climates, are sometimes much effective than the strategies just based on the technology. According to the theoretics about the design with the climates, the paper propose to summarize the strategies for the design in Hot-summer and Cold-winter zone to direct the design by combining the special climate of this zone. The process of the design as research , is similar with the cycle system in the mode of the science, which contains research, theoretics and experimentations. The design is a pattern of experimentations, also a process of research, which emphasizes on the process, but not the first thought or the final conclusion.
建筑本质上是人类适应气候环境条件的自然产物。气候是一个长期的、宏观的概念,凭借目前的科学水平还很难将其改变,但是人可以宏观地适应气候,可以调节城市微气候,从规划、建筑和细部构造各个层面,创造出舒适的建筑微气候。建筑设计结合气候就是根据气候特点,把握当地的太阳辐射、风、降水状况,进行围护结构的保温、隔热、通风、防潮设计,从建筑的选址、采光、遮阳、保温、隔热、蓄热集热、采暖与制冷、通风与防风等方面进行考虑,形成良好的室内热环境。
生态建筑设计方面的策略对于建筑环境效应的影响至关重要。从气候分析入手的,适合气候条件的设计策略,往往比单纯的依靠技术条件实现的“生态”事半功倍。本文在对与气候相关的建筑设计理论进行阐述的基础上,结合夏热冬冷地区气候的特殊性,总结出适应夏热冬冷地区的建筑设计策略,来指导建筑设计。“作为研究的设计”的设计过程,类似于科学模式之中的循环性系统,在设计过程中融入研究、理论和实验。设计是一种实验的形式,同时也是一个研究的过程,一种强调过程的创造,而不是那个最初的想法或是最终的结论。
Most of high-population regions in China share the same climate characteristic, which means hot in summer and cold in winter. In these regions, buildings must operate with high expense, energy and poisonous emission in order to resist ultra-temperature, especially office buildings. It’s obviously not the harmony way for human to co-develop with the nature. Because it has the cold and hot climatic characteristic in this zone in different seasons, it will inevitably be trapped in a dilemma and fail to solve the opposite requirements properly, if we simply applying the strategies used in cold north or scorching south.
In essence, the architecture is the results of the acclimatizing oneself to the climates. The climate is a long and macroscopical conception that can not be changed by science, though people could adapt buildings to the climates, control the microclimate of the city, and create comfortable microclimate, from the layout, architecture and the constitution. The design with the climates base on the characteristics of the climates, design the envelope for the heat preservation, heat insulation, the ventilation and the dampproof by holding the radiation of the sun, the wind and the precipitation, to form favourable indoor environment, from the site, lighting, solar shading, heat preservation, heat insulation, thermal storage, heating, cooling, ventilation and so on.
The strategies of the design are one of the most important factors that impacted on the environment. The strategies based on the climates that adapt to the climates, are sometimes much effective than the strategies just based on the technology. According to the theoretics about the design with the climates, the paper propose to summarize the strategies for the design in Hot-summer and Cold-winter zone to direct the design by combining the special climate of this zone. The process of the design as research , is similar with the cycle system in the mode of the science, which contains research, theoretics and experimentations. The design is a pattern of experimentations, also a process of research, which emphasizes on the process, but not the first thought or the final conclusion.
引文
[1] 秦佑国,李保峰,“生态”不是漂亮话,新建筑,2003/1
[2] 毛刚,段敬阳:结合气候的设计思路,世界建筑,1998/1
[3] 涂逢祥,中国的气候与建筑节能,暖通空调,1996/4
[4] 谢兴保,王琨,冬冷夏热地区生态节能建筑的应用探讨,建筑技术,2004/11
[5] 龙惟定,潘毅群,范存养等,上海公共建筑能耗现状及节能潜力分析,暖通空调, 1998 年第 28 卷第 6 期
[6] 李效军,陈翔,可持续的生态建筑设计,建筑学报,2001/5
[7] 韩靖,梁雪,张玉坤,当代生态型建筑空间形态分析,世界建筑,2003/8
[8] 黎宁,办公建筑设计中生态设计方法的尝试,新建筑,2002/4
[9] 李效军,陈翔,可持续的生态建筑设计,建筑学报,2001/5
[10] Werner Lang,Smart Building Envelopes: Sustainability and Architecture,杨波译,李保峰校,新建筑,2003/1
[11] 宋晔皓,生态建筑设计需要建立整体生态建筑观,建筑学报,2001/11
[12] 王的刚,论建筑的生态设计行为,建筑师,第 101 期,2003 年 2 月
[13] Ken Yeang,the Ecological Design of Large Building and Sites,侯兆铭迟杭译,新建筑,2003/2
[14] Retro, Architectural Design-Space Architecture, Science-Fiction Modernism space-Age, Vol. 70, No. 2, March 2000
[15] 黄朝阳,柳孝图,夏热冬冷地区绿色办公建筑的设计与技术实现,建筑知识,2003/1
[16] 汪铮,李保峰,白雪,可呼吸的表皮—积极适应气候的“双层皮”幕墙解析,华中建筑,第 20 卷,2002/1
[17] 钟力,我国生态建筑的示范性实践,建筑学报,2004/3
[18] 任炳文,浅谈遮阳系统在生态建筑中的应用,建筑学报,2000/5
[19] 雷涛,袁镔,生态建筑中的中庭空间设计探讨,建筑学报,2004/3
[20] 钟军立,曾艺君,建筑的自然通风设计浅析,重庆建筑大学学报,2004/4
[21] 王如竹,翟晓强,基于太阳能热利用的生态建筑能源技术,建筑热能通风空调,2004/2
[22] Pan Yiqun etc. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Office Buildings. Final Technical Report ,1999 (12)
[1] 付祥钊主编,夏热冬冷地区建筑节能技术,中国建筑工业出版社,北京,2002
[2] IAN L McHARG. Design With Nature, Doubleday / Natural History Press Doubleday & Company. Inc. Garden City , New York 1994
[3] Public Technology Inc.Us Green Buildings Council 著,王长庆等译,《绿色建筑技术手册》,北京,中国建筑工业出版社,1999
[4] 帕高·阿森西奥 编著,侯正华、宋晔皓 翻译,生态建筑,江苏科学技术出版社,2001 年 2 月
[5] Thomas Herzog, Architecture+Technology
[6] IAN L McHARG. Design With Nature, Doubleday / Natural History Press Doubleday & Company. Inc. Garden City , New York, 1994
[7] 中国建筑业协会建筑节能专业委员会,建筑节能技术,中国计划出版社,北京, 1996
[8] 建筑热环境,刘念雄,秦佑国 编著,清华大学出版社,北京,2005
[9] 应变建筑,吕爱民 编著,同济大学出版社,上海,2003
[10] 建筑热环境,刘念雄,秦佑国 编著,清华大学出版社,北京,2005
[11] 可持续性建筑,布赖恩·爱德华兹著,周玉鹏,宋晔皓译,中国建筑工业出版社,北京,2003
[12] 建筑节能设计手册,阿尔温德·克里尚,尼克·贝克等著,刘加平,张继良等译,中国建筑工业出版社,北京,2005
[13]超低能耗建筑技术及应用,江亿主编,中国建筑工业出版社,北京,2005
[14] Victor Olgyay, Design With a Bioclimatic Approach to Architechtual Regionalism, Van Nostrand Reinhold,New York 1992
[15] Thomas,Herzog. Solar Energy In Architecture And City Planning Prestel, 1998.
[16] David A hardy. Visions of space─Artists Journey through The Cosmos, Dragon’s World Ltd. 1989
[17] Editors: David Button and Brian Pye , Glass in Building, Pilkington Glass Ltd.
[18] John Julius Norwich. The World Atlas of Architecture, Edited by Mitchell Beazley International Ltd. 1984
[19] Verlag DAS. STEEL & STURCTURES, GERMAN STEEL DESIGN AWARD 2000, BEISPIEL GmbH, Darmstadt 2000 Reinhart Wastlich
[20] Francisco Asensio Cerver. The World of Contemporary Architecture, Konemann verlagsgesellschaft mbH, copyright 2000
[21] Mcihael, J, Crosbie. Green Architecture A guide to sustainable design, Washington Dc: AIA Press, 1994.
[22] James, Shay, Christopher, Irion. New architecture San Francisco, San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1989.
[23] Schittich, Staib, Balkow. Glass Construction Manual, Hrsg: Institut f?r Internationale Architektur Dokumentation GmbH,1999
[24] Heinz W. Krewinkel. Glass Buildings, Birkhauser – Publishers for Architecture, Switzerland, 1998
[25] Olayay. Solar Control & Shading Devices, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS. PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY, 1996
[26]夏热冬冷地区居住建筑能耗分析软件使用手册,中国建筑科学研究院,2002.7
[1] 杨柳,建筑气候分析与设计策略研究,西安建筑科技大学博士学位论文,2003.6
[2] 张丽君,生态建筑设计策略研究,天津大学硕士学位论文,2003.5
[3] 陈茜,西方生态建筑理论与实践发展研究,西安建筑科技大学硕士学位论文,2003.5
[4] 王振,夏热冬冷地区双层玻璃幕墙的气候适应性设计策略研究,华中科技大学硕士学位论文,2004.5
[5] 张勇,夏热冬冷地区公共建筑节能效率分析,华中科技大学硕士学位论文,2003.5
[1] http://www.abbs.com.cn
[2] http://bbs.topenergy.org
[6] http://www.njim.edu.cn
[7] http://www.ecologycn.com
[8] http://www.ecologypark.net
[9] http:// http://www.swcc.org.cn/
[10] http://www.green65.com/maindoc/indexnew/news5.htm
[2] 毛刚,段敬阳:结合气候的设计思路,世界建筑,1998/1
[3] 涂逢祥,中国的气候与建筑节能,暖通空调,1996/4
[4] 谢兴保,王琨,冬冷夏热地区生态节能建筑的应用探讨,建筑技术,2004/11
[5] 龙惟定,潘毅群,范存养等,上海公共建筑能耗现状及节能潜力分析,暖通空调, 1998 年第 28 卷第 6 期
[6] 李效军,陈翔,可持续的生态建筑设计,建筑学报,2001/5
[7] 韩靖,梁雪,张玉坤,当代生态型建筑空间形态分析,世界建筑,2003/8
[8] 黎宁,办公建筑设计中生态设计方法的尝试,新建筑,2002/4
[9] 李效军,陈翔,可持续的生态建筑设计,建筑学报,2001/5
[10] Werner Lang,Smart Building Envelopes: Sustainability and Architecture,杨波译,李保峰校,新建筑,2003/1
[11] 宋晔皓,生态建筑设计需要建立整体生态建筑观,建筑学报,2001/11
[12] 王的刚,论建筑的生态设计行为,建筑师,第 101 期,2003 年 2 月
[13] Ken Yeang,the Ecological Design of Large Building and Sites,侯兆铭迟杭译,新建筑,2003/2
[14] Retro, Architectural Design-Space Architecture, Science-Fiction Modernism space-Age, Vol. 70, No. 2, March 2000
[15] 黄朝阳,柳孝图,夏热冬冷地区绿色办公建筑的设计与技术实现,建筑知识,2003/1
[16] 汪铮,李保峰,白雪,可呼吸的表皮—积极适应气候的“双层皮”幕墙解析,华中建筑,第 20 卷,2002/1
[17] 钟力,我国生态建筑的示范性实践,建筑学报,2004/3
[18] 任炳文,浅谈遮阳系统在生态建筑中的应用,建筑学报,2000/5
[19] 雷涛,袁镔,生态建筑中的中庭空间设计探讨,建筑学报,2004/3
[20] 钟军立,曾艺君,建筑的自然通风设计浅析,重庆建筑大学学报,2004/4
[21] 王如竹,翟晓强,基于太阳能热利用的生态建筑能源技术,建筑热能通风空调,2004/2
[22] Pan Yiqun etc. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Office Buildings. Final Technical Report ,1999 (12)
[1] 付祥钊主编,夏热冬冷地区建筑节能技术,中国建筑工业出版社,北京,2002
[2] IAN L McHARG. Design With Nature, Doubleday / Natural History Press Doubleday & Company. Inc. Garden City , New York 1994
[3] Public Technology Inc.Us Green Buildings Council 著,王长庆等译,《绿色建筑技术手册》,北京,中国建筑工业出版社,1999
[4] 帕高·阿森西奥 编著,侯正华、宋晔皓 翻译,生态建筑,江苏科学技术出版社,2001 年 2 月
[5] Thomas Herzog, Architecture+Technology
[6] IAN L McHARG. Design With Nature, Doubleday / Natural History Press Doubleday & Company. Inc. Garden City , New York, 1994
[7] 中国建筑业协会建筑节能专业委员会,建筑节能技术,中国计划出版社,北京, 1996
[8] 建筑热环境,刘念雄,秦佑国 编著,清华大学出版社,北京,2005
[9] 应变建筑,吕爱民 编著,同济大学出版社,上海,2003
[10] 建筑热环境,刘念雄,秦佑国 编著,清华大学出版社,北京,2005
[11] 可持续性建筑,布赖恩·爱德华兹著,周玉鹏,宋晔皓译,中国建筑工业出版社,北京,2003
[12] 建筑节能设计手册,阿尔温德·克里尚,尼克·贝克等著,刘加平,张继良等译,中国建筑工业出版社,北京,2005
[13]超低能耗建筑技术及应用,江亿主编,中国建筑工业出版社,北京,2005
[14] Victor Olgyay, Design With a Bioclimatic Approach to Architechtual Regionalism, Van Nostrand Reinhold,New York 1992
[15] Thomas,Herzog. Solar Energy In Architecture And City Planning Prestel, 1998.
[16] David A hardy. Visions of space─Artists Journey through The Cosmos, Dragon’s World Ltd. 1989
[17] Editors: David Button and Brian Pye , Glass in Building, Pilkington Glass Ltd.
[18] John Julius Norwich. The World Atlas of Architecture, Edited by Mitchell Beazley International Ltd. 1984
[19] Verlag DAS. STEEL & STURCTURES, GERMAN STEEL DESIGN AWARD 2000, BEISPIEL GmbH, Darmstadt 2000 Reinhart Wastlich
[20] Francisco Asensio Cerver. The World of Contemporary Architecture, Konemann verlagsgesellschaft mbH, copyright 2000
[21] Mcihael, J, Crosbie. Green Architecture A guide to sustainable design, Washington Dc: AIA Press, 1994.
[22] James, Shay, Christopher, Irion. New architecture San Francisco, San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1989.
[23] Schittich, Staib, Balkow. Glass Construction Manual, Hrsg: Institut f?r Internationale Architektur Dokumentation GmbH,1999
[24] Heinz W. Krewinkel. Glass Buildings, Birkhauser – Publishers for Architecture, Switzerland, 1998
[25] Olayay. Solar Control & Shading Devices, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS. PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY, 1996
[26]夏热冬冷地区居住建筑能耗分析软件使用手册,中国建筑科学研究院,2002.7
[1] 杨柳,建筑气候分析与设计策略研究,西安建筑科技大学博士学位论文,2003.6
[2] 张丽君,生态建筑设计策略研究,天津大学硕士学位论文,2003.5
[3] 陈茜,西方生态建筑理论与实践发展研究,西安建筑科技大学硕士学位论文,2003.5
[4] 王振,夏热冬冷地区双层玻璃幕墙的气候适应性设计策略研究,华中科技大学硕士学位论文,2004.5
[5] 张勇,夏热冬冷地区公共建筑节能效率分析,华中科技大学硕士学位论文,2003.5
[1] http://www.abbs.com.cn
[2] http://bbs.topenergy.org
[6] http://www.njim.edu.cn
[7] http://www.ecologycn.com
[8] http://www.ecologypark.net
[9] http:// http://www.swcc.org.cn/
[10] http://www.green65.com/maindoc/indexnew/news5.htm