我国绿色建筑节水及水资源利用技术措施和指标研究
|
摘要
绿色建筑以可持续发展思想为指导,提倡水的循环利用与中水处理,使给排水系统的综合效率达到最优,从而降低能耗,做到无废无污染。这就要求建筑在开发过程中有自己的技术体系。在这些技术中,建筑节水及水资源利用方面的设计思路与节能、资源循环利用等理念息息相关。绿色建筑要实现节水及水资源的合理利用,给排水设计与建筑设计只有同步发展才可能达到建筑整体节能的理想效果。因此,提出我国绿色建筑节水及水资源利用技术措施就是为我国的绿色建筑的给排水设计、运行和管理提供依据。
本文从绿色建筑原理及绿色建筑技术的要求出发,根据《绿色建筑技术导则》中的设计要点,提出如何针对当地自然条件和水资源总体规划制定合理的水资源规划方案,并对绿色建筑节水及水资源利用技术措施和指标分建筑中水回用技术、雨水利用技术、节水器具及设备和其他四个方面进行了研究。
文中指出建筑中水回用技术是绿色建筑水资源可持续利用的一项重要工程技术措施。在设计绿色建筑中水工程时,分析了如何根据实际情况合理选择系统和水源,如何保证回用水的水质和水量,以及如何进行水量平衡系统设计和优化。强调选择工艺流程时把水质放在首位,在保证水质基础上再简化处理工艺,同时注意成熟技术和新技术的应用。提出了评价绿色建筑中水回用工程设计、运行和管理的节水率(C1)、废水回收利用率(Rr)、满负荷率(Rf)、水质达标率、吨制水成本(AC)和投入产出比(OIR)六项指标。
雨水回用与补充水体是绿色建筑水资源利用的有效技术措施。认为雨水回用虽减少了雨水的排放,但并不能减少污水排放。对屋面雨水收集利用系统和屋面花园收集利用系统进行了研究。分析了补充水体的渗透地面、渗透管沟、渗水池和渗水盆地四种雨水渗透技术的优缺点。基于日降雨量资料,提出了绿色建筑屋面雨水利用系统的雨水利用率(RY)和节水率(C2)两项节水指标,并运用计算机java语言开发出计算软件。最后通过实例进行了检验和评价。
绿色建筑采用节水器具及设备可以节约水费,经济利益是直接的,而节水本身意味着节能,意味着有效减少污染,保护生态环境。基于节水型生活用水器具的定义,介绍了节水龙头、节水便器和节水洗衣机等几种节水型生活用水器具。针对不同建筑类型,提出了住宅采用节水器具的节水率(C3)指标和其他建筑的节水设备采用率(RE)指标,并通过实例对指标应用进行了研究。
绿色建筑要通过合理选择给水系统来科学的实现节水和节能。分析认为一些传统建筑供水方式在绿色建筑中合理运用同样可以满足标准。提倡绿色建筑的绿化用水、景观用水等采用非传统水源。强调了绿化环境的作用,并指出如何进行绿化才能做到节水和保护生态环境。认为绿化浇灌应采用喷灌技术,微灌和渗灌两种节水灌溉措施比喷灌更节水,更具有经济效益。指出了绿化在采用回用水时要防止堵塞和景观采用回用水时防止富营养。根据生态厕所的类型和技术特点,分析了它在绿色建筑中应用。
Green building is guided by the sustainable development idea, advocates the recycling of water and reclaimed water treatment, and makes the integrated efficiency of water supply and drainage system to achieve optimization, thereby reducing energy consumption and achieving non-waste and non-pollution. It is required that building must have their own technical systems in the development process. In these technologies, design ideas of water conservation and utilization of water resources technologies in building are closely bound up with energy saving and resources recycle. In order to realize water conservation and reasonable utilization of water resources, the water supply and drainage design and architectural design must develop jointly, at the same time, it can realize the perfect effect of holistic energy saving in building. Therefore, putting forward the water conservation and utilization of water resources technology measures of green building will offer basis to the water supply and drainage design, construction and management of green building in china.
Starting off the principle and technical requirement of green building, according to design outlines in technical guidance of green building, it puts forward how to frame reasonable water resources programming according as local natural condition and collectivity programming of water resources, investigates reclaimed water technology, rainwater utilization technology, water saving instrument or equipment and other technologies, and analyzes their indicators.
It indicates that reclaimed water technology is an important engineering technology measure of sustainable utilization of water resources in green building. It analyses how to choose system and water-head with reason according to actuality, how to ensure water quality and quantity of reclaimed water, and how to design and optimize water balance system, when design the equipments and facilities of reclaimed water. It emphasizes putting water quality in primacy, predigesting treatment craft based on the water quality pledge, and paying attention to the application of mature technologies and new technologies. It brings forward six indicators including water saving rate (C1), rate of wastewater reuse (Rr), rate of full load (Rf), rate of water quality achievable standard, cost of a ton of reclaimed water (AC) and output-input ratio (OIR), which can be used to evaluate the design, operation and management of reclaimed water project in green building.
Rainwater recycling and makeup water system are effective technology measures of water resources utilization in green building. It considers that rainwater recycling can reduce rainwater discharge, but not reduce wastewater discharge. It investigates roof rainwater collection and utilization system and roof garden system. Analyses the merit and disadvantage of four rainwater infiltration technologies including infiltration ground, infiltration pipe and channel, filter pool and filter basin. Based on the daily rainfall data, it puts forward two water saving indicators including rainwater availability ratio (RY) and water saving rate (C2) of roof rainwater collection and utilization system, and empolders calculation software by computer java language. Finally, two indicators are verified and evaluated by example.
The application of water saving instrument or equipment in green building may save water, economic benefit is immediate, water saving presumes energy saving, pollution reducation, and environmental protection. Based on the definition of water saving instrument, it introduces several water saving instrument including water saving tip, water saving commode, water saving washer and so on. In allusion to different architecture style, it puts forward two indicators including water saving rate (C3) and water saving equipment adoptive rate (RE). And two indicators are analysed by example.
Green building needs to scientifically realize water and energy saving via reasonably choosing water supply system. It considers that some conventional water supply in building will be satisfied with standard in green building by reasonable exertion. Advocates virescence water and landscape water make use of non- traditional water resources. Emphasizes the function of virescence environment, and indicates how to live up to saving water and protecting ecological environment by virescence. Considers virescence irrigation needs to adopt spray irrigation technology, micro-irrigation and filtration irrigation are more water conservation than spray irrigation, and have more economic benefit. Indicates virescence irrigation should avoid cramming and landscape engineering should avoid eutrophication, when they adopt recycling water. It analyses ecological lavatories application in green building on the basis of their style and technical characteristic.
本文从绿色建筑原理及绿色建筑技术的要求出发,根据《绿色建筑技术导则》中的设计要点,提出如何针对当地自然条件和水资源总体规划制定合理的水资源规划方案,并对绿色建筑节水及水资源利用技术措施和指标分建筑中水回用技术、雨水利用技术、节水器具及设备和其他四个方面进行了研究。
文中指出建筑中水回用技术是绿色建筑水资源可持续利用的一项重要工程技术措施。在设计绿色建筑中水工程时,分析了如何根据实际情况合理选择系统和水源,如何保证回用水的水质和水量,以及如何进行水量平衡系统设计和优化。强调选择工艺流程时把水质放在首位,在保证水质基础上再简化处理工艺,同时注意成熟技术和新技术的应用。提出了评价绿色建筑中水回用工程设计、运行和管理的节水率(C1)、废水回收利用率(Rr)、满负荷率(Rf)、水质达标率、吨制水成本(AC)和投入产出比(OIR)六项指标。
雨水回用与补充水体是绿色建筑水资源利用的有效技术措施。认为雨水回用虽减少了雨水的排放,但并不能减少污水排放。对屋面雨水收集利用系统和屋面花园收集利用系统进行了研究。分析了补充水体的渗透地面、渗透管沟、渗水池和渗水盆地四种雨水渗透技术的优缺点。基于日降雨量资料,提出了绿色建筑屋面雨水利用系统的雨水利用率(RY)和节水率(C2)两项节水指标,并运用计算机java语言开发出计算软件。最后通过实例进行了检验和评价。
绿色建筑采用节水器具及设备可以节约水费,经济利益是直接的,而节水本身意味着节能,意味着有效减少污染,保护生态环境。基于节水型生活用水器具的定义,介绍了节水龙头、节水便器和节水洗衣机等几种节水型生活用水器具。针对不同建筑类型,提出了住宅采用节水器具的节水率(C3)指标和其他建筑的节水设备采用率(RE)指标,并通过实例对指标应用进行了研究。
绿色建筑要通过合理选择给水系统来科学的实现节水和节能。分析认为一些传统建筑供水方式在绿色建筑中合理运用同样可以满足标准。提倡绿色建筑的绿化用水、景观用水等采用非传统水源。强调了绿化环境的作用,并指出如何进行绿化才能做到节水和保护生态环境。认为绿化浇灌应采用喷灌技术,微灌和渗灌两种节水灌溉措施比喷灌更节水,更具有经济效益。指出了绿化在采用回用水时要防止堵塞和景观采用回用水时防止富营养。根据生态厕所的类型和技术特点,分析了它在绿色建筑中应用。
Green building is guided by the sustainable development idea, advocates the recycling of water and reclaimed water treatment, and makes the integrated efficiency of water supply and drainage system to achieve optimization, thereby reducing energy consumption and achieving non-waste and non-pollution. It is required that building must have their own technical systems in the development process. In these technologies, design ideas of water conservation and utilization of water resources technologies in building are closely bound up with energy saving and resources recycle. In order to realize water conservation and reasonable utilization of water resources, the water supply and drainage design and architectural design must develop jointly, at the same time, it can realize the perfect effect of holistic energy saving in building. Therefore, putting forward the water conservation and utilization of water resources technology measures of green building will offer basis to the water supply and drainage design, construction and management of green building in china.
Starting off the principle and technical requirement of green building, according to design outlines in technical guidance of green building, it puts forward how to frame reasonable water resources programming according as local natural condition and collectivity programming of water resources, investigates reclaimed water technology, rainwater utilization technology, water saving instrument or equipment and other technologies, and analyzes their indicators.
It indicates that reclaimed water technology is an important engineering technology measure of sustainable utilization of water resources in green building. It analyses how to choose system and water-head with reason according to actuality, how to ensure water quality and quantity of reclaimed water, and how to design and optimize water balance system, when design the equipments and facilities of reclaimed water. It emphasizes putting water quality in primacy, predigesting treatment craft based on the water quality pledge, and paying attention to the application of mature technologies and new technologies. It brings forward six indicators including water saving rate (C1), rate of wastewater reuse (Rr), rate of full load (Rf), rate of water quality achievable standard, cost of a ton of reclaimed water (AC) and output-input ratio (OIR), which can be used to evaluate the design, operation and management of reclaimed water project in green building.
Rainwater recycling and makeup water system are effective technology measures of water resources utilization in green building. It considers that rainwater recycling can reduce rainwater discharge, but not reduce wastewater discharge. It investigates roof rainwater collection and utilization system and roof garden system. Analyses the merit and disadvantage of four rainwater infiltration technologies including infiltration ground, infiltration pipe and channel, filter pool and filter basin. Based on the daily rainfall data, it puts forward two water saving indicators including rainwater availability ratio (RY) and water saving rate (C2) of roof rainwater collection and utilization system, and empolders calculation software by computer java language. Finally, two indicators are verified and evaluated by example.
The application of water saving instrument or equipment in green building may save water, economic benefit is immediate, water saving presumes energy saving, pollution reducation, and environmental protection. Based on the definition of water saving instrument, it introduces several water saving instrument including water saving tip, water saving commode, water saving washer and so on. In allusion to different architecture style, it puts forward two indicators including water saving rate (C3) and water saving equipment adoptive rate (RE). And two indicators are analysed by example.
Green building needs to scientifically realize water and energy saving via reasonably choosing water supply system. It considers that some conventional water supply in building will be satisfied with standard in green building by reasonable exertion. Advocates virescence water and landscape water make use of non- traditional water resources. Emphasizes the function of virescence environment, and indicates how to live up to saving water and protecting ecological environment by virescence. Considers virescence irrigation needs to adopt spray irrigation technology, micro-irrigation and filtration irrigation are more water conservation than spray irrigation, and have more economic benefit. Indicates virescence irrigation should avoid cramming and landscape engineering should avoid eutrophication, when they adopt recycling water. It analyses ecological lavatories application in green building on the basis of their style and technical characteristic.
引文
[1] 中国建筑承包公司.中国绿色建筑/可持续发展建筑国际研讨会论文集.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001
[2] 李启明,聂筑梅.现代房地产绿色开发和评价.南京:江苏科学技术出版社,2003
[3] Mohsen M. Aboulnaga. Towards green buildings: Glass as a building element—the use and misuse in the gulf region. Renewable Energy, 2006, 31(5):631-653
[4] 张卫宁,李保峰.环境保护与绿色建筑.科技进步与对策,1998,15(5):16-17
[5] 中华人民共和国建设部.绿色建筑评价标准(GB50378-2006). 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006
[6] 西安建筑科技大学绿色建筑研究中心.绿色建筑.北京:中国计划出版社,1999,80-90
[7] 耿世彬.美国 LEED 绿色建筑评估系统(V2.0)简介.建筑热能通风空调,2003,2:57-58
[8] Victor Olgyay, Julee Herdt. The application of ecosystems services criteria for green building assessment. Solar Energy, 2004, 77: 389-398
[9] Weimin Wang,Radu Zmeureanu,Hugues Rivard.Applying multi-objective genetic algorithmsin green building design optimization.Building and Environment,2005,40(11):1512-1525
[10] 陈晓雯,万锦.关于中国绿色建筑的发展问题.新建筑,1999,2:9-10
[11] 陆凤华,王伟.绿色建筑在我国的发展现状及其前景.山西建筑,2006,32(3):4-5
[12] 绿色奥运建筑研究课题组.绿色奥运建筑评估体系.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[13] 张宏儒.上海生态办公示范楼建筑设计.新建筑,2006,4:48-53
[14] 徐俊,杜志雄,于法稳.发展绿色建筑技术促进城镇化建设和发展.中国可持续发展,2006,1:2-7
[15] 杨茜,章易.我国发展绿色建筑任重道远.中国住宅设施,2006,2:27-29
[16] 申祺玉,王长永.绿色建筑与绿色技术.建筑技术开发,2004,31(10):93-95
[17] 张振,邹贻权.生态建筑的技术实现.工业建筑,2003,33(6):28-32
[18] 丹尼尔斯,宋晔皓.通过可再生资源利用技术提高建筑的可持续性.建筑学报,2000,12:15-19
[19] T. Prud homme,D. Gillet.Advanced control strategy of a solar domestic hot water systemwith a segmented auxiliary heater. Energy and Buildings, 2001, 33(5): 463-475
[20] G.Peretti, F.LaRocca. The water ‘in’and ‘around’the building: the integration between bioclimatic, water-saving, and aesthetic aspects. Renewable Energy, 2000, 19(1):1-5
[21] 赵昕,刘鹏,朱跃云.建筑水资源综合利用前景分析.给水排水,2005,31(9):67-71
[22] 付婉霞,吴骏奇.建筑节水技术与中水回用.北京:化学工业出版社,2004
[23] 熊家晴.绿色住区水资源合理开发与利用.西安:西安建筑科技大学,2001:10-13
[24] Carlos E. Mariano-Romero, Víctor H. Alcocer-Yamanaka, Eduardo F.Morales. Multi-objective optimization of water-using systems. European Journal of Operational Research,2007, 181(3): 1691-1707
[25] 建设部,科技部.绿色建筑技术导则.2006
[26] 杨文坤.浅议水环境在生态建筑中的配置.中国科技信息,2006,5:150
[27] 付翠莲,池勇志.绿色生态住宅小区给排水设计.住宅科技,2003,4:22-25
[28] L.T. Wong, K.W. Mui. Modeling water consumption and flow rates for flushing water systems in high-rise residential buildings in Hong Kong. Building and Environment,2007, 42(5): 2024-2034
[29] 孙彦青. 建筑住宅给排水工程生态化设计的经验与思考.洛阳大学学报,2001,16(4):36-40
[30] 杨澎,栗铁.生态建筑的给排水设计.给水排水,2004,30(7):60-62
[31] A.Dixon, D.Butler, A.Fewkes. Water saving potential of demestic water reuse systems using greywater and rainwater in combination. Wat. Sci. Tec., 1999,39 (5):25-32
[32] 李灿堂,李晓敏.浅谈高效益生态建筑与适宜技术的应用.山西建筑,2006,32(19):31-32
[33] 北京市城市节约用水办公室.节水新技术与示范工程实例.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004
[34] 刘瑾.自然资源在生态建筑给排水领域的综合利用.洛阳大学学报,2001,16(4):36-40
[35] C.L.Cheng, Y.T.Hong. Evaluating water utilization in primary schools. Building and Environment, 2004, 39(7): 837-845
[36] Cheng_Li Cheng.evaluating water conservation measures for Green Building in Taiwan.Building and Environment,2003, 38(2): 369-379
[37] 中国人民解放军总后勤部基建营房.建筑中水设计规范(GB50336-2002).北京:中国计划出版社,2003
[38] Weizhen Lu, Andrew Y.T. Leung. A preliminary study on potential of developing shower/laundry wastewater reclamation and reuse system. Chemosphere, 2003, 52(9):1451-1459
[39] 沈文,任书睿.中水系统在我国城市应用的现状及对策.青岛建筑工程学院学报,2002,22(1):25-28
[40] 建设部工程质量安全监督与行业发展司,中国建筑标准设计研究院.全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施-给水排水.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[41] 北京市城市节约用水办公室.中水工程实例及评析.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[42] 高明远,岳秀萍.建筑给水排水工程学.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[43] M. A. Senzia, D. A. Mashaur, A. W. Mayo. Suitability of constructed wetlands and wastestabilisation ponds in wastewater treatment: nitrogen transformation and removal. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth.2003, 28 (27):1117-1124
[44] 武跃,崔洪光等. 复配混凝剂在洗浴废水回用技术中的应用.辽宁师范大学学报(自然科学版),2002,25(2):166-168
[45] 蔡莹,蔡鸣等.居住小区中水回用系统.工程建设与设计,2003,9:62-63
[46] 邵武,李中和. 接触氧化-超滤膜分离工艺在中水处理中的应用研究.煤矿环境保护,1999,13(4):24-26
[47] 张雅军,冯萃敏,孟广辉.北京中水设施运行中存在的问题及解决措施.给水排水,2003,29(1):63-66
[48] 彭晶.建筑中水处理技术及效益分析.林业科技情报,2004,36(2):30-31
[49] Edgar L.Villarreal, Andrew Dixon. Analysis of a rainwater collection system for domestic water supply in Ringdansen, Norrkoping, Sweden. Building and Environment, 2005, 40(9):1174-1184
[50] 郑兴,周孝德,齐冰昕.德国的雨水管理及技术措施.中国给水排水,2005,21(2):104-106
[51] J.C.Chilton, G.G.Maidment, D.Marriott, A.Francis, G.Tobias. Case study of a rainwater recovery system in a commercial building with a large roof. Urban Water, 1999, 1(4): 345-354
[52] 余建新,高贵全,郑宏刚.雨水在城市房屋建筑设计中的利用.建筑技术开发,2000,27(5):23-25
[53] 车武,李俊奇.从第十届国际雨水利用大会看城市雨水利用的现状与趋势.给水排水,2002,28(3):12-14
[54] 王长庆,龙惟定等译.绿色建筑技术手册.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999
[55] 车武.北京城区屋面雨水污染及利用研究.中国给水排水,2001,17(6):57-61
[56] A.Fewkes. The use of rainwater for WC flushing: the field testing of a collection system. Building and Environment, 1999, 34(6): 765-772
[57] 杨晚生,张艳梅,张吉光.城市雨水利用与蓄水屋顶防热节能.节能,2004,7:17-19
[58] Enedir Ghisi, Andreza Montibeller, Richard W.Schmidt. Potential for potable water savings by using rainwater: An analysis over 62 cities in southern Brazil. Building and Environment,2006, 41(11): 204-210
[59] 廖日红,顾斌杰等. 城市雨水处理工艺与技术.北京水务,2006,4:46-48
[60] 汤姆.伍利,山姆.肯明斯编著,徐琳译.绿色建筑手册 2.北京:机械工业出版社,2005
[61] 畅明琦,刘俊萍. 论中国水资源安全的形势.生产力研究,2006,8:5-7
[62] 柯礼丹. 人均综合用水量方法预测需水量——观察未来社会用水的有效途径.地下水,2004,26(1):1-5
[63] 赵文耕. 住宅用节水器具简介.给水排水,2005,31(2):93-95
[64] Cheng-Li Cheng. Study of the inter-relationship between water use and energy conservation for a building. Energy and Building, 2002, 34(3): 261-266
[65] 管锡珺,刘志勋.建筑小区给水方式节能探讨.青岛建筑工程学院学报,2000,21(4):56-60
[66] 曹京哲.建筑给排水设计中的节水节能.山西能源与节能,2003,3:15-16
[67] 付婉霞,曾雪华.建筑节水的技术对策分析.给水排水,2003,29(2):47-53
[68] Huang B J, Chyng J P. Integral-type solar assisted heat pump water heater. Renewable Energy. 1999, 16(1): 731-734
[69] Li XINGUO.Thermal performance and energy saving effect of water-loop heat pump systems with geothermal. Energy Convers, 1998, 39(3):295-301
[70] H.G.Peterson. Field Irrination and water Qualify. Anricuhure and Anri-Food Canada-Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration, 1999
[71] 崔超,韩烈保,苏德荣. 再生水绿地灌溉水质标准的比较研究.再生资源研究,2004,1:28-31
[72] 李远华.节水灌溉理论与技术.武汉:武汉水利电力大学出版社,1998
[73] 巴特尔.巴克,郑大玮,宋秉彝,郑大豪. 渗灌节水技术及其经济效益浅析.节水灌溉,2005,2:8-10
[74] 杜兵,司亚安,孙艳玲. 生态厕所的类型及粪污处理工艺.给水排水,2003,29(5):60-62
[75] 张凯等.城市生态住宅区建设研究.北京:科学出版社,2003
[2] 李启明,聂筑梅.现代房地产绿色开发和评价.南京:江苏科学技术出版社,2003
[3] Mohsen M. Aboulnaga. Towards green buildings: Glass as a building element—the use and misuse in the gulf region. Renewable Energy, 2006, 31(5):631-653
[4] 张卫宁,李保峰.环境保护与绿色建筑.科技进步与对策,1998,15(5):16-17
[5] 中华人民共和国建设部.绿色建筑评价标准(GB50378-2006). 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006
[6] 西安建筑科技大学绿色建筑研究中心.绿色建筑.北京:中国计划出版社,1999,80-90
[7] 耿世彬.美国 LEED 绿色建筑评估系统(V2.0)简介.建筑热能通风空调,2003,2:57-58
[8] Victor Olgyay, Julee Herdt. The application of ecosystems services criteria for green building assessment. Solar Energy, 2004, 77: 389-398
[9] Weimin Wang,Radu Zmeureanu,Hugues Rivard.Applying multi-objective genetic algorithmsin green building design optimization.Building and Environment,2005,40(11):1512-1525
[10] 陈晓雯,万锦.关于中国绿色建筑的发展问题.新建筑,1999,2:9-10
[11] 陆凤华,王伟.绿色建筑在我国的发展现状及其前景.山西建筑,2006,32(3):4-5
[12] 绿色奥运建筑研究课题组.绿色奥运建筑评估体系.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[13] 张宏儒.上海生态办公示范楼建筑设计.新建筑,2006,4:48-53
[14] 徐俊,杜志雄,于法稳.发展绿色建筑技术促进城镇化建设和发展.中国可持续发展,2006,1:2-7
[15] 杨茜,章易.我国发展绿色建筑任重道远.中国住宅设施,2006,2:27-29
[16] 申祺玉,王长永.绿色建筑与绿色技术.建筑技术开发,2004,31(10):93-95
[17] 张振,邹贻权.生态建筑的技术实现.工业建筑,2003,33(6):28-32
[18] 丹尼尔斯,宋晔皓.通过可再生资源利用技术提高建筑的可持续性.建筑学报,2000,12:15-19
[19] T. Prud homme,D. Gillet.Advanced control strategy of a solar domestic hot water systemwith a segmented auxiliary heater. Energy and Buildings, 2001, 33(5): 463-475
[20] G.Peretti, F.LaRocca. The water ‘in’and ‘around’the building: the integration between bioclimatic, water-saving, and aesthetic aspects. Renewable Energy, 2000, 19(1):1-5
[21] 赵昕,刘鹏,朱跃云.建筑水资源综合利用前景分析.给水排水,2005,31(9):67-71
[22] 付婉霞,吴骏奇.建筑节水技术与中水回用.北京:化学工业出版社,2004
[23] 熊家晴.绿色住区水资源合理开发与利用.西安:西安建筑科技大学,2001:10-13
[24] Carlos E. Mariano-Romero, Víctor H. Alcocer-Yamanaka, Eduardo F.Morales. Multi-objective optimization of water-using systems. European Journal of Operational Research,2007, 181(3): 1691-1707
[25] 建设部,科技部.绿色建筑技术导则.2006
[26] 杨文坤.浅议水环境在生态建筑中的配置.中国科技信息,2006,5:150
[27] 付翠莲,池勇志.绿色生态住宅小区给排水设计.住宅科技,2003,4:22-25
[28] L.T. Wong, K.W. Mui. Modeling water consumption and flow rates for flushing water systems in high-rise residential buildings in Hong Kong. Building and Environment,2007, 42(5): 2024-2034
[29] 孙彦青. 建筑住宅给排水工程生态化设计的经验与思考.洛阳大学学报,2001,16(4):36-40
[30] 杨澎,栗铁.生态建筑的给排水设计.给水排水,2004,30(7):60-62
[31] A.Dixon, D.Butler, A.Fewkes. Water saving potential of demestic water reuse systems using greywater and rainwater in combination. Wat. Sci. Tec., 1999,39 (5):25-32
[32] 李灿堂,李晓敏.浅谈高效益生态建筑与适宜技术的应用.山西建筑,2006,32(19):31-32
[33] 北京市城市节约用水办公室.节水新技术与示范工程实例.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004
[34] 刘瑾.自然资源在生态建筑给排水领域的综合利用.洛阳大学学报,2001,16(4):36-40
[35] C.L.Cheng, Y.T.Hong. Evaluating water utilization in primary schools. Building and Environment, 2004, 39(7): 837-845
[36] Cheng_Li Cheng.evaluating water conservation measures for Green Building in Taiwan.Building and Environment,2003, 38(2): 369-379
[37] 中国人民解放军总后勤部基建营房.建筑中水设计规范(GB50336-2002).北京:中国计划出版社,2003
[38] Weizhen Lu, Andrew Y.T. Leung. A preliminary study on potential of developing shower/laundry wastewater reclamation and reuse system. Chemosphere, 2003, 52(9):1451-1459
[39] 沈文,任书睿.中水系统在我国城市应用的现状及对策.青岛建筑工程学院学报,2002,22(1):25-28
[40] 建设部工程质量安全监督与行业发展司,中国建筑标准设计研究院.全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施-给水排水.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[41] 北京市城市节约用水办公室.中水工程实例及评析.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[42] 高明远,岳秀萍.建筑给水排水工程学.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[43] M. A. Senzia, D. A. Mashaur, A. W. Mayo. Suitability of constructed wetlands and wastestabilisation ponds in wastewater treatment: nitrogen transformation and removal. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth.2003, 28 (27):1117-1124
[44] 武跃,崔洪光等. 复配混凝剂在洗浴废水回用技术中的应用.辽宁师范大学学报(自然科学版),2002,25(2):166-168
[45] 蔡莹,蔡鸣等.居住小区中水回用系统.工程建设与设计,2003,9:62-63
[46] 邵武,李中和. 接触氧化-超滤膜分离工艺在中水处理中的应用研究.煤矿环境保护,1999,13(4):24-26
[47] 张雅军,冯萃敏,孟广辉.北京中水设施运行中存在的问题及解决措施.给水排水,2003,29(1):63-66
[48] 彭晶.建筑中水处理技术及效益分析.林业科技情报,2004,36(2):30-31
[49] Edgar L.Villarreal, Andrew Dixon. Analysis of a rainwater collection system for domestic water supply in Ringdansen, Norrkoping, Sweden. Building and Environment, 2005, 40(9):1174-1184
[50] 郑兴,周孝德,齐冰昕.德国的雨水管理及技术措施.中国给水排水,2005,21(2):104-106
[51] J.C.Chilton, G.G.Maidment, D.Marriott, A.Francis, G.Tobias. Case study of a rainwater recovery system in a commercial building with a large roof. Urban Water, 1999, 1(4): 345-354
[52] 余建新,高贵全,郑宏刚.雨水在城市房屋建筑设计中的利用.建筑技术开发,2000,27(5):23-25
[53] 车武,李俊奇.从第十届国际雨水利用大会看城市雨水利用的现状与趋势.给水排水,2002,28(3):12-14
[54] 王长庆,龙惟定等译.绿色建筑技术手册.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999
[55] 车武.北京城区屋面雨水污染及利用研究.中国给水排水,2001,17(6):57-61
[56] A.Fewkes. The use of rainwater for WC flushing: the field testing of a collection system. Building and Environment, 1999, 34(6): 765-772
[57] 杨晚生,张艳梅,张吉光.城市雨水利用与蓄水屋顶防热节能.节能,2004,7:17-19
[58] Enedir Ghisi, Andreza Montibeller, Richard W.Schmidt. Potential for potable water savings by using rainwater: An analysis over 62 cities in southern Brazil. Building and Environment,2006, 41(11): 204-210
[59] 廖日红,顾斌杰等. 城市雨水处理工艺与技术.北京水务,2006,4:46-48
[60] 汤姆.伍利,山姆.肯明斯编著,徐琳译.绿色建筑手册 2.北京:机械工业出版社,2005
[61] 畅明琦,刘俊萍. 论中国水资源安全的形势.生产力研究,2006,8:5-7
[62] 柯礼丹. 人均综合用水量方法预测需水量——观察未来社会用水的有效途径.地下水,2004,26(1):1-5
[63] 赵文耕. 住宅用节水器具简介.给水排水,2005,31(2):93-95
[64] Cheng-Li Cheng. Study of the inter-relationship between water use and energy conservation for a building. Energy and Building, 2002, 34(3): 261-266
[65] 管锡珺,刘志勋.建筑小区给水方式节能探讨.青岛建筑工程学院学报,2000,21(4):56-60
[66] 曹京哲.建筑给排水设计中的节水节能.山西能源与节能,2003,3:15-16
[67] 付婉霞,曾雪华.建筑节水的技术对策分析.给水排水,2003,29(2):47-53
[68] Huang B J, Chyng J P. Integral-type solar assisted heat pump water heater. Renewable Energy. 1999, 16(1): 731-734
[69] Li XINGUO.Thermal performance and energy saving effect of water-loop heat pump systems with geothermal. Energy Convers, 1998, 39(3):295-301
[70] H.G.Peterson. Field Irrination and water Qualify. Anricuhure and Anri-Food Canada-Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration, 1999
[71] 崔超,韩烈保,苏德荣. 再生水绿地灌溉水质标准的比较研究.再生资源研究,2004,1:28-31
[72] 李远华.节水灌溉理论与技术.武汉:武汉水利电力大学出版社,1998
[73] 巴特尔.巴克,郑大玮,宋秉彝,郑大豪. 渗灌节水技术及其经济效益浅析.节水灌溉,2005,2:8-10
[74] 杜兵,司亚安,孙艳玲. 生态厕所的类型及粪污处理工艺.给水排水,2003,29(5):60-62
[75] 张凯等.城市生态住宅区建设研究.北京:科学出版社,2003