可持续发展的哲学思考—联合国历次环境会议和环境问题宣言研究
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摘要
近代以来,随着工业文明的推进,全球人口的急剧膨胀,人类向自然界索取的无止境扩大,人类面临的环境问题日趋严重。环境问题已由局部的空气和水污染,森林、资源的过度开采,发展到自然界一些生物地球化学循环以及生态平衡遭到全球性的破坏。由于人类对自然界的盲目破坏,人类面临的各种环境危机正威胁着人类赖以生存与持续发展的基本条件。我们应该意识到,如果这样下去,人类在将来将有面临“不可持续”的可能,这种局面的产生不仅有政治──经济──技术层面的根源,也有其深层的、在世界观和价值观等方面的原因。因而有必要把可持续发展的问题提到哲学高度,从自然观、价值观和伦理学等角度进行研究,通过人的世界观和价值观的转变,形成理论层面的依据,从而使它在新的世界观、价值观及方法论的指导下,解决制约可持续发展的各种问题。
本文围绕可持续发展这一主题,以联合国历次环境会议和环境问题宣言为基础材料展开讨论,其基本路向是在人与自然界之间关系的观念上实现“破”与“立”的统一、“拨乱”与“反正”的统一:即从过去的“人类中心主义”逐步转变到“以人为本”、“和谐,可持续发展”的基础上来,落实新的自然观、价值观和发展观,以新的方法论处理人与自然界之间的关系,实现人与自然、人与人之间融洽相处、和谐的发展。[1]实质上,“可持续发展是一个过程”。在这个过程中,资源的开发、投资的方向、技术开发方向和机构的变化都是相互协调的,并有助于增强目前和未来满足人类的需要和愿望的潜力。从广义上来说,可持续发展战略旨在促进人类之间以及人类与自然之间的和谐。
可持续发展的哲学基础是一个复杂的问题,可以从多个方面去思考研究它。但就本文而言,总体来说主要分为三大部分,即从可持续发展的自然观基础与可持续发展的价值论、伦理学基础着手进行分析,然后落实到我国的实际问题上,因为中国作为联合国中的一员,环境会议对我国也产生了极大的影响。当前中国的国情迫切要求人与自然的协调发展,这样才能更好的坚持“以人为本”、构建和谐社会。
Since entering the modern times, human race is confronted with increasingly acute environmental problems as the industry civilization advances, which is accompanied with the rapid expansion of world population and human’s ever extending demands towards nature. The environmental problems have escalated from the localized air and water pollution and the excessive exploitation of forests and resources all the way to the cosmopolitan destruction of some biochemical cycles and even ecological balance. Due to the thoughtless detriments that human have exerted towards nature, the basic conditions which are indispensable for human existence and sustained development are threatened by various kinds of crisis it faces. It should be recognized that there are“unsustainable”possibilities lie dormant in the human future, and this situation not only rises from the roots of political, economical and technological levels, but also cultivated by some deep-seated reasons concerning world outlook and value outlook. Considering this, it is but necessary to upgrade the issues of sustainable development to the degree of philosophical inquiries and see it from an ethical perspective, forming evidences on theoretical foundations by the transitions of man’s world outlook and value outlook and thus solve the varied problems hindering the sustainable development under the guidance of new world outlook, value outlook and methodology.
Centering on and spreading about the theme of sustainable development, making discussions using the United Nations’all previous environmental conferences and manifestos on environmental issues as basic materials, this treatise has the basic route of unifying“destruction”and“construction”as well as“to clarify confusion”and“to bring things back to order”on the issue of the interaction of human and nature: that is to say, diverting from the former“human centralism”to the premise of“human oriented”and“harmonious and sustainable development”, carrying out new concept of nature, value and development, resorting to new methodology when dealing with the human-nature relationship, and realizing the harmonious coexistence and development between human and nature, human and human. In fact,“Sustainable development is a course”. During the course, the exploitation of resources, the direction of investment, the orientation of technological development and the evolvement of institutions are mutually coordinate and conduce to reinforcing the potential of meeting the requirements of human needs and wants.“Generally speaking, the strategy of sustainable development aims at promoting the harmonious between human and nature and within human race itself.”
The philosophical foundation of sustainable development is a complicated proposition, which wants seeing though from multifaceted aspects. But as to this treatise, the proposition is generally composed of three parts: commencing on analyzing the foundation of nature view of sustainable development and the foundation of the axiology and ethics of sustainable development, and ensuing by implementing on the practical issues of the country, for being one member of the United Nations, environmental conferences have exerted enormous influences on China as well. The current national condition of China is pressing for the harmonized development between human and nature, which contributes to the ideology of“human oriented”and the construction of a harmonious society.
本文围绕可持续发展这一主题,以联合国历次环境会议和环境问题宣言为基础材料展开讨论,其基本路向是在人与自然界之间关系的观念上实现“破”与“立”的统一、“拨乱”与“反正”的统一:即从过去的“人类中心主义”逐步转变到“以人为本”、“和谐,可持续发展”的基础上来,落实新的自然观、价值观和发展观,以新的方法论处理人与自然界之间的关系,实现人与自然、人与人之间融洽相处、和谐的发展。[1]实质上,“可持续发展是一个过程”。在这个过程中,资源的开发、投资的方向、技术开发方向和机构的变化都是相互协调的,并有助于增强目前和未来满足人类的需要和愿望的潜力。从广义上来说,可持续发展战略旨在促进人类之间以及人类与自然之间的和谐。
可持续发展的哲学基础是一个复杂的问题,可以从多个方面去思考研究它。但就本文而言,总体来说主要分为三大部分,即从可持续发展的自然观基础与可持续发展的价值论、伦理学基础着手进行分析,然后落实到我国的实际问题上,因为中国作为联合国中的一员,环境会议对我国也产生了极大的影响。当前中国的国情迫切要求人与自然的协调发展,这样才能更好的坚持“以人为本”、构建和谐社会。
Since entering the modern times, human race is confronted with increasingly acute environmental problems as the industry civilization advances, which is accompanied with the rapid expansion of world population and human’s ever extending demands towards nature. The environmental problems have escalated from the localized air and water pollution and the excessive exploitation of forests and resources all the way to the cosmopolitan destruction of some biochemical cycles and even ecological balance. Due to the thoughtless detriments that human have exerted towards nature, the basic conditions which are indispensable for human existence and sustained development are threatened by various kinds of crisis it faces. It should be recognized that there are“unsustainable”possibilities lie dormant in the human future, and this situation not only rises from the roots of political, economical and technological levels, but also cultivated by some deep-seated reasons concerning world outlook and value outlook. Considering this, it is but necessary to upgrade the issues of sustainable development to the degree of philosophical inquiries and see it from an ethical perspective, forming evidences on theoretical foundations by the transitions of man’s world outlook and value outlook and thus solve the varied problems hindering the sustainable development under the guidance of new world outlook, value outlook and methodology.
Centering on and spreading about the theme of sustainable development, making discussions using the United Nations’all previous environmental conferences and manifestos on environmental issues as basic materials, this treatise has the basic route of unifying“destruction”and“construction”as well as“to clarify confusion”and“to bring things back to order”on the issue of the interaction of human and nature: that is to say, diverting from the former“human centralism”to the premise of“human oriented”and“harmonious and sustainable development”, carrying out new concept of nature, value and development, resorting to new methodology when dealing with the human-nature relationship, and realizing the harmonious coexistence and development between human and nature, human and human. In fact,“Sustainable development is a course”. During the course, the exploitation of resources, the direction of investment, the orientation of technological development and the evolvement of institutions are mutually coordinate and conduce to reinforcing the potential of meeting the requirements of human needs and wants.“Generally speaking, the strategy of sustainable development aims at promoting the harmonious between human and nature and within human race itself.”
The philosophical foundation of sustainable development is a complicated proposition, which wants seeing though from multifaceted aspects. But as to this treatise, the proposition is generally composed of three parts: commencing on analyzing the foundation of nature view of sustainable development and the foundation of the axiology and ethics of sustainable development, and ensuing by implementing on the practical issues of the country, for being one member of the United Nations, environmental conferences have exerted enormous influences on China as well. The current national condition of China is pressing for the harmonized development between human and nature, which contributes to the ideology of“human oriented”and the construction of a harmonious society.
引文
[1]张德昭.深度的人文关怀[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006.
[2]张德昭.论伦理评价对科学技术的张力[J].自然辩证法研究,2002,(1): 13-15.
[3]张德昭、徐小钦.重建人和自然界的价值论地位[J].自然辩证法研究,2004,(3):32-33.
[4]张德昭、徐小钦.论动物解放/权利论的天赋价值范畴[J].自然辩证法通讯,2004,(4):17-19.
[5]张德昭.自然观和价值观的转折与互动[J].自然辩证法研究,2005,(5):9-10.
[6]张德昭、张丽.解释模式:科学与人文的交汇点[J].科学技术与辩证法,2005,(4):18-19.
[7]张德昭.论环境伦理的基础[J].社会科学研究,2005,(4):20-22.
[8]张德昭、袁媛.价值层面的可持续发展[J].自然辩证法研究,2006,(3):15-17.
[9]曾国平、张德昭.环境伦理学与后现代主义[J].教学与研究,2006,(8):37-39.
[10]张德昭.生态经济学的范式----生态、经济与德性之思[J].自然辩证法研究,2008,(2):18-20.
[11]张德昭.解释模式的转换与后现代科学实在论[J].教学与研究,2008,(1):27-28.
[12]万以诚、万岍.新文明的路标[M].吉林:吉林人民出版社,2000.
[13]联合国环境与可持续发展系列大会重要文件选编.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2004.
[14] [美]芭芭拉·沃德、勒内·社博斯.只有一个地球[M].吉林:吉林人民出版社, 2005.
[15]纳什.大自然的权利-环境伦理学史[M].大连:青岛出版社,2005.
[16]刘万文.21世纪初期中国的国际环境研究[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,2005.
[17]樊芷芸、黎松强.环境学概论[M].北京:中国纺织出版社,2004.
[18]亚洲环境情况报告.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2005.
[19]孙家驹.全球关注----生态环境与可持续发展走向[M].江西:江西人民出版社,2006.
[20]马光.环境与可持续发展导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[21] [芬]约·瑟帕玛.环境之美[M].湖南:湖南科学技术出版社,2006.
[22]环境影响评价技术导则与标准.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2006.
[23]郭艳华.走向绿色文明[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004年.
[24]自然之友编.中国环境的转型与博弈[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006.
[25]董险峰.持续生态与环境[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2006.
[26]田京城、缪娟.环境保护与可持续发展[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.
[27] [美]罗尔斯顿.哲学走向荒野[M].吉林:吉林人民出版社,2000.
[28]余谋昌.生态伦理学[M].北京:首都师范大学出版社,1999.
[29]余谋昌.生态哲学[M].陕西:陕西人民教育出版社,2000.
[30]雷毅.生态伦理学[M].陕西:陕西人民教育出版社,2000.
[31]杨通进.走向深层的环保[M].四川:四川人民出版社,2000.
[32]徐嵩龄.环境伦理学进展[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,1999.
[33]朱坦.环境伦理学理论与实践[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2001.
[34]佘正荣.中国生态伦理传统的冷释与重建[M].北京:人民出版社,2002.
[35] [美]科利考特.罗尔斯顿论内在价值:一种解构[J].哲学译丛,1999,(2):65-67.
[36] [美]罗尔斯顿.自然的价值与自然的本质[J].自然辩证法研究,1999,(2):54-57.
[37] [美]罗尔斯顿.自然界中的价值是主观的还是客观的[J].环境与社会,1998 ,(1):42-44.
[38]张华夏.广义价值论[J].中国社会科学,1998 ,(4):21-24.
[39]刘福森.自然中心主义生态伦理观的理论困境[J].中国社会科学,1997,(3):30.
[40]陈剑澜.西方环境伦理思想述要[J].马克思义与现实,2003,(3):39-41.
[41]蒋柳萍.论可持续发展的环境伦理观[D].上海师范大学,2003.
[42]任屿.伦理学视野中的可持续发展[D].华中师范大学,2004.
[43]李寿德、张衡、万威武.中国环境伦理学研究进展[J].自然辩证法研究,2000,(2):46-48.
[44]汤萱.可持续发展环境伦理观探析[D].武汉理工大学,2004.
[45] Rolston Holmes, Environmental Ethics:Duties to and Values in the Natural World[M]. Philadelphia Temple University Press, 1987.
[46] Rolston Holmes, Philosop Gone Wild : Essays in Environmental Ethics[M]. Buffalo Prometheus,University Press,1986.
[47] John Neill,The Varieties of Intrinsic Value[M].The Monist Vol,1992.
[48] P·W·Taylor,Respect for Nature[M].Princeton University Press, 1985.
[2]张德昭.论伦理评价对科学技术的张力[J].自然辩证法研究,2002,(1): 13-15.
[3]张德昭、徐小钦.重建人和自然界的价值论地位[J].自然辩证法研究,2004,(3):32-33.
[4]张德昭、徐小钦.论动物解放/权利论的天赋价值范畴[J].自然辩证法通讯,2004,(4):17-19.
[5]张德昭.自然观和价值观的转折与互动[J].自然辩证法研究,2005,(5):9-10.
[6]张德昭、张丽.解释模式:科学与人文的交汇点[J].科学技术与辩证法,2005,(4):18-19.
[7]张德昭.论环境伦理的基础[J].社会科学研究,2005,(4):20-22.
[8]张德昭、袁媛.价值层面的可持续发展[J].自然辩证法研究,2006,(3):15-17.
[9]曾国平、张德昭.环境伦理学与后现代主义[J].教学与研究,2006,(8):37-39.
[10]张德昭.生态经济学的范式----生态、经济与德性之思[J].自然辩证法研究,2008,(2):18-20.
[11]张德昭.解释模式的转换与后现代科学实在论[J].教学与研究,2008,(1):27-28.
[12]万以诚、万岍.新文明的路标[M].吉林:吉林人民出版社,2000.
[13]联合国环境与可持续发展系列大会重要文件选编.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2004.
[14] [美]芭芭拉·沃德、勒内·社博斯.只有一个地球[M].吉林:吉林人民出版社, 2005.
[15]纳什.大自然的权利-环境伦理学史[M].大连:青岛出版社,2005.
[16]刘万文.21世纪初期中国的国际环境研究[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,2005.
[17]樊芷芸、黎松强.环境学概论[M].北京:中国纺织出版社,2004.
[18]亚洲环境情况报告.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2005.
[19]孙家驹.全球关注----生态环境与可持续发展走向[M].江西:江西人民出版社,2006.
[20]马光.环境与可持续发展导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[21] [芬]约·瑟帕玛.环境之美[M].湖南:湖南科学技术出版社,2006.
[22]环境影响评价技术导则与标准.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2006.
[23]郭艳华.走向绿色文明[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004年.
[24]自然之友编.中国环境的转型与博弈[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006.
[25]董险峰.持续生态与环境[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2006.
[26]田京城、缪娟.环境保护与可持续发展[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.
[27] [美]罗尔斯顿.哲学走向荒野[M].吉林:吉林人民出版社,2000.
[28]余谋昌.生态伦理学[M].北京:首都师范大学出版社,1999.
[29]余谋昌.生态哲学[M].陕西:陕西人民教育出版社,2000.
[30]雷毅.生态伦理学[M].陕西:陕西人民教育出版社,2000.
[31]杨通进.走向深层的环保[M].四川:四川人民出版社,2000.
[32]徐嵩龄.环境伦理学进展[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,1999.
[33]朱坦.环境伦理学理论与实践[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2001.
[34]佘正荣.中国生态伦理传统的冷释与重建[M].北京:人民出版社,2002.
[35] [美]科利考特.罗尔斯顿论内在价值:一种解构[J].哲学译丛,1999,(2):65-67.
[36] [美]罗尔斯顿.自然的价值与自然的本质[J].自然辩证法研究,1999,(2):54-57.
[37] [美]罗尔斯顿.自然界中的价值是主观的还是客观的[J].环境与社会,1998 ,(1):42-44.
[38]张华夏.广义价值论[J].中国社会科学,1998 ,(4):21-24.
[39]刘福森.自然中心主义生态伦理观的理论困境[J].中国社会科学,1997,(3):30.
[40]陈剑澜.西方环境伦理思想述要[J].马克思义与现实,2003,(3):39-41.
[41]蒋柳萍.论可持续发展的环境伦理观[D].上海师范大学,2003.
[42]任屿.伦理学视野中的可持续发展[D].华中师范大学,2004.
[43]李寿德、张衡、万威武.中国环境伦理学研究进展[J].自然辩证法研究,2000,(2):46-48.
[44]汤萱.可持续发展环境伦理观探析[D].武汉理工大学,2004.
[45] Rolston Holmes, Environmental Ethics:Duties to and Values in the Natural World[M]. Philadelphia Temple University Press, 1987.
[46] Rolston Holmes, Philosop Gone Wild : Essays in Environmental Ethics[M]. Buffalo Prometheus,University Press,1986.
[47] John Neill,The Varieties of Intrinsic Value[M].The Monist Vol,1992.
[48] P·W·Taylor,Respect for Nature[M].Princeton University Press, 1985.