水库生态调度方法研究
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摘要
水利工程的建设具有防洪、发电、灌溉、航运、供水等综合效益,对经济发展和社会进步起到巨大的推动作用,在通过调蓄洪水,抵御洪涝灾害对生态系统的冲击干扰,改善干旱与半干旱地区状况等方面也发挥有积极作用。
同时,水利工程的建设也带来了许多负面影响。如引水式电站,为能尽量多引水发电,导致坝下游出现减水河段,甚至脱水河段,使坝下游水生生物的生存环境遭受极大破坏;由于水库对下泄流量的调节作用,改变了河流的自然丰枯变化,使河流均一化,影响水生生物的生长与繁殖;水库蓄水对上游支流的顶托作用以及水库对下泄流量的调节作用,都可能引起库区及水库下游局部河段出现水体富营养化。
这些问题不容忽视,要减轻水利工程的建设对生态的影响,应采取各种行之有效的方法,包括对不合理的水库调度方式进行调整,或在新建的水利枢纽中考虑生态工程措施等。对于已经修建的水库,合理的水库调度方式可以弥补或减缓其对生态环境的不利影响。本论文对水库的生态调度方式进行了研究,主要内容为:
(1)收集国内外相关文献资料,掌握该领域研究进展状况,总结水库生态调度的概念。
(2)阐述水库调度的基本概念、优化算法及运行准则,选择适合生态调度的方法与模型。
(3)综合国外研究的概况,结合国内实际情况,归纳并总结了水库生态调度的原则、方法及一些工程措施。
(4)针对水库生态调度方法中的河流生态需水量调度及模拟生态洪水调度,建立常规生态调度模型和优化生态调度模型。
(5)将上述模型与方法在丹江口水库上进行实例研究,调度时按丹江口大坝的初期规模和最终规模分别研究。
The construction of water conservancy projects has all-around benefit including flood control, generating electricity, irrigation, shipping, water supply, and promotes the development of Economy and Society. It also plays a positive role in flood diversion and storage, resisting the impact of ecosystem from flood-waterlogging disaster, and improving the arid and semi-arid regions the situation.
At the same time, the construction of water conservancy projects has also brought negative effects. In order to maximize water for generation, diversion power station causes water reduced and dehydrated river segments, which destructing the survival environment of aquatic organisms. Reservoir operation changes the natural hydrological regimes of rivers, which effecting the growth and reproduction of aquatic organisms. Due to the top support action from reservoir storage and the effect caused by regulation, water entrophication may apprears at reservoir area and segments of downstream.
We can’t ignore these problems. In order to reduce the impact of ecological from the construction of water conservancy projects, we should take effective methods, including change the reservoir regulation mode, set up ecological projects in new engineerings, and so on. The reasonable reservoir operation mode for the builted reservoir can reduce the adverse effects to the ecological environment. This paper studies on the reservoir ecological operation, main work was done as below:
(1) Collect reasonabley related literature material at home and abroad, master the research progress and give the definition of ecological operation.
(2) Describe the concept of reservoir operation, optimization algorithm and operation regulation, and select the reasonable methods and model for ecological operation.
(3) Overview the studies carried out abroad, and consider the actural situation at home, and draw and sum up the reservoir ecological operation principles, methods and engineering measures.
(4) Establish the conventional and optimization ecological operation model of reser- voirs for river ecological water demand and ecological flood simulation operation.
(5) Apply the models and methods above to Danjiangkou Reservoir in Hanjiang basin, scheduling on the scale of the initial and final size of the Dam.
同时,水利工程的建设也带来了许多负面影响。如引水式电站,为能尽量多引水发电,导致坝下游出现减水河段,甚至脱水河段,使坝下游水生生物的生存环境遭受极大破坏;由于水库对下泄流量的调节作用,改变了河流的自然丰枯变化,使河流均一化,影响水生生物的生长与繁殖;水库蓄水对上游支流的顶托作用以及水库对下泄流量的调节作用,都可能引起库区及水库下游局部河段出现水体富营养化。
这些问题不容忽视,要减轻水利工程的建设对生态的影响,应采取各种行之有效的方法,包括对不合理的水库调度方式进行调整,或在新建的水利枢纽中考虑生态工程措施等。对于已经修建的水库,合理的水库调度方式可以弥补或减缓其对生态环境的不利影响。本论文对水库的生态调度方式进行了研究,主要内容为:
(1)收集国内外相关文献资料,掌握该领域研究进展状况,总结水库生态调度的概念。
(2)阐述水库调度的基本概念、优化算法及运行准则,选择适合生态调度的方法与模型。
(3)综合国外研究的概况,结合国内实际情况,归纳并总结了水库生态调度的原则、方法及一些工程措施。
(4)针对水库生态调度方法中的河流生态需水量调度及模拟生态洪水调度,建立常规生态调度模型和优化生态调度模型。
(5)将上述模型与方法在丹江口水库上进行实例研究,调度时按丹江口大坝的初期规模和最终规模分别研究。
The construction of water conservancy projects has all-around benefit including flood control, generating electricity, irrigation, shipping, water supply, and promotes the development of Economy and Society. It also plays a positive role in flood diversion and storage, resisting the impact of ecosystem from flood-waterlogging disaster, and improving the arid and semi-arid regions the situation.
At the same time, the construction of water conservancy projects has also brought negative effects. In order to maximize water for generation, diversion power station causes water reduced and dehydrated river segments, which destructing the survival environment of aquatic organisms. Reservoir operation changes the natural hydrological regimes of rivers, which effecting the growth and reproduction of aquatic organisms. Due to the top support action from reservoir storage and the effect caused by regulation, water entrophication may apprears at reservoir area and segments of downstream.
We can’t ignore these problems. In order to reduce the impact of ecological from the construction of water conservancy projects, we should take effective methods, including change the reservoir regulation mode, set up ecological projects in new engineerings, and so on. The reasonable reservoir operation mode for the builted reservoir can reduce the adverse effects to the ecological environment. This paper studies on the reservoir ecological operation, main work was done as below:
(1) Collect reasonabley related literature material at home and abroad, master the research progress and give the definition of ecological operation.
(2) Describe the concept of reservoir operation, optimization algorithm and operation regulation, and select the reasonable methods and model for ecological operation.
(3) Overview the studies carried out abroad, and consider the actural situation at home, and draw and sum up the reservoir ecological operation principles, methods and engineering measures.
(4) Establish the conventional and optimization ecological operation model of reser- voirs for river ecological water demand and ecological flood simulation operation.
(5) Apply the models and methods above to Danjiangkou Reservoir in Hanjiang basin, scheduling on the scale of the initial and final size of the Dam.
引文
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[4]余文公,夏自强,于国荣等.生态库容及其调度研究[J].商丘师范学院学报, 2006, 22(5): 148-151
[5]石晓丹,焦涛.大坝运行过程中泄水对坝下游生态系统的影响分析及控制[J].水利科技与经济, 2007, 13(5): 320-323
[6]徐天宝,彭静,李翀.葛洲坝水利工程对长江中游生态水文特征的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境, 2007, 16(1): 72-75
[7]艾学山.水库生态调度模型研究[A].水电2006国际研讨会论文集[C], 2006: 924-929
[8]王远坤,夏自强,王桂华.水库调度的新阶段_生态调度[J].水文, 2008, 28(1): 7-9
[9]余文公.三峡水库生态径流调度措施与方案研究[D].南京:河海大学, 2007
[10]周世春.美国哥伦比亚河流域下游鱼类保护工程、拆坝之争及思考[J].水电站设计, 2007, 23(3): 21-26
[11] Robin G..贾金生,郑璀莹译.美国大坝管理中的焦点问题[J].中国水利, 2004(13): 21-24
[12]郭军.美国大坝的安全与防卫[J].中国水利, 2006(16): 53-55
[13] FEMA. Dam Safety and Security in the United States. A Progress Report on the National Dam Safety Program in Fiscal Yeas 2002 and 2003[R]. 2003.12
[14]董哲仁.河流生态恢复的目标[J].中国水利, 2004(10): 45-55
[15]杨小庆.美国拆坝情况简析[J].中国水利, 2004(13): 15-20
[16] Brian D. Richter, Jeffrey V. Baumgartner, Robert Wigington, et al. How much water does a river need?[J]. Freshwater Biology, 1997(37): 231-249
[17] Brian D. Richter, Jeffrey V. Baumgartner, Jennifer P, et al. A method for assessing hydrologic alteration within ecosystems[J]. Conservation Biology, 1996, 10(4): 1163-1174
[18]陈启慧.美国两条河流生态径流试验研究[J].水利水电快报, 2005, 26(15): 23-24
[19]吴保生,邓玥,马吉明.格伦峡大坝人造洪水试验[J].人民黄河, 2004, 26(7): 12-13
[20] M. T. Anderson, J. B. Graf, G. R. Marzolf. Controlled Flooding of the Colora- do River in Grand Canyon: The Rationale and Data– Collection Planned[R]. Denver: U. S. Geological Survey, 1996
[21] A. D. Konieczki, J. B, Graf, M. C. Carpenter. Streamflow and Sediment Data Collected to Determine the Effects of a Controlled Flood in March and April 1996 on the Colorado River between Lees Ferry and Diamond Greek, Arizona[R]. Denver: U. S. Geological Survey, 1997
[22] Powell. K, Grand Canyon. Open the floodgates![J]. Nature, 2002(420)
[23] John M. Higgins, W. Gary Brock. Overview of reservoir release improvements at 20 TVA dams[J]. Journal of energy engineering. 1999, 125(1): 1-17
[24]吕新华.大型水利工程的生态调度[J].科学进步与对策, 2006(7): 129-131
[25] Harman. C, Stewardson M. Optimizing dam release rules to meet environmental flow targets[J]. River Research and Applications, 2005(21): 113-129
[26]蔡其华.充分考虑河流生态系统保护因素完善水库调度方式[J].中国水利, 2006(2): 14-17
[27]长江委积极探索生态调度模式[J].水利电力科技, 2007, 33(1): 48
[28]索丽生.水利工程的“特殊功能”——关于水利工程建设新思路的思考[J]. 2003(1): 25-26
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