格宾填料及格宾护岸结构对河道水质净化能力的影响
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摘要
以格宾护岸为研究对象，通过室内构建模拟河道装置，定量研究格宾填料及格宾护岸结构形式对河道水质净化能力的影响。选择花岗岩块石、卵石、废建筑砌块三种材料作为格宾填料，研究了三种不同填料的格宾护岸对河道水质净化能力的影响，并从微生物量及微生物活性等方面探讨了产生这些影响的内在机理；构建了以卵石为填料的直立式、阶梯式和鱼巢式三种格宾护岸结构，研究三种护岸结构对河道水质净化能力的影响，并运用River2D软件探讨了三种护岸结构对水流情况的影响。
研究结果与结论如下：
（1）当流速为0.015m/s，水力停留时间为135s时，随着模拟河道装置运行时间的延长，各填料对N、P营养盐及有机物的去除率均有不同程度的提高；与花岗岩块石、废建筑砌块相比，以卵石为填料的直立式格宾护岸对水体中NH3-N、TOC和DOC的去除率保持在较高的水平，运行26d后分别达65.26%、71.06%、78.06%；在运行初期，三种不同填料的格宾护岸对TP均有较高的去除率，运行12d后，以花岗岩块石、卵石、废建筑砌块为填料的格宾护岸对TP的去除率分别达89.20%、91.05%、94.71%。
（2）以卵石为填料的直立式格宾护岸结构附着的微生物脂磷含量及微生物酶活性（除碱性磷酸酶活性外）均显著高于以花岗岩块石和废建筑砌块为填料的直立式格宾护岸结构（p<0.05），其较高的微生物量及酶活性有利于对氮素及有机物的去除。
（3）当流速为0.015m/s，水力停留时间为135s时，随着模拟河道装置运行时间的延长，三种护岸结构对N、P营养盐及有机物的去除率均有不同程度的提高；与直立式、阶梯式格宾护岸结构相比，以卵石为填料的鱼巢式格宾护岸结构对NH3-N、TP、TOC和DOC的去除率保持在较高的水平，运行26d后分别达52.21%、65.36%、54.67%、48.21%。
（4）在原型河道流量为20m3/s、水深为2.5m时，相较于以浆砌石为护岸材料的河段，以卵石为填料的格宾护岸河段能降低河道整体流速，最大流速由0.96m/s下降到0.94m/s；而对于三种不同护岸结构形式的格宾河道，最大流速没有发生变化，均为0.94m/s，但河段各节点流速发生变化，在河道中心流速较大的区域三种护岸结构形式的流速大小顺序为直立式>阶梯式>鱼巢式。
（5）从对河道自净能力的影响考虑，格宾护岸中以卵石为填料，鱼巢式为护岸结构形式是最佳方案。
The study investigated the quantificational effect and the mechanism of three substratesincluding granite rubble, gravel and waste building blocks, and three structure form includingvertical, stepped and fish nest’s type on river self-purification in Gabion revetment. The effectof three structure form on flow was also investigated based on River2D software.
The results and conclusions are as follows:
(1) With flowing26days under velocity of0.015m/s and hydraulic retention time of135s, N, P and organic compound removal rates by all the substrates increased gradually invarying degrees. NH3-N and organic compound removal rates by gravelmaintained at a highefficiency, among which the removal rates of NH3-N,TOC and DOC were up to65.26%,71.06%and78.06%respectively after operated26days. The removal rate of TP by graniterubble, gravel and waste building blocks reached89.20%,91.05%and94.71%respectivelyafter operated12days.
(2) Lipid phosphorus contents and enzyme activities of microbial film (exceptphosphatase activity) by gravel were significantly higher than the other two substrates(p<0.05), the higher biomass and enzyme activities enhanced removal efficiency of nitrogenand organic compound.
(3) With flowing26days under velocity of0.015m/s and hydraulic retention time of135s, N, P and organic compound removal rates by three structure form increased gradually invarying degrees. N, P and organic compound removal rates by gravel maintained at a highefficiency, among which the removal rates of NH3-N,TP, TOC and DOC were up to52.21%、65.36%、54.67%、48.21%respectively after operated26days.
(4) Compared to the stone masonary river, the Gabion river with gravel s substrates couldreduce the river’s flow rate,which the maximum flow rate reduced from0.96m/s to0.94m/swhen river flow at20m3/s and water depth at2.5m. For the three different structure forms ofGabion revetment river, the maximum flow rate had not changed, but each node of the river’sflow rate had changed, the size order of flow in central river was: vertical> stepped>fishnest’s.
(5) Taking the impact of self-purification capacity on river into consideration, theoptimal scheme would be using graver as substract and the type of fish nest as structure inGabion revetment.
研究结果与结论如下：
（1）当流速为0.015m/s，水力停留时间为135s时，随着模拟河道装置运行时间的延长，各填料对N、P营养盐及有机物的去除率均有不同程度的提高；与花岗岩块石、废建筑砌块相比，以卵石为填料的直立式格宾护岸对水体中NH3-N、TOC和DOC的去除率保持在较高的水平，运行26d后分别达65.26%、71.06%、78.06%；在运行初期，三种不同填料的格宾护岸对TP均有较高的去除率，运行12d后，以花岗岩块石、卵石、废建筑砌块为填料的格宾护岸对TP的去除率分别达89.20%、91.05%、94.71%。
（2）以卵石为填料的直立式格宾护岸结构附着的微生物脂磷含量及微生物酶活性（除碱性磷酸酶活性外）均显著高于以花岗岩块石和废建筑砌块为填料的直立式格宾护岸结构（p<0.05），其较高的微生物量及酶活性有利于对氮素及有机物的去除。
（3）当流速为0.015m/s，水力停留时间为135s时，随着模拟河道装置运行时间的延长，三种护岸结构对N、P营养盐及有机物的去除率均有不同程度的提高；与直立式、阶梯式格宾护岸结构相比，以卵石为填料的鱼巢式格宾护岸结构对NH3-N、TP、TOC和DOC的去除率保持在较高的水平，运行26d后分别达52.21%、65.36%、54.67%、48.21%。
（4）在原型河道流量为20m3/s、水深为2.5m时，相较于以浆砌石为护岸材料的河段，以卵石为填料的格宾护岸河段能降低河道整体流速，最大流速由0.96m/s下降到0.94m/s；而对于三种不同护岸结构形式的格宾河道，最大流速没有发生变化，均为0.94m/s，但河段各节点流速发生变化，在河道中心流速较大的区域三种护岸结构形式的流速大小顺序为直立式>阶梯式>鱼巢式。
（5）从对河道自净能力的影响考虑，格宾护岸中以卵石为填料，鱼巢式为护岸结构形式是最佳方案。
The study investigated the quantificational effect and the mechanism of three substratesincluding granite rubble, gravel and waste building blocks, and three structure form includingvertical, stepped and fish nest’s type on river self-purification in Gabion revetment. The effectof three structure form on flow was also investigated based on River2D software.
The results and conclusions are as follows:
(1) With flowing26days under velocity of0.015m/s and hydraulic retention time of135s, N, P and organic compound removal rates by all the substrates increased gradually invarying degrees. NH3-N and organic compound removal rates by gravelmaintained at a highefficiency, among which the removal rates of NH3-N,TOC and DOC were up to65.26%,71.06%and78.06%respectively after operated26days. The removal rate of TP by graniterubble, gravel and waste building blocks reached89.20%,91.05%and94.71%respectivelyafter operated12days.
(2) Lipid phosphorus contents and enzyme activities of microbial film (exceptphosphatase activity) by gravel were significantly higher than the other two substrates(p<0.05), the higher biomass and enzyme activities enhanced removal efficiency of nitrogenand organic compound.
(3) With flowing26days under velocity of0.015m/s and hydraulic retention time of135s, N, P and organic compound removal rates by three structure form increased gradually invarying degrees. N, P and organic compound removal rates by gravel maintained at a highefficiency, among which the removal rates of NH3-N,TP, TOC and DOC were up to52.21%、65.36%、54.67%、48.21%respectively after operated26days.
(4) Compared to the stone masonary river, the Gabion river with gravel s substrates couldreduce the river’s flow rate,which the maximum flow rate reduced from0.96m/s to0.94m/swhen river flow at20m3/s and water depth at2.5m. For the three different structure forms ofGabion revetment river, the maximum flow rate had not changed, but each node of the river’sflow rate had changed, the size order of flow in central river was: vertical> stepped>fishnest’s.
(5) Taking the impact of self-purification capacity on river into consideration, theoptimal scheme would be using graver as substract and the type of fish nest as structure inGabion revetment.
引文
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