二元结构背景下城乡环境保护统筹与协调发展研究
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摘要
2007年评估世界各国(地区)环境质量的“环境可持续指数”(ESI)在瑞士达沃斯正式对外发布:中国城乡环境可持续指数在144个国家和地区中仅排第133位。当前,在国家制定和实施了一系列相关的政策和措施之后,城市和工业各项环境指标达标率逐年增高,重点城市集中式饮用水源地水质总体良好,城市空气质量较2006年有所好转,城市环境质量总体较好;然而,居住着两亿多户、近8亿农民的广大农村地区,环境污染和生态破坏的状况依然很严重,点源污染与面源污染共存、生活污染和工业污染叠加、各种新旧污染交织、工业及城市污染向农村转移等种种环境问题还没有得到根本解决。严峻的农村环境形势,将最终制约城乡经济社会的协调发展,已成为我国经济社会可持续发展的重要制约因素。从环境公平和国家生态安全角度来看,城乡环境保护统筹具有绝对必要性。
城市与农村之间的联系不能割断,农村与城市之间需要平衡,城市和农村发展的脱节、失衡是城乡统筹亟待解决的关键。城乡不协调问题主要是城乡经济发展的不协调,城乡环境问题同样是经济发展不协调的产物。城市与农村环境是统一而有机的整体,环境保护是实现城乡经济协调发展的有效途径。因此,统筹城乡环境保护是区域内城乡协调发展的重要内容,也是实现城乡统筹的有效途径。鉴于此,研究城乡环境保护统筹与协调具有重要的现实意义。
论文运用环境经济学及发展经济学的基本原理,全面分析城乡环境保护的差距及其形成机理;探讨城乡环境功能分工与环境统筹的关系,从而揭示城乡环境统筹的必要性和现实可能性;进一步研究科学发展观视角下统筹城乡环境保护的原则、目标和主要内容;通过对国外城乡环境统筹的主要经验评述,提出统筹城乡环境保护的实现路径,为统筹城乡环境保护提供理论支持与政策建议。
论文分为三个部分共七章。第一部分包括第一章和第二章,是全文研究的基础。第一章《导论》,主要介绍本文的研究背景、理论价值与现实意义,并给出了论文的研究方法、思路、逻辑结构以及论文的创新与不足之处。第二章《城乡环境统筹的相关基础理论》,对国内外已有的相关研究成果进行了系统梳理和评价。全文研究的基础理论主要有外部性理论、物质平衡理论、城乡关系理论、循环经济与可持续发展理论、城乡环境功能区划及环境公平理论等。
第二部分包括第三章、第四章。第三章《统筹城乡环境的必要性与可能性》,由于城乡环境差距的恶果已充分显露,迫使政府和群众提高认识、转变观念,推进城乡环境统筹;同时工业反哺农业、城市反哺农村为城乡环境统筹提供了历史机遇,以及国际环保先进经验的借鉴和国内环保科技成果的支持和保证使城乡环境统筹具有现实可能性。第四章《二元结构背景下的城乡环境差距》,通过对城乡历史数据与资料的分析表明,以牺牲环境为代价的经济发展模式依旧,城乡生态环境遭到很大的破坏,城乡经济发展水平受到严重影响;而且城市环境与经济协调度相对较优于农村环境与经济发展的协调度。城乡环境保护的差距有其意识根源;城乡环境保护的非均衡性有其制度和政策原因,城乡环境资源配置与污染处理环节的分割有其现实原因;而最根本的原因是我国长期的城乡二元经济结构。
第三部分包括第五章、第六章和第七章,是本文研究的对策重点。第五章《科学发展观视角下的城乡环境保护统筹》,首先提出城乡统筹是科学发展观的基本要求,城乡环境统筹是城乡统筹的基本内容和必然要求,因此城乡环境统筹也必须是科学发展观视角下的环境统筹。城乡环境统筹必须坚持以政治、经济和社会统筹为基础,实行城乡环境保护并重、污染防治与生态保护并举,尊重城乡环境的历史和现实分工,实行局部环境优先。城乡环境保护统筹就是要以城市环境保护反哺农村环境保护,消除城乡环境保护二元结构,实现城乡环境保护的协调发展。第六章《国外城乡环境统筹的主要经验与启示》,评述了英国、日本、美国、澳大利亚等发达国家在农村环境保护方面的成功经验,为我国统筹城乡环境提供参考和借鉴。第七章《中国城乡环境统筹的实现路径》,提出构建和完善城乡环境公平的法规支撑体系;加强城乡环境保护统筹意识宣传教育与实践;科学设定政府环境职责科学与城乡环境功能的定位与统筹规划,完善统筹城乡环境保护的经济政策,实施环境保护转移支付与环保投资多元化的政策保障;完善城乡环境公众参与制度的公众监督治理保障;建立统一的城乡环境监测与预警体系的管理技术保障;建立统一的城乡生态产业体系,探索循环经济模式等。上述提出的六大保障即是中国城乡环境保护统筹的实现路径。
论文的创新性包括:
(1)在选题方面,城乡环境统筹研究具有较好的切入点和现实意义。从2002年提出城乡统筹发展至今,关于城乡统筹发展的研究和文献出现不少,但有关城乡环境统筹的研究成果并不多。本文从我国城乡环境保护二元结构现状入手,紧密联系城乡统筹,提出城乡环境统筹是关系城乡统筹成败的重要内容,在相关研究中具有较好的切入点和现实意义。
(2)本文把新制度经济学的分析方法引入对城乡环境统筹的研究中,从制度层面上对造成城乡环境二元结构的政策根源和城乡环境统筹中政府的环境职责进行了深入的比较分析,提出要在科学发展观视角下统筹城乡环境保护,形成以城乡环境保护统筹的原则、目标、主要内容和实现路径为主要框架的研究体系,丰富和完善了城乡统筹理论的内涵。
(3)提出了城乡环境不公平是中国最大的环境不公,只有健全包括限制污染转移在内的农村环境法规并推行产业规划和准入制度,以保障城乡环境公平;城乡环境统筹必须坚持政府主导,从制定法规、环境政策到建立城乡环境质量评价体系、监测预警体系都必须坚持城乡环境规划引领;建立统一的城乡生态产业体系和实践有效的循环经济模式是协调现代城乡产业发展与环境保护矛盾,走城乡环境统筹的可持续发展之路。
The ESI of environmental quality of countries(or areas ) all over the world estimated in 2007 were openly announced in Davos in the Swiss Confederation and that ESI of cities and the countryside in China was listed in the 144th position among them. At present the general state of the environmental quality in China is better after laying down and carrying on a series of policies concerned, the quality of radiation environment keeps on the natural level and the environment of cities in China has been improved. However, the serious rural environmental condition has become the main factor preventing the continuous development of rural economic society in China. The environment of cities and the countryside is a universal and organic body and the protection of environment is the effective route and means of realizing the harmonious development of economy in cities and the countryside. Therefore, the overall development of urban and rural environmental protection is the important content of the regional overall development and the effective route and means of realizing the coordinative development of economy in cities and the countryside. So strengthening the basic theory of overall urban and rural environmental protection and the research for the measures are of great important significance to the promotion for the integrative development of economic society of cities and the countryside.
The thinking way of this research in to overall analyses the shortcomings and their influential mechanism of urban and rural environmental protection using the basic principles of environmental economics and developmental economics with the combination of quality and quantity, to explore the division of the environmental function of cities and the countryside and the relationship of overall environment so as to discover that the overall urban and rural environment is the fundamental requirements of the scientific developmental view, further to study the principles, target and main contents of the overall urban and rural environmental protection in the perspective of the scientific developmental view, to all-roundly embrace the inner relation between the urban and rural environment and the growth of economy through commenting on the main experiences of overall urban and rural environment out of China and oat last to put forward the general thinking route and structure of overall urban and rural environmental protection so as to explore the practical way of overall urban and rural environmental protection in China. This paper is divided into three parts and included seven chapters.
This paper is divided into three parts including seven chapters. The first part including the first and second chapters is the foundation of the research in the whole paper. In the first chapter《Introduction》, the pertinent points to this research are to define the basic concepts and categories of the dual economic structure, the coordinative development of environment and economy, the dualism of urban and rural environmental protection, the overall environmental protection and others. According to these, we have put forward the contents of further researches. In the second chapter《The research of related basic theory of overall urban-rural environment》, we have combed and commented on the activeness of the concerned theoretical research at home and abroad and then, insisting on the scientific method of the combination of quantity and quality mainly explained the rationing estimation methods of the rationing estimation on the coordinative development between the urban and rural ecological environment and economy, the estimation on the quality of ecological environment, the coordinative judgment of the coordinative development between environment and economy,cycle of economic theory, theory of overall urban and rural, fair environment of urban and rural, and others.
The second part includes the third and fourth chapters. In the third chapter《The necessity and possibility for overall urban-rural environment》,We have made rationing estimation on the coordinative development between urban and rural environment and economy. The government and the people are forced raising awareness, changing concepts and emphasis on urban and rural environment because the Consequences of different urban -rural environmental protection have been fully exposed. At the same time, the planning of urban and rural that proposed industry-financed agriculture and urban-financed rural is providing a historical opportunity and real possibility for overall urban-rural environment. In the fourth chapte《rThe difference between urban and rural environment under dual structure》,the differences of urban and rural environmental protection have the conscious origin, the no equilibrium of the urban and rural environmental protection has the cause of policies, the distribution of urban and rural environmental resources leading to the division of environmental profit has the practical cause and the most basic cause is the dual economic structure long existed in China.
The third part including the fifth、sixth and seventh chapters is the key of this research. In the fifth chapter《Overall urban-rural environment in view of the scientific concept of development》,We have first put forward the idea that the overall urban and rural environment is the basic contents and necessary requirement of overall cities and the countryside. The overall urban and rural environmental protection means to get rid of the dual structure of the urban and rural environmental protection and the direct target is to realize the coordinative development between the urban and rural economy and the environmental protection and the coordinative development between bringing pollution under control in cities and protecting the ecological environment in the countryside. In the sixth chapter《The main experience and enlightenment of foreign coordination of urban-rural environment》, we have separately made comments on the mechanism and measures of urban environment and the overall harnessing urban and rural environment in the main developed countries, the damages, revival and protection of urban and rural environment in the backward areas in developed countries such as Australia, England,Korea,Japan and U.S.A. In the seventh chapte《rThe realization of the path of urban-rural environment in China》,we have laid importance to the research for the general thinking route and reality path of overall urban and rural environmental protection,mainly including the eight sections of the differentiation of environmental function. We have chiefly explored and analyzed the practical route of overall urban and rural environmental protection and the coordination from the education of environmental protection,the just function of environment , the shifting payment of environmental protection,the marketing of investment for environmental protection,the model of circulative economy,the skills of international environmental protection and the exchanges of their experiences,the system of policies of environmental economy under the condition of overall urban and rural environmental protection,scientifically establishing the responsibility of the government for environment and the mechanism of overall urban and rural environmental protection.
The innovativeness of this paper may include the following:
(1) In selected topic aspect,this paper has the good breakthrough point and the practical significance. Proposed overall development of urban and rural from 2002, there are many research and literatures about the overall development of urban and rural,but the results related overall environment are not more. This paper study on overall and coordinative development of urban and rural has the good breakthrough point and the practical significance in the related research.
(2) Introducted the analysis method in the view of New Institutional Economics to the research of overall urban-rural environment,this paper study through on the policy root and the measure overall urban-rural environment under the dual structure. This paper built a research system which proposed the principle,goal,primary contents,the total thinking routes and measures under the point of scientific development to enrich and improve the theoretical connotation of Planning of urban and rural.
(3) This paper proposed Innovative points:First,the largest unfair of environment is between urban and rural in many unfair in China today. In order to protecting the urban and rural environmental equity,laws and regulations including restrictions on the pollution transfer from urban to rural are established. Second,Planning of urban-rural environment must adhere to government,and follow the lead mechanism for environmental planning in urban and rural from formulating laws,regulations and environmental policy to the system of evaluation for urban-rural environmental quality and Monitoring and early warning. Third, it is to coordinate the contradictions of economy and environment of urban and rural to sustainable development by establishing a unified eco-industrial system and the model of urban and rural
城市与农村之间的联系不能割断,农村与城市之间需要平衡,城市和农村发展的脱节、失衡是城乡统筹亟待解决的关键。城乡不协调问题主要是城乡经济发展的不协调,城乡环境问题同样是经济发展不协调的产物。城市与农村环境是统一而有机的整体,环境保护是实现城乡经济协调发展的有效途径。因此,统筹城乡环境保护是区域内城乡协调发展的重要内容,也是实现城乡统筹的有效途径。鉴于此,研究城乡环境保护统筹与协调具有重要的现实意义。
论文运用环境经济学及发展经济学的基本原理,全面分析城乡环境保护的差距及其形成机理;探讨城乡环境功能分工与环境统筹的关系,从而揭示城乡环境统筹的必要性和现实可能性;进一步研究科学发展观视角下统筹城乡环境保护的原则、目标和主要内容;通过对国外城乡环境统筹的主要经验评述,提出统筹城乡环境保护的实现路径,为统筹城乡环境保护提供理论支持与政策建议。
论文分为三个部分共七章。第一部分包括第一章和第二章,是全文研究的基础。第一章《导论》,主要介绍本文的研究背景、理论价值与现实意义,并给出了论文的研究方法、思路、逻辑结构以及论文的创新与不足之处。第二章《城乡环境统筹的相关基础理论》,对国内外已有的相关研究成果进行了系统梳理和评价。全文研究的基础理论主要有外部性理论、物质平衡理论、城乡关系理论、循环经济与可持续发展理论、城乡环境功能区划及环境公平理论等。
第二部分包括第三章、第四章。第三章《统筹城乡环境的必要性与可能性》,由于城乡环境差距的恶果已充分显露,迫使政府和群众提高认识、转变观念,推进城乡环境统筹;同时工业反哺农业、城市反哺农村为城乡环境统筹提供了历史机遇,以及国际环保先进经验的借鉴和国内环保科技成果的支持和保证使城乡环境统筹具有现实可能性。第四章《二元结构背景下的城乡环境差距》,通过对城乡历史数据与资料的分析表明,以牺牲环境为代价的经济发展模式依旧,城乡生态环境遭到很大的破坏,城乡经济发展水平受到严重影响;而且城市环境与经济协调度相对较优于农村环境与经济发展的协调度。城乡环境保护的差距有其意识根源;城乡环境保护的非均衡性有其制度和政策原因,城乡环境资源配置与污染处理环节的分割有其现实原因;而最根本的原因是我国长期的城乡二元经济结构。
第三部分包括第五章、第六章和第七章,是本文研究的对策重点。第五章《科学发展观视角下的城乡环境保护统筹》,首先提出城乡统筹是科学发展观的基本要求,城乡环境统筹是城乡统筹的基本内容和必然要求,因此城乡环境统筹也必须是科学发展观视角下的环境统筹。城乡环境统筹必须坚持以政治、经济和社会统筹为基础,实行城乡环境保护并重、污染防治与生态保护并举,尊重城乡环境的历史和现实分工,实行局部环境优先。城乡环境保护统筹就是要以城市环境保护反哺农村环境保护,消除城乡环境保护二元结构,实现城乡环境保护的协调发展。第六章《国外城乡环境统筹的主要经验与启示》,评述了英国、日本、美国、澳大利亚等发达国家在农村环境保护方面的成功经验,为我国统筹城乡环境提供参考和借鉴。第七章《中国城乡环境统筹的实现路径》,提出构建和完善城乡环境公平的法规支撑体系;加强城乡环境保护统筹意识宣传教育与实践;科学设定政府环境职责科学与城乡环境功能的定位与统筹规划,完善统筹城乡环境保护的经济政策,实施环境保护转移支付与环保投资多元化的政策保障;完善城乡环境公众参与制度的公众监督治理保障;建立统一的城乡环境监测与预警体系的管理技术保障;建立统一的城乡生态产业体系,探索循环经济模式等。上述提出的六大保障即是中国城乡环境保护统筹的实现路径。
论文的创新性包括:
(1)在选题方面,城乡环境统筹研究具有较好的切入点和现实意义。从2002年提出城乡统筹发展至今,关于城乡统筹发展的研究和文献出现不少,但有关城乡环境统筹的研究成果并不多。本文从我国城乡环境保护二元结构现状入手,紧密联系城乡统筹,提出城乡环境统筹是关系城乡统筹成败的重要内容,在相关研究中具有较好的切入点和现实意义。
(2)本文把新制度经济学的分析方法引入对城乡环境统筹的研究中,从制度层面上对造成城乡环境二元结构的政策根源和城乡环境统筹中政府的环境职责进行了深入的比较分析,提出要在科学发展观视角下统筹城乡环境保护,形成以城乡环境保护统筹的原则、目标、主要内容和实现路径为主要框架的研究体系,丰富和完善了城乡统筹理论的内涵。
(3)提出了城乡环境不公平是中国最大的环境不公,只有健全包括限制污染转移在内的农村环境法规并推行产业规划和准入制度,以保障城乡环境公平;城乡环境统筹必须坚持政府主导,从制定法规、环境政策到建立城乡环境质量评价体系、监测预警体系都必须坚持城乡环境规划引领;建立统一的城乡生态产业体系和实践有效的循环经济模式是协调现代城乡产业发展与环境保护矛盾,走城乡环境统筹的可持续发展之路。
The ESI of environmental quality of countries(or areas ) all over the world estimated in 2007 were openly announced in Davos in the Swiss Confederation and that ESI of cities and the countryside in China was listed in the 144th position among them. At present the general state of the environmental quality in China is better after laying down and carrying on a series of policies concerned, the quality of radiation environment keeps on the natural level and the environment of cities in China has been improved. However, the serious rural environmental condition has become the main factor preventing the continuous development of rural economic society in China. The environment of cities and the countryside is a universal and organic body and the protection of environment is the effective route and means of realizing the harmonious development of economy in cities and the countryside. Therefore, the overall development of urban and rural environmental protection is the important content of the regional overall development and the effective route and means of realizing the coordinative development of economy in cities and the countryside. So strengthening the basic theory of overall urban and rural environmental protection and the research for the measures are of great important significance to the promotion for the integrative development of economic society of cities and the countryside.
The thinking way of this research in to overall analyses the shortcomings and their influential mechanism of urban and rural environmental protection using the basic principles of environmental economics and developmental economics with the combination of quality and quantity, to explore the division of the environmental function of cities and the countryside and the relationship of overall environment so as to discover that the overall urban and rural environment is the fundamental requirements of the scientific developmental view, further to study the principles, target and main contents of the overall urban and rural environmental protection in the perspective of the scientific developmental view, to all-roundly embrace the inner relation between the urban and rural environment and the growth of economy through commenting on the main experiences of overall urban and rural environment out of China and oat last to put forward the general thinking route and structure of overall urban and rural environmental protection so as to explore the practical way of overall urban and rural environmental protection in China. This paper is divided into three parts and included seven chapters.
This paper is divided into three parts including seven chapters. The first part including the first and second chapters is the foundation of the research in the whole paper. In the first chapter《Introduction》, the pertinent points to this research are to define the basic concepts and categories of the dual economic structure, the coordinative development of environment and economy, the dualism of urban and rural environmental protection, the overall environmental protection and others. According to these, we have put forward the contents of further researches. In the second chapter《The research of related basic theory of overall urban-rural environment》, we have combed and commented on the activeness of the concerned theoretical research at home and abroad and then, insisting on the scientific method of the combination of quantity and quality mainly explained the rationing estimation methods of the rationing estimation on the coordinative development between the urban and rural ecological environment and economy, the estimation on the quality of ecological environment, the coordinative judgment of the coordinative development between environment and economy,cycle of economic theory, theory of overall urban and rural, fair environment of urban and rural, and others.
The second part includes the third and fourth chapters. In the third chapter《The necessity and possibility for overall urban-rural environment》,We have made rationing estimation on the coordinative development between urban and rural environment and economy. The government and the people are forced raising awareness, changing concepts and emphasis on urban and rural environment because the Consequences of different urban -rural environmental protection have been fully exposed. At the same time, the planning of urban and rural that proposed industry-financed agriculture and urban-financed rural is providing a historical opportunity and real possibility for overall urban-rural environment. In the fourth chapte《rThe difference between urban and rural environment under dual structure》,the differences of urban and rural environmental protection have the conscious origin, the no equilibrium of the urban and rural environmental protection has the cause of policies, the distribution of urban and rural environmental resources leading to the division of environmental profit has the practical cause and the most basic cause is the dual economic structure long existed in China.
The third part including the fifth、sixth and seventh chapters is the key of this research. In the fifth chapter《Overall urban-rural environment in view of the scientific concept of development》,We have first put forward the idea that the overall urban and rural environment is the basic contents and necessary requirement of overall cities and the countryside. The overall urban and rural environmental protection means to get rid of the dual structure of the urban and rural environmental protection and the direct target is to realize the coordinative development between the urban and rural economy and the environmental protection and the coordinative development between bringing pollution under control in cities and protecting the ecological environment in the countryside. In the sixth chapter《The main experience and enlightenment of foreign coordination of urban-rural environment》, we have separately made comments on the mechanism and measures of urban environment and the overall harnessing urban and rural environment in the main developed countries, the damages, revival and protection of urban and rural environment in the backward areas in developed countries such as Australia, England,Korea,Japan and U.S.A. In the seventh chapte《rThe realization of the path of urban-rural environment in China》,we have laid importance to the research for the general thinking route and reality path of overall urban and rural environmental protection,mainly including the eight sections of the differentiation of environmental function. We have chiefly explored and analyzed the practical route of overall urban and rural environmental protection and the coordination from the education of environmental protection,the just function of environment , the shifting payment of environmental protection,the marketing of investment for environmental protection,the model of circulative economy,the skills of international environmental protection and the exchanges of their experiences,the system of policies of environmental economy under the condition of overall urban and rural environmental protection,scientifically establishing the responsibility of the government for environment and the mechanism of overall urban and rural environmental protection.
The innovativeness of this paper may include the following:
(1) In selected topic aspect,this paper has the good breakthrough point and the practical significance. Proposed overall development of urban and rural from 2002, there are many research and literatures about the overall development of urban and rural,but the results related overall environment are not more. This paper study on overall and coordinative development of urban and rural has the good breakthrough point and the practical significance in the related research.
(2) Introducted the analysis method in the view of New Institutional Economics to the research of overall urban-rural environment,this paper study through on the policy root and the measure overall urban-rural environment under the dual structure. This paper built a research system which proposed the principle,goal,primary contents,the total thinking routes and measures under the point of scientific development to enrich and improve the theoretical connotation of Planning of urban and rural.
(3) This paper proposed Innovative points:First,the largest unfair of environment is between urban and rural in many unfair in China today. In order to protecting the urban and rural environmental equity,laws and regulations including restrictions on the pollution transfer from urban to rural are established. Second,Planning of urban-rural environment must adhere to government,and follow the lead mechanism for environmental planning in urban and rural from formulating laws,regulations and environmental policy to the system of evaluation for urban-rural environmental quality and Monitoring and early warning. Third, it is to coordinate the contradictions of economy and environment of urban and rural to sustainable development by establishing a unified eco-industrial system and the model of urban and rural
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