海南东寨港红树林景观格局动态及其驱动力研究
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摘要
本文应用景观生态学理论和方法,采用3S技术,结合野外调查和统计分析方法,对1988-2007年东寨港红树林景观格局动态过程及其驱动机制进行了系统分析研究,探讨了东寨港红树林景观格局特征及其时空演变规律,以及外界干扰因子对红树林生态系统结构和功能的影响,在此基础上,分析提出在保护区模式下,红树林湿地生态系统管理的对策,希望能够为红树林保护区发展建设提供科学依据和实践指导,为红树林湿地保护、利用和生态恢复提供科学依据和决策参考。
研究结果如下：
1.东寨港湾沿岸以带状分布的红树林湿地为主,耕地、林地,以及养殖水面占有较大比例,其他类型镶嵌于其中,双线河贯穿于红树林湿地中。近20年研究区景观格局分布趋向均匀,斑块间的面积差异在逐渐缩小,景观多样性增加,景观破碎化程度增大,景观类型分布离散程度加大,景观受人类的影响程度增强。
2.近20年红树林景观破碎化程度逐步增大,斑块数量不断增多；形状指数和分维数逐渐增大,斑块形状复杂程度增加；斑块间离散程度增大,连接度下降。红树林景观格局变化对红树林生态系统生物多样性维护功能造成不利影响。
3.红树林湿地转入量和转出量有一定阶段性变化：1988-1996年期间,研究区红树林湿地类型保持率为97.57%,向养殖水面的转化比例达到1.21%,向双线河的转化比例为0.99%；红树林转入情况：分别有54.13%的宜林地、13.14%的双线河转化为红树林。1996-2007年期间,红树林湿地类型保持率为94.29%,向养殖水面的转化比例最高,达到3.02%,其次是向双线河和宜林地的转化比例,分别为1.22%和0.93%；红树林转入情况：48.22%的宜林地、19.65%的双线河,以及5.05%的养殖水域转化为红树林。红树林景观类型转入量在一定程度上增加了红树林景观斑块面积,有利于增强红树林生态功能,而红树林景观类型转出量导致红树林景观斑块面积减小,不利于系统生态功能的发挥。
4.研究时段内,不同区域红树林质心坐标移动幅度有一定差异,其中,演丰区和北港区红树林质心移动幅度不大,而三江区由于成功开展大面积人工营林,以及红树林天然更新等原因,使得红树林向海方向扩展迅速,质心迁移幅度较大。
5.驱动力分析表明,影响红树林湿地景观变化的驱动因子涉及自然因素和人为因素,近20年人为因素是影响红树林湿地景观的主导因素,当地产业发展、产业结构变化是影响红树林湿地面积变化的主要原因,在产业结构方面,第一产业(尤其是养殖业)以及第三产业的发展,对红树林湿地景观变化影响较大。
6.针对红树林景观动态变化的主要原因和存在问题,提出东寨港红树林湿地生态系统管理目标、原则、管理模式、管理措施及其保障支持体系。
In this paper, theories and methods of landscape ecology, combined with geo-information technologies, field survey and statistical methods are employed to study mangrove wetland landscape pattern dynamics and its driving mechanism from 1988 to 2007 in Dongzhaigang Harbor. The characteristics of mangrove wetland landscape pattern and its spatio-temporal changes, the impacts of interference factors on mangrove ecosystem structure and function in recent 20 years have been studied. On this basis, the strategy of mangrove wetland ecosystems management in conservation mode was proposed. This would provide a scientific conference and practical guidance for the development and construction of mangrove wetlands in conservation area, it also can provide scientific support and decision-making consult for protection, using and ecological restoration of mangrove wetlands.
The results show that:
1. Along Dongzhaigang Harbor coast, the mangrove wetlands with zonal distribution is the main style. In addition, arable land, forest, and water aquaculture accounted for a large proportion, other land types mixed inside, and two-lane river runs through mangrove wetlands. In recent 20 years, landscape pattern of mangrove wetlands area become uniform, the difference of area between patches has gradually decreased, the diversity of landscape has increased, the fragmentation of mangrove landscape has gradually increased, and the degree of dispersion of landscape distribution has increased. It told us that the impact on mangrove landscape of human being has become stronger.
2. In recent 20 years, with an increasing number of patches, shape index and fractal dimension of mangrove landscape increased, the complexity of patch shape increased. The degree of dispersion between patches increased, while connectivity decreased. This kind of mangrove landscape pattern change is harmful for biodiversity maintenance function of mangrove wetlands.
3. From 1988 to 1996, the rate of mangrove wetlands maintained 97.57% in the study area. During these years, about 1.21% mangrove wetlands were converted to water aquaculture, while about 0.99% mangrove wetlands are converted to to the river. About 54.13% land suitable for afforestation and 13.14% two-lane river are converted to mangrove wetlands. From 1996 to 2007, about 94.29% mangrove wetlands were maintained, while about 3.02% of mangrove wetlands were converted to water aquaculture and 1.22% to two-lane river,0.93% to land suitable for afforestation. On the other hand, about 48.22% land suitable for afforestation,19.65% two-lane river and 5.05% water aquaculture were converted to mangrove wetlands. With the convert-in of mangrove wetland, the patch area of mangrove landscape was increased; this is helpful for enhancing ecological function of mangrove wetlands. Meanwhile, with the covert-out of mangrove wetlands, the patch area of mangrove landscape was decreased, and it's harmful for ecological functions of the system.
4. During the study period, the movement ranges of mangrove centroid were different in three regions. Mangrove centroid moved slightly in Yanfeng area and Beigang area, while in the Sanjiang area, mangrove centroid moved with a larger range, due to the successful implementation of large-scale artificial silvicultural and natural regeneration of mangroves and so on, making the mangrove wetlands seaward rapidly expanding.
5. According to analysis of driving forces of mangrove wetland landscape changes, both natural and human factors affected mangrove wetland landscape changes in Dongzhaigang Harbour, but human factors were dominant for mangrove wetland landscape changes in recent 20 years. Especially, regional economic development and industrial structure change were the main driving forces for the change of mangrove wetland. Among industrial structure, the developing of primary industry, especially aquaculture, and tertiary industry has a great impact on mangrove wetland landscape changes.
6. For the problems and the corresponding reasons of mangrove landscape dynamics in Dongzhaigang Harbor, the objectives, principles, management mode, measures and support system of mangrove wetland ecosystem management were given out.
研究结果如下：
1.东寨港湾沿岸以带状分布的红树林湿地为主,耕地、林地,以及养殖水面占有较大比例,其他类型镶嵌于其中,双线河贯穿于红树林湿地中。近20年研究区景观格局分布趋向均匀,斑块间的面积差异在逐渐缩小,景观多样性增加,景观破碎化程度增大,景观类型分布离散程度加大,景观受人类的影响程度增强。
2.近20年红树林景观破碎化程度逐步增大,斑块数量不断增多；形状指数和分维数逐渐增大,斑块形状复杂程度增加；斑块间离散程度增大,连接度下降。红树林景观格局变化对红树林生态系统生物多样性维护功能造成不利影响。
3.红树林湿地转入量和转出量有一定阶段性变化：1988-1996年期间,研究区红树林湿地类型保持率为97.57%,向养殖水面的转化比例达到1.21%,向双线河的转化比例为0.99%；红树林转入情况：分别有54.13%的宜林地、13.14%的双线河转化为红树林。1996-2007年期间,红树林湿地类型保持率为94.29%,向养殖水面的转化比例最高,达到3.02%,其次是向双线河和宜林地的转化比例,分别为1.22%和0.93%；红树林转入情况：48.22%的宜林地、19.65%的双线河,以及5.05%的养殖水域转化为红树林。红树林景观类型转入量在一定程度上增加了红树林景观斑块面积,有利于增强红树林生态功能,而红树林景观类型转出量导致红树林景观斑块面积减小,不利于系统生态功能的发挥。
4.研究时段内,不同区域红树林质心坐标移动幅度有一定差异,其中,演丰区和北港区红树林质心移动幅度不大,而三江区由于成功开展大面积人工营林,以及红树林天然更新等原因,使得红树林向海方向扩展迅速,质心迁移幅度较大。
5.驱动力分析表明,影响红树林湿地景观变化的驱动因子涉及自然因素和人为因素,近20年人为因素是影响红树林湿地景观的主导因素,当地产业发展、产业结构变化是影响红树林湿地面积变化的主要原因,在产业结构方面,第一产业(尤其是养殖业)以及第三产业的发展,对红树林湿地景观变化影响较大。
6.针对红树林景观动态变化的主要原因和存在问题,提出东寨港红树林湿地生态系统管理目标、原则、管理模式、管理措施及其保障支持体系。
In this paper, theories and methods of landscape ecology, combined with geo-information technologies, field survey and statistical methods are employed to study mangrove wetland landscape pattern dynamics and its driving mechanism from 1988 to 2007 in Dongzhaigang Harbor. The characteristics of mangrove wetland landscape pattern and its spatio-temporal changes, the impacts of interference factors on mangrove ecosystem structure and function in recent 20 years have been studied. On this basis, the strategy of mangrove wetland ecosystems management in conservation mode was proposed. This would provide a scientific conference and practical guidance for the development and construction of mangrove wetlands in conservation area, it also can provide scientific support and decision-making consult for protection, using and ecological restoration of mangrove wetlands.
The results show that:
1. Along Dongzhaigang Harbor coast, the mangrove wetlands with zonal distribution is the main style. In addition, arable land, forest, and water aquaculture accounted for a large proportion, other land types mixed inside, and two-lane river runs through mangrove wetlands. In recent 20 years, landscape pattern of mangrove wetlands area become uniform, the difference of area between patches has gradually decreased, the diversity of landscape has increased, the fragmentation of mangrove landscape has gradually increased, and the degree of dispersion of landscape distribution has increased. It told us that the impact on mangrove landscape of human being has become stronger.
2. In recent 20 years, with an increasing number of patches, shape index and fractal dimension of mangrove landscape increased, the complexity of patch shape increased. The degree of dispersion between patches increased, while connectivity decreased. This kind of mangrove landscape pattern change is harmful for biodiversity maintenance function of mangrove wetlands.
3. From 1988 to 1996, the rate of mangrove wetlands maintained 97.57% in the study area. During these years, about 1.21% mangrove wetlands were converted to water aquaculture, while about 0.99% mangrove wetlands are converted to to the river. About 54.13% land suitable for afforestation and 13.14% two-lane river are converted to mangrove wetlands. From 1996 to 2007, about 94.29% mangrove wetlands were maintained, while about 3.02% of mangrove wetlands were converted to water aquaculture and 1.22% to two-lane river,0.93% to land suitable for afforestation. On the other hand, about 48.22% land suitable for afforestation,19.65% two-lane river and 5.05% water aquaculture were converted to mangrove wetlands. With the convert-in of mangrove wetland, the patch area of mangrove landscape was increased; this is helpful for enhancing ecological function of mangrove wetlands. Meanwhile, with the covert-out of mangrove wetlands, the patch area of mangrove landscape was decreased, and it's harmful for ecological functions of the system.
4. During the study period, the movement ranges of mangrove centroid were different in three regions. Mangrove centroid moved slightly in Yanfeng area and Beigang area, while in the Sanjiang area, mangrove centroid moved with a larger range, due to the successful implementation of large-scale artificial silvicultural and natural regeneration of mangroves and so on, making the mangrove wetlands seaward rapidly expanding.
5. According to analysis of driving forces of mangrove wetland landscape changes, both natural and human factors affected mangrove wetland landscape changes in Dongzhaigang Harbour, but human factors were dominant for mangrove wetland landscape changes in recent 20 years. Especially, regional economic development and industrial structure change were the main driving forces for the change of mangrove wetland. Among industrial structure, the developing of primary industry, especially aquaculture, and tertiary industry has a great impact on mangrove wetland landscape changes.
6. For the problems and the corresponding reasons of mangrove landscape dynamics in Dongzhaigang Harbor, the objectives, principles, management mode, measures and support system of mangrove wetland ecosystem management were given out.
引文
①国家林业局森林资源管理司,全国红树林资源调查报告,2002.
①国家林业局,全国红树林资源调查报告,2002.
②数据来源：东寨港国家级保护区管理局.
①东寨港自然保护区管理局,东寨港国家级自然保护区简介.
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①国家林业局,全国红树林资源调查报告,2002.
②数据来源：东寨港国家级保护区管理局.
①东寨港自然保护区管理局,东寨港国家级自然保护区简介.
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