高尔夫球场生态系统服务价值评价与模拟研究
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摘要
高尔夫球场作为城市绿地的一种独特类型,一直饱受公众和舆论的争议。本文按照高尔夫球场开业时间和球场类型,选取了北京市市区及周边的八家高尔夫球场为研究对象,主要采用生态经济学方法,借助实地采样、查阅资料和访谈调研等辅助手段对这八家高尔夫球场的生态系统服务价值进行了评价；同时对影响其生态系统服务价值的因素做了定量分析,总结得出高尔夫球场生态系统服务综合价值；进而模拟三种不同养护管理模式下高尔夫球场生态系统服务价值的动态变化。本文还通过对比高尔夫球场和公园的生态系统服务价值,分析了二者对社会经济的影响,针对公园运营管理财政依赖过大的问题提出了未来发展建议。主要结论如下：
(1)八家高尔夫球场每年提供的生态系统服务价值达到2184.44-8048.85万元,其单位面积生态系统服务价值折合42.66-195.36万元/hm2,这一值要高于城市绿地的平均水平。高尔夫球场在城市生态环境建设中占有重要地位和巨大作用,其提供的生态系统服务带来了巨大的生态效益。
(2)高尔夫球场最重要的三项生态系统服务分别是运动休闲、生物多样性保护和涵养水源,其中运动休闲价值占到球场总的生态系统服务价值的95%以上。高尔夫球场在发挥运动场所的基本作用之外,还为城市中的鸟类等小动物提供优良的栖息地,并能有效削弱暴雨对城市排水系统的压力。
(3)高尔夫球场的养护措施对其生态系统服务产生影响,带来的生态系统服务负价值达到68.12-313.08万元,但该值占球场相应生态系统服务正价值的比例很小。综合来看高尔夫球场的存在改善了周边的生态环境,科学合理的养护管理产生更多的生态系统服务价值。
(4)影响高尔夫球场生态系统服务的环境成本依次为消耗水资源、浪费营养物质和碳排放。减少高尔夫球场生态系统服务负价值的措施包括：合理施肥、控制用药、草种选择和节水灌溉等。从资源的不可再生性和环保角度而言,结缕草更适合作为高尔夫球场球道草坪草种。提倡使用再生水灌溉高尔夫球场,可以有效降低球场淡水资源消耗量,还可以净化水质,减少球场化肥用量。
(5)高尔夫球场当前的养护管理方式理应改变。在生态高尔夫球场养护管理模式下,高尔夫球场生态系统服务增加了水质净化服务,其生态系统服务负价值降低60.74%-80.22%,不但能保证球场盈利而且可以减少球场对环境的负面影响。在有机高尔夫球场养护管理模式下,球场年生物量积累减少导致生态系统服务正价值略有减少,球场生态系统服务负价值也降低了73.21%-85.90%。虽然球场的收入在短期内会遭受一定的损失,但球场对环境的负面影响最小,有利于水资源的节约,更有利于高尔夫球场的生态平衡。
(6)从保护城市生态环境的需求出发,市区的高尔夫球场应采用有机养护管理模式,郊区的高尔夫球场则应采用生态养护管理模式。对于高尔夫球场采用有机养护管理模式造成的经济损失,应给予政策和技术方面的扶持和一定数量的生态补偿。对采用生态养护管理模式的郊区球场可给予一定的奖励。
(7)清河湾高尔夫球场单位面积提供的生态系统服务价值为152.94万元/hm2,而奥林匹克森林公园仅有47.46万元/hm2。高尔夫球场在单位面积土地上产生的生态系统服务价值要高出公园。对周边社会经济的影响上,高尔夫球场从增加就业和创造税收两方面,其单位面积发挥的效益要超过公园。而在促进投资方面,高尔夫球场发挥的作用不亚于公园。
(8)在不影响现有奥林匹克森林公园格局和规划的情况下,通过政府主导,多方参与,政府绝对控股的方式,将森林公园边缘地带改造成公众高尔夫球场对外开放不失为一个减少政府财政投资、以绿养绿的可行方案。方案符合高尔夫运动重回奥运会的奥林匹克精神,也会对北京乃至全国普及高尔夫运动产生深远影响。
As a unique model of urban green space, golf course has been plagued in controversy of public opinion. According to the opening time and construction style, eight golf courses in Beijing were selected for this study. The values of ecosystem services of these eight golf courses were evaluated by ecological economics method that includes field sampling, data consulting and interviews investigating. Meanwhile the factors that affect the value of ecosystem services of the golf course were analyzed quantitatively. All which have made a contribution to the conclusion of ecosystem services of these golf courses. Also the dynamic change of the values of ecosystem services of these golf courses conserved by three different modes of maintenance and management has been predicted. At last, by comparison of the ecosystem service values of the Qinghe Bay Golf Course and the Olympic Forest Park, this dissertation analyzed their impacts on social economy. It also comes up with the suggestions for the future development against the fiscal over dependency of the Olympic Forest Park. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) The annual values of ecosystem services of these eight golf courses are21.84-80.49million RMB, which equals0.43-1.95million RMB/hm2. This value is higher than the average level of urban green space. As a unique type of urban green space, golf course provides people with ecosystem services that have brought huge ecological benefits.
(2) The most important three ecosystem services of the golf course are sports, biodiversity conservation, and water conservation. Sports value accounts for more than95%of the total value of ecosystem services of golf course. Golf course supplies high sports value, which reflects the essential function of golf course that is for sports and leisure.
(3) The management measures for golf course influences its ecosystem services. And they have brought0.68-3.13million RMB negative values to the ecosystem services of golf course. However compared to the positive values of corresponding ecosystem services provided by the golf course, these negative values are much smaller. The presence of golf course makes a positive impact on the surrounding ecological environment in general, and scientific and rational management on golf course brings higher value of ecosystem services.
(4) The consumption of water resources, waste of nutrients and carbon emissions are the most important influence factors of the golf course ecosystem services. From the perspective of environmentally-friend and non-renewable resources, selecting Zoysia as fairways grass is an excellent choices undoubtedly. The measures to reduce negative impacts on the ecosystem services of the golf course include:rational fertilization, pesticide control, grass selection and water-saving irrigation. To reduce the consumption of freshwater resources and fertilizer, as well as to purify water, quality recycled water is promoted to irrigate golf courses.
(5) The existing management measures of golf course should be changed. As in the ecological golf course management mode, water purification function would be added to the ecosystem services of golf course, and negative values of ecosystem services would decrease60.74%-80.22%, furthermore the profits of the golf course was guaranteed, and the risk of environmental pollution would be reduced to some extent. As in the organic golf course management mode, the value of ecosystem services reduced slightly because of biomass accumulation reduction, but negative values of ecosystem services decreased73.21%-85.90%. The revenue would also lose certain degree in short term, but the golf course would take a minimum impact on the environment which conducive to the water conservation and ecological balance.
(6) For the demand of ecological and environmental protection, the golf course should adopt organic management mode in urban areas and ecological management mode in suburban areas. The economic losses caused by organic management of the golf course should be given tax, policy and technique support, even a certain amount of ecological compensation. The suburban golf course should promote ecological management, and got a certain amount of compensation and incentives.
(7) The value of ecosystem services provided by the unit area of the Qinghe Bay Golf Course is1.53million RMB/hm2, however Olympic Forest Park only produced0.47million RMB/hm2of that. Golf course supplies higher ecosystem service values on the unit area of land use than forest Park. Golf course also produces higher benefit per unit area than the Park in employment increase and revenue growth. In another words, golf course can provide more jobs and pay more in taxes. The intangible assets of golf course play a better role in promotion of investment compared to the park.
(8) In the circumstance without impacts on the existing pattern and planning of the Olympic Forest Park, transforming the fringe of the forest park into public golf course through the government-led, multi-stakeholder involvement and government absolute control would be a feasible program to reduce the government's fiscal investment and adopt a green-to-green project. The program is in line with the Olympic spirit that golf comes back to the Olympic Games and will have a profound impact on Beijing and even the national popularity of golf.
(1)八家高尔夫球场每年提供的生态系统服务价值达到2184.44-8048.85万元,其单位面积生态系统服务价值折合42.66-195.36万元/hm2,这一值要高于城市绿地的平均水平。高尔夫球场在城市生态环境建设中占有重要地位和巨大作用,其提供的生态系统服务带来了巨大的生态效益。
(2)高尔夫球场最重要的三项生态系统服务分别是运动休闲、生物多样性保护和涵养水源,其中运动休闲价值占到球场总的生态系统服务价值的95%以上。高尔夫球场在发挥运动场所的基本作用之外,还为城市中的鸟类等小动物提供优良的栖息地,并能有效削弱暴雨对城市排水系统的压力。
(3)高尔夫球场的养护措施对其生态系统服务产生影响,带来的生态系统服务负价值达到68.12-313.08万元,但该值占球场相应生态系统服务正价值的比例很小。综合来看高尔夫球场的存在改善了周边的生态环境,科学合理的养护管理产生更多的生态系统服务价值。
(4)影响高尔夫球场生态系统服务的环境成本依次为消耗水资源、浪费营养物质和碳排放。减少高尔夫球场生态系统服务负价值的措施包括：合理施肥、控制用药、草种选择和节水灌溉等。从资源的不可再生性和环保角度而言,结缕草更适合作为高尔夫球场球道草坪草种。提倡使用再生水灌溉高尔夫球场,可以有效降低球场淡水资源消耗量,还可以净化水质,减少球场化肥用量。
(5)高尔夫球场当前的养护管理方式理应改变。在生态高尔夫球场养护管理模式下,高尔夫球场生态系统服务增加了水质净化服务,其生态系统服务负价值降低60.74%-80.22%,不但能保证球场盈利而且可以减少球场对环境的负面影响。在有机高尔夫球场养护管理模式下,球场年生物量积累减少导致生态系统服务正价值略有减少,球场生态系统服务负价值也降低了73.21%-85.90%。虽然球场的收入在短期内会遭受一定的损失,但球场对环境的负面影响最小,有利于水资源的节约,更有利于高尔夫球场的生态平衡。
(6)从保护城市生态环境的需求出发,市区的高尔夫球场应采用有机养护管理模式,郊区的高尔夫球场则应采用生态养护管理模式。对于高尔夫球场采用有机养护管理模式造成的经济损失,应给予政策和技术方面的扶持和一定数量的生态补偿。对采用生态养护管理模式的郊区球场可给予一定的奖励。
(7)清河湾高尔夫球场单位面积提供的生态系统服务价值为152.94万元/hm2,而奥林匹克森林公园仅有47.46万元/hm2。高尔夫球场在单位面积土地上产生的生态系统服务价值要高出公园。对周边社会经济的影响上,高尔夫球场从增加就业和创造税收两方面,其单位面积发挥的效益要超过公园。而在促进投资方面,高尔夫球场发挥的作用不亚于公园。
(8)在不影响现有奥林匹克森林公园格局和规划的情况下,通过政府主导,多方参与,政府绝对控股的方式,将森林公园边缘地带改造成公众高尔夫球场对外开放不失为一个减少政府财政投资、以绿养绿的可行方案。方案符合高尔夫运动重回奥运会的奥林匹克精神,也会对北京乃至全国普及高尔夫运动产生深远影响。
As a unique model of urban green space, golf course has been plagued in controversy of public opinion. According to the opening time and construction style, eight golf courses in Beijing were selected for this study. The values of ecosystem services of these eight golf courses were evaluated by ecological economics method that includes field sampling, data consulting and interviews investigating. Meanwhile the factors that affect the value of ecosystem services of the golf course were analyzed quantitatively. All which have made a contribution to the conclusion of ecosystem services of these golf courses. Also the dynamic change of the values of ecosystem services of these golf courses conserved by three different modes of maintenance and management has been predicted. At last, by comparison of the ecosystem service values of the Qinghe Bay Golf Course and the Olympic Forest Park, this dissertation analyzed their impacts on social economy. It also comes up with the suggestions for the future development against the fiscal over dependency of the Olympic Forest Park. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) The annual values of ecosystem services of these eight golf courses are21.84-80.49million RMB, which equals0.43-1.95million RMB/hm2. This value is higher than the average level of urban green space. As a unique type of urban green space, golf course provides people with ecosystem services that have brought huge ecological benefits.
(2) The most important three ecosystem services of the golf course are sports, biodiversity conservation, and water conservation. Sports value accounts for more than95%of the total value of ecosystem services of golf course. Golf course supplies high sports value, which reflects the essential function of golf course that is for sports and leisure.
(3) The management measures for golf course influences its ecosystem services. And they have brought0.68-3.13million RMB negative values to the ecosystem services of golf course. However compared to the positive values of corresponding ecosystem services provided by the golf course, these negative values are much smaller. The presence of golf course makes a positive impact on the surrounding ecological environment in general, and scientific and rational management on golf course brings higher value of ecosystem services.
(4) The consumption of water resources, waste of nutrients and carbon emissions are the most important influence factors of the golf course ecosystem services. From the perspective of environmentally-friend and non-renewable resources, selecting Zoysia as fairways grass is an excellent choices undoubtedly. The measures to reduce negative impacts on the ecosystem services of the golf course include:rational fertilization, pesticide control, grass selection and water-saving irrigation. To reduce the consumption of freshwater resources and fertilizer, as well as to purify water, quality recycled water is promoted to irrigate golf courses.
(5) The existing management measures of golf course should be changed. As in the ecological golf course management mode, water purification function would be added to the ecosystem services of golf course, and negative values of ecosystem services would decrease60.74%-80.22%, furthermore the profits of the golf course was guaranteed, and the risk of environmental pollution would be reduced to some extent. As in the organic golf course management mode, the value of ecosystem services reduced slightly because of biomass accumulation reduction, but negative values of ecosystem services decreased73.21%-85.90%. The revenue would also lose certain degree in short term, but the golf course would take a minimum impact on the environment which conducive to the water conservation and ecological balance.
(6) For the demand of ecological and environmental protection, the golf course should adopt organic management mode in urban areas and ecological management mode in suburban areas. The economic losses caused by organic management of the golf course should be given tax, policy and technique support, even a certain amount of ecological compensation. The suburban golf course should promote ecological management, and got a certain amount of compensation and incentives.
(7) The value of ecosystem services provided by the unit area of the Qinghe Bay Golf Course is1.53million RMB/hm2, however Olympic Forest Park only produced0.47million RMB/hm2of that. Golf course supplies higher ecosystem service values on the unit area of land use than forest Park. Golf course also produces higher benefit per unit area than the Park in employment increase and revenue growth. In another words, golf course can provide more jobs and pay more in taxes. The intangible assets of golf course play a better role in promotion of investment compared to the park.
(8) In the circumstance without impacts on the existing pattern and planning of the Olympic Forest Park, transforming the fringe of the forest park into public golf course through the government-led, multi-stakeholder involvement and government absolute control would be a feasible program to reduce the government's fiscal investment and adopt a green-to-green project. The program is in line with the Olympic spirit that golf comes back to the Olympic Games and will have a profound impact on Beijing and even the national popularity of golf.
引文
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