艾比湖流域土壤背景值研究
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摘要
人们要保护环境,当然要保护人们赖以生存的土壤,而土壤中元素背景值的研究自然是必须先行一步的基础工作。本研究对研究区域艾比湖流域的土壤进行了详细的调查分析,在艾比湖流域范围内共挖掘0~120cm土壤剖面50个,采集了土样290个,利用化学分析测试手段完成了必测元素和理化项目11个,获得了8种土壤元素背景值。在取得可靠数据的基础上,借助电子计算机应用SAS软件的多元统计分析等数学方法进行数据处理。结合地球化学,土壤科学探索艾比湖流域土壤环境背景值的分异规律,进行土壤环境背景值的主要影响因素的综合分析。
研究结论如下:
1.艾比湖流域土壤环境背景值与世界土壤环境背景值中值相比,Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb较低,Cd、Co、Cr、Zn较高,V接近;与我国土壤环境背景值相比,Ni、Pb偏低,Cd、Co、Cr、Mn、V、Zn偏高,Cu较我国平均背景值略高。总体明显特征表现为Ni、Pb含量偏低。
2.元素t检验结果均达到显著水平,艾比湖流域土壤背景值的分布特征呈现由东至西,逐渐升高的趋势;草甸的背景值相对较高,而盐碱区元素背景值含量相对较低。
3.在不同土类中,除Cd外沼泽土、灰棕漠土的元素含量均较低,除Pb外泥炭土、草甸土、龟裂土的元素含量均较高,林灌草甸土、风沙土的元素含量居中。因而表现为除个别元素在个别土类中变化较大外,多数元素在不同土类的质量分数变化不大。但唯一有显著明显特征的是Ni元素含量值为0。在行政区划这个统计单元上,虽然不是决定性因素,但行政区划的土壤背景值分布普遍表现出托里地区高于温泉地区高于博乐地区,精河县区域的元素含量均较低,这与该区域的土壤类型、海拔高度等影响因素有关。
4.综合分析各种土类中环境背景值元素的状况,可以看到,背景值元素在土壤不同层次中表现出的迁移或积累特性,与土壤类型存在着密切的关系。艾比湖流域中的背景值元素在表土层都表现为极强烈的迁移特性。
5.总体而言,主要来自土壤母质分化产生的土壤元素,如V主要呈正态分布;而受外源影响强烈的元素,如Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd等,其含量在土壤中的分布特征比较复杂,且一般呈正偏态分布。
6.元素与有机质关系非常明显,与pH关系较明显。除了元素Cd外,其余7个种素均与有机质质量分数相关,而仅有Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn与pH值相关。
7.8种元素中,只有Cu、Zn在心土层质量分数高于表土层质量分数,表现为向剖面下部迁移至心土层淀积。就本研究的8种元素来看,亲铁元素有Co、Cr、Mn、V,亲硫元素有Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn。总体上,亲铁、亲硫元素间都具有一定的相关性,但亲铁元素的相关性表现更好些。
8.不同的土壤元素环境背景值分布规律既有共性又有差异性。其共性表现在:1).在土壤类型等决定性因素的控制下,土壤元素环境背景值表现出地域分异规律,如艾比湖流域;2).各个土壤元素在土壤剖面的不同层次间呈现出pH分异规律,其差异性表现在不同的土壤元素的地域分异规律。
Today, everyone says that we should protect the environment, we must protect the soil which we livelihood generation by generation certainly, but naturally, the study on the environmental background values of soils must be the advanced step for the foundation work. We have made detailed investigation with the soils in Ebinur Lake basin, in where we have digged 50 soil profiles all in the depth of 0 to 120 centimeters and have gathered 290 soil samples at the same time. With these data, we completed 11 testing protects about the element that must be test and the physics and chemistry nature using the chemical analysis method. Therefore, we obtained 8 kind of environmental background values of soils. Obtained the reliable data firstly as the foundation step, then we made our data processing using the mathematics statistical method in SAS software’s. Combining the geochemistry and the science of soil, we attempt to explore the differential rules in the environmental background values of soils in Ebinur Lake basin, and attempt to seek for the generalized analysis about the major effect factors with the environmental background values of soils.
The conclusions are as follows:
1.There are 9 kinds of elements about Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb、V、Zn、Ni for the test about the environmental background values of soils in Ebinur Lake basin. The background values of these elements are contrast to those of the corresponding elements in the whole world and that of in China. Element Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb are lower while Cd、Co、Cr、Zn are higher and V is close to that contrast to the world’s elements level; but contrast to China, the results shows that element Ni、Pb are lower while Cd、Co、Cr、Zn、Mn、V are higher. Overall, it shows that Ni、Pb are lower than all.
2. Through the element T-test, it shows that the results all achieved remarkable levels. The distributed characteristics about the environmental background values of soils in Ebinur Lake basin present a kind of elevates tendency gradually from east to west in the basin;The meadow background value is relatively higher, but the salt alkaloid area element background value content is relatively low.
3. In different soil types, besides Cd other soil elements’content is low in the bog earth, the ash brown desert , but besides Pb other soil elements’content is high in the marly soil, the meadow soil, the chap, while the elements’content is middle in the forest fills the meadow soil, the wind sandy soil. Therefore the performance for changes in a big way besides the individual element in the individual soil type, the most elements in the different soil type's quality score’s changes are not big. But what has the remarkable obvious characteristic is the element Ni only, its content is zero. On the statistics unit of the administrative regionalization, although it is not the determining factor, but the distribution of the soil background value in its performances that in Tuoli area is to be higher than that of in Wenquan area and generally to be higher than that of in Bole area, while the element content in Jinghe County region is lowest, which related to the soil types in this region and the altitude also.
4.Generalized analysis the element's condition in each kind of soil types about the environmental background values, we may see that the characteristic of migration or accumulation with the element background values which displays in different soil level, and it has the close relationship with the soil type. It shows extremely intense migration characteristic in surface soil about the element background value in Ebinur Lake basin.
5. Overall, element V mainly assumes the normal distribution that mainly comes from the soil element which the soil parent material produces differently; on the other hand some elements like Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd and etc. which are intense influenced by the extraneous source generally presents skewness distribution, and on the whole their content are been quite complex in the soil distributed characteristic.
6. The element content relates closely with the organic matter and lower obvious with the pH value. Besides elements Cd, other 7 kinds of elements are related with the organic matter quality score, but only elements Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn is related to the pH value.
7. In these 8 elements, only elements Cu, Zn’s contents are higher in subsoil level than that of in surface soil level, they performance to migrate to be the result of deposition in lower midsoil layer. And for these 8 elements, there are elements being intimate with iron like Co,Cr,Mn,V, while some elements being intimate with sulphur like Cd,Cu,Pb,Zn.On the whole, they have certain relevance, but the former performances the relevance many.
8. There are both common and different distribution rule in the environmental background values of soils. The common nature is: 1).It shows a kind of region differentiation rule about the environmental background values of soils under the controls of the determined factor like the soil type, like the Ebinur Lake basin in this study;2). Each soil element presents the pH differentiation rule during different level in soil profile's, its difference displays in the region differentiation rule of different soil element.
研究结论如下:
1.艾比湖流域土壤环境背景值与世界土壤环境背景值中值相比,Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb较低,Cd、Co、Cr、Zn较高,V接近;与我国土壤环境背景值相比,Ni、Pb偏低,Cd、Co、Cr、Mn、V、Zn偏高,Cu较我国平均背景值略高。总体明显特征表现为Ni、Pb含量偏低。
2.元素t检验结果均达到显著水平,艾比湖流域土壤背景值的分布特征呈现由东至西,逐渐升高的趋势;草甸的背景值相对较高,而盐碱区元素背景值含量相对较低。
3.在不同土类中,除Cd外沼泽土、灰棕漠土的元素含量均较低,除Pb外泥炭土、草甸土、龟裂土的元素含量均较高,林灌草甸土、风沙土的元素含量居中。因而表现为除个别元素在个别土类中变化较大外,多数元素在不同土类的质量分数变化不大。但唯一有显著明显特征的是Ni元素含量值为0。在行政区划这个统计单元上,虽然不是决定性因素,但行政区划的土壤背景值分布普遍表现出托里地区高于温泉地区高于博乐地区,精河县区域的元素含量均较低,这与该区域的土壤类型、海拔高度等影响因素有关。
4.综合分析各种土类中环境背景值元素的状况,可以看到,背景值元素在土壤不同层次中表现出的迁移或积累特性,与土壤类型存在着密切的关系。艾比湖流域中的背景值元素在表土层都表现为极强烈的迁移特性。
5.总体而言,主要来自土壤母质分化产生的土壤元素,如V主要呈正态分布;而受外源影响强烈的元素,如Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd等,其含量在土壤中的分布特征比较复杂,且一般呈正偏态分布。
6.元素与有机质关系非常明显,与pH关系较明显。除了元素Cd外,其余7个种素均与有机质质量分数相关,而仅有Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn与pH值相关。
7.8种元素中,只有Cu、Zn在心土层质量分数高于表土层质量分数,表现为向剖面下部迁移至心土层淀积。就本研究的8种元素来看,亲铁元素有Co、Cr、Mn、V,亲硫元素有Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn。总体上,亲铁、亲硫元素间都具有一定的相关性,但亲铁元素的相关性表现更好些。
8.不同的土壤元素环境背景值分布规律既有共性又有差异性。其共性表现在:1).在土壤类型等决定性因素的控制下,土壤元素环境背景值表现出地域分异规律,如艾比湖流域;2).各个土壤元素在土壤剖面的不同层次间呈现出pH分异规律,其差异性表现在不同的土壤元素的地域分异规律。
Today, everyone says that we should protect the environment, we must protect the soil which we livelihood generation by generation certainly, but naturally, the study on the environmental background values of soils must be the advanced step for the foundation work. We have made detailed investigation with the soils in Ebinur Lake basin, in where we have digged 50 soil profiles all in the depth of 0 to 120 centimeters and have gathered 290 soil samples at the same time. With these data, we completed 11 testing protects about the element that must be test and the physics and chemistry nature using the chemical analysis method. Therefore, we obtained 8 kind of environmental background values of soils. Obtained the reliable data firstly as the foundation step, then we made our data processing using the mathematics statistical method in SAS software’s. Combining the geochemistry and the science of soil, we attempt to explore the differential rules in the environmental background values of soils in Ebinur Lake basin, and attempt to seek for the generalized analysis about the major effect factors with the environmental background values of soils.
The conclusions are as follows:
1.There are 9 kinds of elements about Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb、V、Zn、Ni for the test about the environmental background values of soils in Ebinur Lake basin. The background values of these elements are contrast to those of the corresponding elements in the whole world and that of in China. Element Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb are lower while Cd、Co、Cr、Zn are higher and V is close to that contrast to the world’s elements level; but contrast to China, the results shows that element Ni、Pb are lower while Cd、Co、Cr、Zn、Mn、V are higher. Overall, it shows that Ni、Pb are lower than all.
2. Through the element T-test, it shows that the results all achieved remarkable levels. The distributed characteristics about the environmental background values of soils in Ebinur Lake basin present a kind of elevates tendency gradually from east to west in the basin;The meadow background value is relatively higher, but the salt alkaloid area element background value content is relatively low.
3. In different soil types, besides Cd other soil elements’content is low in the bog earth, the ash brown desert , but besides Pb other soil elements’content is high in the marly soil, the meadow soil, the chap, while the elements’content is middle in the forest fills the meadow soil, the wind sandy soil. Therefore the performance for changes in a big way besides the individual element in the individual soil type, the most elements in the different soil type's quality score’s changes are not big. But what has the remarkable obvious characteristic is the element Ni only, its content is zero. On the statistics unit of the administrative regionalization, although it is not the determining factor, but the distribution of the soil background value in its performances that in Tuoli area is to be higher than that of in Wenquan area and generally to be higher than that of in Bole area, while the element content in Jinghe County region is lowest, which related to the soil types in this region and the altitude also.
4.Generalized analysis the element's condition in each kind of soil types about the environmental background values, we may see that the characteristic of migration or accumulation with the element background values which displays in different soil level, and it has the close relationship with the soil type. It shows extremely intense migration characteristic in surface soil about the element background value in Ebinur Lake basin.
5. Overall, element V mainly assumes the normal distribution that mainly comes from the soil element which the soil parent material produces differently; on the other hand some elements like Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd and etc. which are intense influenced by the extraneous source generally presents skewness distribution, and on the whole their content are been quite complex in the soil distributed characteristic.
6. The element content relates closely with the organic matter and lower obvious with the pH value. Besides elements Cd, other 7 kinds of elements are related with the organic matter quality score, but only elements Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn is related to the pH value.
7. In these 8 elements, only elements Cu, Zn’s contents are higher in subsoil level than that of in surface soil level, they performance to migrate to be the result of deposition in lower midsoil layer. And for these 8 elements, there are elements being intimate with iron like Co,Cr,Mn,V, while some elements being intimate with sulphur like Cd,Cu,Pb,Zn.On the whole, they have certain relevance, but the former performances the relevance many.
8. There are both common and different distribution rule in the environmental background values of soils. The common nature is: 1).It shows a kind of region differentiation rule about the environmental background values of soils under the controls of the determined factor like the soil type, like the Ebinur Lake basin in this study;2). Each soil element presents the pH differentiation rule during different level in soil profile's, its difference displays in the region differentiation rule of different soil element.
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