大型工程对长江河口近岸海域生态系统的影响及机理研究
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摘要
以大型工程为主要载体的人类活动主要通过改变生境、生态系统结构和生物地球化学循环三种方式对生态系统服务功能产生综合性影响。流域大型工程直接影响着入海通量及其组成变异,以改变河口生境和生物地球化学循环为主要特征,而河口大型工程则主要通过改变局部河口生境对河口生态系统产生直接影响。
三峡工程对长江入海年径流量的影响不显著,但其调蓄对年内各月流量分配和入海年输沙量的影响显著;在入海物质中,除PO4-P外,2002～2004年其他各个要素的浓度均低于多年平均值,N/P、Si/P、Si/N比值表现出降低的趋势;河口区盐度的响应明显,不同区域存在差异,相对于2000年,2002～2004年盐度等值线5的前锋线顶点位置逐年向河口方向分别内移28.9、45.6和58.9km;长江口南支盐水入侵程度的加剧主要由长江入海径流量的变化引起,而长江口河口锋的移动、赤潮高发区内移和赤潮生物种类增加与变化受长江入海径流量的变化、年入海输沙量的减少以及海洋环流的综合影响;对于河口区盐度、营养盐含量及比例等响应对整个河口生态系统结构与功能的影响尚需更多实验来加以证实。
长江口深水航道治理一期工程建设已对河口区局部海域水体和底栖生境破碎化产生了明显影响,以对工程海域小尺度海洋水团、底栖生境和渔业资源生境的破碎化影响最大,导致水体生境景观多样性指数(H)、景观优势度(D)和景观破碎度(C)存在着显著差异,除盐度外,2002年5月长江口水体DO和COD的斑块数量以及H、D和C值均大于一期工程前期(1997年5月);河口底栖动物种类组成及生物量受到影响,导致了局部海域生态系统结构的改变;直接导致部分渔业资源种类洄游通道、产卵场、肥育场等渔场生境破碎化。
通过结构功能指标评价法,选择物理化学、生态学、社会经济学等三大类30个指标来建立定量化河口生态系统健康评价指标体系;运用层次分析法,可以依次确定各个层次评价指标的相对重要性、标度及其权重值。2002～2004年长江河口生态系统的整合指数(IHIYRE)分别为3.09、3.17和4.36,处于健康与不健康状态之间(3≤IHIYRE≤5),距离健康状态尚有差距,但已有所改善。
Human activities, whose main carrier is large-scale engineering, make comprehensive impacts on ecosystem servies by altering habitat, ecosystem structionand biogeochemical cycles. Large-scale basin engineering influences directly material fluxes and their compositions from river discharge into the sea by changing esturine habitat and biogeochemical cycle. However, large-scale estuarine engineering affects directly estuarine ecosystem mainly by altering local estuarine habitat.
The Three Goreges Project didn’t affect significantly the annual water runoff into sea of the Yangtze River, but its impounding and sluice did notably mensal water runoff and annual sediment flux into sea. Among of material into sea, the annual average concentrations of NO3-N, NO2-N, NH4-N and SiO3-Si from 2002 to 2004 are lower than those of many years except PO4-P, and the ratios of N/P, Si/P and Si/N behaved the reducing trend. The salinity in the estuary responded distinctly to the impounding of the Three Gorges Project with difference in different sea areas. In contrast to that of 2000, the zenith location of front salinity isoline 5 from 2002 to 2004 moved gradually to estuary by 28.9km, 45.6km and 58.9km respectively. The aggravation of seawater intrusion in the South Branch was mainly induces by the alteration of water runoff into sea of the Yangtze River, while movement of the estuarine plume, inner shift of Frequently-Occurring Sea Areas of HABs, and increase and change of HABs species wrer influenced comprehensively by the change of water runoff and the reduction of sediment into sea of the Yangtze River and coastal oceanic circumfluences. In addition, the impacts of the correspondence of salinity, the concentrations and ratios between nutrients in the estuary on the structure and function of entire estuarine ecosystem were still proved by more tests.
The first stage project of the Deep-Waterway Regulation in the Yangtze River Estaury had affected obviously local estuarine water body and benthic habitat fragmentation with maximum fragmentation impacts of small-scale oceanic water masses, benthic habitat and fishery resource habitat and significant differences of seascape index (H), seascape dominance (D), and seascape fragmentation (C). The number of patches of DO and COD and the values of H, D and C in May 2002 were higher than that in pre- first stage project (May 1997). The composition and biomass of estuarine benthos species were also affected by local alteration of ecosystem structure. It resulted in directly habitat fragmentation of partial fishery grounds, breeding migration channels, spawning grounds, growing-up grounds and fishery grounds.
The indicator system of the estuarine ecosystem heatlh assessment may be constructed by structural and functional indicator assessement method under selecting three kinds of 30 indicators of physiochemical, ecological and scioeconoic indicators. By hierarchial analysis method, the relative importance, remark and power values of different indicators in each hierarchial assessment may be determined. The Integrated Health Index (IHIYRE) of the Yangtze River Estuary in 2002～2004 were 3.09, 3.17 and 4.36 respecitvely, which was located between healthiness and unhealthiness (3≤IHIYRE≤5). It showed that it had distantces from the condition of health, but it had been gotten better in recent years.
三峡工程对长江入海年径流量的影响不显著,但其调蓄对年内各月流量分配和入海年输沙量的影响显著;在入海物质中,除PO4-P外,2002～2004年其他各个要素的浓度均低于多年平均值,N/P、Si/P、Si/N比值表现出降低的趋势;河口区盐度的响应明显,不同区域存在差异,相对于2000年,2002～2004年盐度等值线5的前锋线顶点位置逐年向河口方向分别内移28.9、45.6和58.9km;长江口南支盐水入侵程度的加剧主要由长江入海径流量的变化引起,而长江口河口锋的移动、赤潮高发区内移和赤潮生物种类增加与变化受长江入海径流量的变化、年入海输沙量的减少以及海洋环流的综合影响;对于河口区盐度、营养盐含量及比例等响应对整个河口生态系统结构与功能的影响尚需更多实验来加以证实。
长江口深水航道治理一期工程建设已对河口区局部海域水体和底栖生境破碎化产生了明显影响,以对工程海域小尺度海洋水团、底栖生境和渔业资源生境的破碎化影响最大,导致水体生境景观多样性指数(H)、景观优势度(D)和景观破碎度(C)存在着显著差异,除盐度外,2002年5月长江口水体DO和COD的斑块数量以及H、D和C值均大于一期工程前期(1997年5月);河口底栖动物种类组成及生物量受到影响,导致了局部海域生态系统结构的改变;直接导致部分渔业资源种类洄游通道、产卵场、肥育场等渔场生境破碎化。
通过结构功能指标评价法,选择物理化学、生态学、社会经济学等三大类30个指标来建立定量化河口生态系统健康评价指标体系;运用层次分析法,可以依次确定各个层次评价指标的相对重要性、标度及其权重值。2002～2004年长江河口生态系统的整合指数(IHIYRE)分别为3.09、3.17和4.36,处于健康与不健康状态之间(3≤IHIYRE≤5),距离健康状态尚有差距,但已有所改善。
Human activities, whose main carrier is large-scale engineering, make comprehensive impacts on ecosystem servies by altering habitat, ecosystem structionand biogeochemical cycles. Large-scale basin engineering influences directly material fluxes and their compositions from river discharge into the sea by changing esturine habitat and biogeochemical cycle. However, large-scale estuarine engineering affects directly estuarine ecosystem mainly by altering local estuarine habitat.
The Three Goreges Project didn’t affect significantly the annual water runoff into sea of the Yangtze River, but its impounding and sluice did notably mensal water runoff and annual sediment flux into sea. Among of material into sea, the annual average concentrations of NO3-N, NO2-N, NH4-N and SiO3-Si from 2002 to 2004 are lower than those of many years except PO4-P, and the ratios of N/P, Si/P and Si/N behaved the reducing trend. The salinity in the estuary responded distinctly to the impounding of the Three Gorges Project with difference in different sea areas. In contrast to that of 2000, the zenith location of front salinity isoline 5 from 2002 to 2004 moved gradually to estuary by 28.9km, 45.6km and 58.9km respectively. The aggravation of seawater intrusion in the South Branch was mainly induces by the alteration of water runoff into sea of the Yangtze River, while movement of the estuarine plume, inner shift of Frequently-Occurring Sea Areas of HABs, and increase and change of HABs species wrer influenced comprehensively by the change of water runoff and the reduction of sediment into sea of the Yangtze River and coastal oceanic circumfluences. In addition, the impacts of the correspondence of salinity, the concentrations and ratios between nutrients in the estuary on the structure and function of entire estuarine ecosystem were still proved by more tests.
The first stage project of the Deep-Waterway Regulation in the Yangtze River Estaury had affected obviously local estuarine water body and benthic habitat fragmentation with maximum fragmentation impacts of small-scale oceanic water masses, benthic habitat and fishery resource habitat and significant differences of seascape index (H), seascape dominance (D), and seascape fragmentation (C). The number of patches of DO and COD and the values of H, D and C in May 2002 were higher than that in pre- first stage project (May 1997). The composition and biomass of estuarine benthos species were also affected by local alteration of ecosystem structure. It resulted in directly habitat fragmentation of partial fishery grounds, breeding migration channels, spawning grounds, growing-up grounds and fishery grounds.
The indicator system of the estuarine ecosystem heatlh assessment may be constructed by structural and functional indicator assessement method under selecting three kinds of 30 indicators of physiochemical, ecological and scioeconoic indicators. By hierarchial analysis method, the relative importance, remark and power values of different indicators in each hierarchial assessment may be determined. The Integrated Health Index (IHIYRE) of the Yangtze River Estuary in 2002～2004 were 3.09, 3.17 and 4.36 respecitvely, which was located between healthiness and unhealthiness (3≤IHIYRE≤5). It showed that it had distantces from the condition of health, but it had been gotten better in recent years.
引文
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