南山牧场区域生态文化研究
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摘要
早在原始农业和原始畜牧业时期,环境问题就导致一些局部地域的文明崩溃。20世纪中期以来,局部性生态问题在空间上突破国家和区域疆界而扩展演变成全球性生态问题。生态问题的主要根源是生态文化问题,核心是人类对自然的价值观问题。因此,研究区域生态文化,探索人类对自然认知的知识创新和对自然实践的实践方式的生态化转型与生态创新,既是全人类共同面临的挑战,又是中国构建和谐社会,实现区域可持续发展的理论与实践研究的新课题。
南山牧场全称是湖南省南山种畜牧草良种繁殖场,位于湖南省城步苗族自治县的西南部,地处湘桂边境的越城岭山脉与雪峰山脉的交会地带。随着南山牧场奶业产业化的发展,城步苗族自治县10个乡(镇)融入了“种草—养牛—产奶—奶制品加工”,即公司加基地加农户的生态奶业经济圈。曾是不毛之地的大南山,发展成了南方山区草山开发的典范。从生态文化角度探索其发展轨迹和创新机制,不仅能为南山牧场区域可持续发展实践提供指导,为南方山区草山资源的可持续开发利用实践提供借鉴,而且能在实证研究中检验和丰富区域生态文化创新理论与方法。
本项研究以科学发展观为指导,以生态学、生态伦理学、系统论、现代人地关系论、可持续发展论和生态承载力论等为理论基础；综合运用了历史文献资料研究法、比较研究法、问卷调查法、观察法、系统动力学方法、AHP决策分析法(特尔菲法)、模糊数学法、定性与定量综合集成分析等方法；探讨了区域生态文化创新的内涵、依据、目标、原则、动力模型、方法和途径,构建了区域生态文化建设与创新研究的理论框架；揭示了南山牧场区域生态文化的形成机制与变迁轨迹；分析了南山牧场奶业文化的区域效应；对区域居民生态素质、区域生态足迹、区域生态文化发展阶段,及区域生态文化整体进行了定性与定量相结合的评价；提出了南山牧场区域生态文化建设与创新对策。
研究结果表明,南山牧场区域生态产业文化历经了原始生态产业文化、以粮为纲的农庄文化、以林为主的园艺文化、以牧为主的奶业文化的演变；区域传统民俗生态文化得到传承、转换、和创新；区域生态景观成为宝贵的生态旅游资源；奶业文化成为区域产业文化和区域生态经济的主体。
南山牧场奶业文化的形成和发展,产生了良好的区域经济效益、社会效益和环境效益。生态产业的发展,对区域生态环境的影响在环境自净能力范围之内,其地表水质、大气状况保持为国家一级质量水准,草地、森林生态系统保持动态平衡。
南山牧场区域生态文化评价的主要结果：对城步苗族自治县2000年至2004年的生态足迹分析,整体上总生态足迹小于其总承载力,人均生态足迹也小于其生态承载力,表明人类活动对环境的影响在生态环境承载力范围之内；各组分生态赤字(盈余)分析,草地生态盈余最大(0.5367km2/人),展示牧业发展还有很多空间,奶业产业化发展具有良好的生态基础。根据生态素质问卷调查结果分析,南山牧场区域居民的生态意识整体水平有待提高,“南山精神”需要重塑。根据人类文明发展阶段与生态文化特点对应耦合关系评判,南山牧场区域生态文化总体上还处于农业文明向工业文明过渡阶段,生态文明建设任重道远。综合评价结果：在1—5分制的评价体系中,得分3.635分,表明该区域生态文化整体还处于中等水平,从整体上推进区域生态文化建设与创新,是南山牧场区域可持续发展的必由之路。
根据诊断结论,提出推进区域生态文化建设与创新的四项对策：一是在汲取传统生态文化营养的基础上,重塑以“绿色、生命、和谐”为核心的“南山精神”,提高区域居民整体生态素质；二是通过体制改革,完善科学种草、规模化养牛、奶制品清洁生产等奶业产业化循环经济体系,创新以奶业产业化为龙头的区域企业生态文化；三是通过进一步发掘生态文化旅游资源,开拓和建设旅游景区,改善旅游交通条件和基础设施,创新旅游产品和运行机制,积极融入大桂林旅游经济圈,创新旅游生态文化；四是通过自然生态的修复与重建,创造“第二财富”,增强区域可持续发展的环境支持能力。
本项研究在理论、方法和区域等方面主要有以下创新：
在理论上：(1)首次系统地阐述了区域生态文化创新内涵、理论依据、创新原则、创新方法与途径,初步构建起区域生态文化建设与创新研究的理论框架。(2)揭示区域生态文化创新与区域可持续发展的内在机理,揭示人类社会发展阶段与区域生态文化发展特征的对应耦合关系,为区域生态文化发展阶段的界定提供了理论判据；阐明了区域生态文化创新是区域可持续发展水平的“充分体现”、“重要标志”、“力量源泉”、“发展点和增长域”的新观点。
在方法上：(1)首次构建了区域生态文化综合评价的指标体系和评价模型,为区域生态文化综合评价研究提供了方法和依据。(2)自然科学方法与社会科学方法的有机结合。根据区域生态文化的复合性特征,注重定性与定量的结合,应用GIS和遥感技术与实地取样监测相结合,借助卫片判读分析与生态足迹法评价结合,运用对居民问卷、访谈与请专家评价结合等多种方法。这是自然科学与社会科学交叉研究的有效尝试。
在区域上：首次研究南山牧场区域生态文化,填补了区域空白。研究成果不仅为南山牧场区域生态文化建设与创新提供理论依据和实践指导,而且为中国南方山区约670000km2的草山开发和区域生态文化建设与创新提供指导和借鉴。
As early as the period of primitive agricultural and primitive animal husbandry, environmental problems led to the collapse of civilization in some areas. Since the middle of the 20th century, the local environmental problem has broken through the boundary between countries and regions and developed into a global ecological problem, causing the ecological crisis of humanity.The major origins of ecological crisis are the problems of ecological culture and the core of ecological crisis is the human being's law of value to the nature. Therefore, doing some researches on regional ecological culture, probing the knowledge innovation of nature and practice methods of ecological transformation and innovation, it is not only the challenge of human beings worldwide, but also the new topic for Chinese harmonious society, ecological modernization and regional sustainable development.
Nanshan Pasture, whose full name is Nanshan Stud & Grazing Fine Breeding Farm, is located in the southwest of Chengbu Miao Nationality Autonomous County of Hunan Province and situated at the juncture area of Yuechengling Mountain and Xuefeng Mountain. With the development of dairy industrialization in Nanshan Pasture, ten towns and villages were involved in forage planting, cattle feeding, dairy production and milk product processing, that is, the economical circle of ecological dairy industry which is based on the model "company-base-farmer". The former barren Nanshan has developed into the model of grassland development in mountain area of South China. Probing into the development track and innovation mechanism from the perspective of eco-culture can riot only offer direct guide for the practice of. regional sustainable development in Nanshan Pasture and supply a good reference for the sustainable exploitation of grassland resources in the southern mountainous areas, but also it can testify and enrich the innovation theory and method of regional eco-culture.
Under the guidance of scientific development concepts, and on the basis of such theories as ecology, ecological ethnics, systematic theory, modern theory of man-land relationship, the theory of sustainable development and ecological carrying capacity, this dissertation has synthesized utilization of historical document data, comparative analysis, questionnaires, observation, system dynamics, AHP, fuzzy mathematics, qualitative and quantitative method, and weighed analysis method. Theoretically, it discusses the connotation, foundation, aim, principle, method and route to the innovation of regional eco-culture; conceives the theoretical frame of regional eco-culture construction and innovation research; reveals the development mechanism and transformation track of the regional eco-culture of Nanshan Pasture; analyses the regional economy of dairy culture in Nanshan Pasture, as well as its social effect and environmental effect; evaluates the regional inhabitant ecological quality, regional ecological footprint, regional eco-cultural development and regional eco-cultural entity; and puts forward the regional eco-culture construction and its innovation strategies in Nanshan Pasture.
The research shows that the regional industrial culture has undergone the transition from grain-centered farm culture to forestry-centered gardening culture to livestock-centered dairy culture. The reasonable cores in regional traditional folklofe eco-culture have been inherited, transformed and innovated. Regional ecological landscape has become precious eco-tourism resources and dairy culture has become the main subjects of regional industrial culture and regional ecological economy.
The formation and development of dairy culture in Nanshan Pasture have led to better regional effect. The influence of ecological industry on regional ecological environment is within the environmental self-purification ability. Nanshan Pasture is still "a pure land in the south", whose surface water quality and atmosphere condition remain to be nation's best quality level. Grassland and forest ecosystem remain dynamic balance.
Analyzing ecological footprints from 2000 to 2004 in Chengbu Miao Nationality Autonomous County, we can see the entire ecological footprint is smaller than its entire carrying capacity and the ecological footprint per capita is also smaller than its biological carrying capacity, which shows that the impacts of human activities on environment are within the carrying capacity of ecological environment. Analyzing ecological deficit (surplus) in each group, we can also see the ecological surplus of grassland is the biggest, that is 0.5367km2 per capita, which shows animal husbandry leaves developing space and dairy industrialization development is of good ecological basis. Analyzing from the questionnaires on ecological quality, we can draw the conclusion that the overall level of the residents'ecological awareness in Nanshan Pasture remains to be improved. Evaluated from the corresponding coupling relationship between the development stage of human civilization and the eco-culture characteristics, the regional eco-culture in Nanshan Pasture as a whole is still in the transition stage from agricultural civilization to industry civilization. So there is a long way to go for the construction of ecological civilization. Results of the overall evaluation:In the evaluation system from 1-5 points, it was awarded 3.635 points, which shows that the eco-culture in this region is still in the middle level. It is the only way to promote the construction and innovation of regional eco-culture.
According to the present situation of eco-culture and the objective requirement of regional sustainable development in Nanshan Pasture, this dissertation puts forward four strategies of promoting regional eco-culture construction and innovation:1. Based on obtaining nourishment from the traditional eco-culture, remould the Nanshan spirit which is centered on "green, life and harmony" and improve the entire ecological quality of inhabitants in this region.2. Through system reform, perfect such recycling economy system of dairy industrialization as scientific forage planting, cattle feeding in a large scale and purification production of dairy products.3. Through further digging tourism resources of eco-culture, exploit and construct tourism scenery, improve traffic condition and infrastructure, innovate travel products and operation mechanism, actively join in Guilin Tourism Economic Circle and innovate tourism eco-culture.4. By repairing and reconstructing natural ecology, create "the second wealth", and strengthen the environmental support capacity of regional sustainable development.
This study has the following innovations in theory, methodology and region.
In theory:1. This dissertation systematically expounds for the first time the innovation connotation, theoretical foundation, innovation principle and innovation methods of regional eco-culture, preliminarily constructs the theoretical frame of regional eco-cultural construction and innovation research.2. It also reveals the internal mechanism of regional eco-cultural innovations and sustainable development, reveals the corresponding coupling relationship between the development stage of human society and the eco-cultural characteristics. It provides the theoretical foundation for identifying the boundary definition of the regional eco-cultural developing stages. It illustrates the new points of views that regional eco-cultural innovation is the "adequate expression", "important symbol", "energy sources" and " developing point and increasing domain for the level of regional sustainable development"
In methodology, the dissertation is a perfect combination of the methods between natural sciences and social sciences which is based on the compound characteristics of the regional eco-culture, combines the GIS and remote sensing technology and field test, focuses on both qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, utilizes the ecologic footprint method, as well as the methods of questionnaires, interviews and expert evaluation. All these are effective trials in the interdisciplinary research of natural sciences and social sciences.
In region, it is the first time to do the systematic research on the regional eco-culture of Nanshan Pasture. So it is of regional innovation significance. The achievement of this research not only can provide the theoretical foundation and practical instructions for the construction and innovation of regional eco-culture of Nanshan Pasture, but also can provide guide and reference for the development of the 670,000km2 grass mountains in the southern China and the construction and innovation of regional eco-culture.
南山牧场全称是湖南省南山种畜牧草良种繁殖场,位于湖南省城步苗族自治县的西南部,地处湘桂边境的越城岭山脉与雪峰山脉的交会地带。随着南山牧场奶业产业化的发展,城步苗族自治县10个乡(镇)融入了“种草—养牛—产奶—奶制品加工”,即公司加基地加农户的生态奶业经济圈。曾是不毛之地的大南山,发展成了南方山区草山开发的典范。从生态文化角度探索其发展轨迹和创新机制,不仅能为南山牧场区域可持续发展实践提供指导,为南方山区草山资源的可持续开发利用实践提供借鉴,而且能在实证研究中检验和丰富区域生态文化创新理论与方法。
本项研究以科学发展观为指导,以生态学、生态伦理学、系统论、现代人地关系论、可持续发展论和生态承载力论等为理论基础；综合运用了历史文献资料研究法、比较研究法、问卷调查法、观察法、系统动力学方法、AHP决策分析法(特尔菲法)、模糊数学法、定性与定量综合集成分析等方法；探讨了区域生态文化创新的内涵、依据、目标、原则、动力模型、方法和途径,构建了区域生态文化建设与创新研究的理论框架；揭示了南山牧场区域生态文化的形成机制与变迁轨迹；分析了南山牧场奶业文化的区域效应；对区域居民生态素质、区域生态足迹、区域生态文化发展阶段,及区域生态文化整体进行了定性与定量相结合的评价；提出了南山牧场区域生态文化建设与创新对策。
研究结果表明,南山牧场区域生态产业文化历经了原始生态产业文化、以粮为纲的农庄文化、以林为主的园艺文化、以牧为主的奶业文化的演变；区域传统民俗生态文化得到传承、转换、和创新；区域生态景观成为宝贵的生态旅游资源；奶业文化成为区域产业文化和区域生态经济的主体。
南山牧场奶业文化的形成和发展,产生了良好的区域经济效益、社会效益和环境效益。生态产业的发展,对区域生态环境的影响在环境自净能力范围之内,其地表水质、大气状况保持为国家一级质量水准,草地、森林生态系统保持动态平衡。
南山牧场区域生态文化评价的主要结果：对城步苗族自治县2000年至2004年的生态足迹分析,整体上总生态足迹小于其总承载力,人均生态足迹也小于其生态承载力,表明人类活动对环境的影响在生态环境承载力范围之内；各组分生态赤字(盈余)分析,草地生态盈余最大(0.5367km2/人),展示牧业发展还有很多空间,奶业产业化发展具有良好的生态基础。根据生态素质问卷调查结果分析,南山牧场区域居民的生态意识整体水平有待提高,“南山精神”需要重塑。根据人类文明发展阶段与生态文化特点对应耦合关系评判,南山牧场区域生态文化总体上还处于农业文明向工业文明过渡阶段,生态文明建设任重道远。综合评价结果：在1—5分制的评价体系中,得分3.635分,表明该区域生态文化整体还处于中等水平,从整体上推进区域生态文化建设与创新,是南山牧场区域可持续发展的必由之路。
根据诊断结论,提出推进区域生态文化建设与创新的四项对策：一是在汲取传统生态文化营养的基础上,重塑以“绿色、生命、和谐”为核心的“南山精神”,提高区域居民整体生态素质；二是通过体制改革,完善科学种草、规模化养牛、奶制品清洁生产等奶业产业化循环经济体系,创新以奶业产业化为龙头的区域企业生态文化；三是通过进一步发掘生态文化旅游资源,开拓和建设旅游景区,改善旅游交通条件和基础设施,创新旅游产品和运行机制,积极融入大桂林旅游经济圈,创新旅游生态文化；四是通过自然生态的修复与重建,创造“第二财富”,增强区域可持续发展的环境支持能力。
本项研究在理论、方法和区域等方面主要有以下创新：
在理论上：(1)首次系统地阐述了区域生态文化创新内涵、理论依据、创新原则、创新方法与途径,初步构建起区域生态文化建设与创新研究的理论框架。(2)揭示区域生态文化创新与区域可持续发展的内在机理,揭示人类社会发展阶段与区域生态文化发展特征的对应耦合关系,为区域生态文化发展阶段的界定提供了理论判据；阐明了区域生态文化创新是区域可持续发展水平的“充分体现”、“重要标志”、“力量源泉”、“发展点和增长域”的新观点。
在方法上：(1)首次构建了区域生态文化综合评价的指标体系和评价模型,为区域生态文化综合评价研究提供了方法和依据。(2)自然科学方法与社会科学方法的有机结合。根据区域生态文化的复合性特征,注重定性与定量的结合,应用GIS和遥感技术与实地取样监测相结合,借助卫片判读分析与生态足迹法评价结合,运用对居民问卷、访谈与请专家评价结合等多种方法。这是自然科学与社会科学交叉研究的有效尝试。
在区域上：首次研究南山牧场区域生态文化,填补了区域空白。研究成果不仅为南山牧场区域生态文化建设与创新提供理论依据和实践指导,而且为中国南方山区约670000km2的草山开发和区域生态文化建设与创新提供指导和借鉴。
As early as the period of primitive agricultural and primitive animal husbandry, environmental problems led to the collapse of civilization in some areas. Since the middle of the 20th century, the local environmental problem has broken through the boundary between countries and regions and developed into a global ecological problem, causing the ecological crisis of humanity.The major origins of ecological crisis are the problems of ecological culture and the core of ecological crisis is the human being's law of value to the nature. Therefore, doing some researches on regional ecological culture, probing the knowledge innovation of nature and practice methods of ecological transformation and innovation, it is not only the challenge of human beings worldwide, but also the new topic for Chinese harmonious society, ecological modernization and regional sustainable development.
Nanshan Pasture, whose full name is Nanshan Stud & Grazing Fine Breeding Farm, is located in the southwest of Chengbu Miao Nationality Autonomous County of Hunan Province and situated at the juncture area of Yuechengling Mountain and Xuefeng Mountain. With the development of dairy industrialization in Nanshan Pasture, ten towns and villages were involved in forage planting, cattle feeding, dairy production and milk product processing, that is, the economical circle of ecological dairy industry which is based on the model "company-base-farmer". The former barren Nanshan has developed into the model of grassland development in mountain area of South China. Probing into the development track and innovation mechanism from the perspective of eco-culture can riot only offer direct guide for the practice of. regional sustainable development in Nanshan Pasture and supply a good reference for the sustainable exploitation of grassland resources in the southern mountainous areas, but also it can testify and enrich the innovation theory and method of regional eco-culture.
Under the guidance of scientific development concepts, and on the basis of such theories as ecology, ecological ethnics, systematic theory, modern theory of man-land relationship, the theory of sustainable development and ecological carrying capacity, this dissertation has synthesized utilization of historical document data, comparative analysis, questionnaires, observation, system dynamics, AHP, fuzzy mathematics, qualitative and quantitative method, and weighed analysis method. Theoretically, it discusses the connotation, foundation, aim, principle, method and route to the innovation of regional eco-culture; conceives the theoretical frame of regional eco-culture construction and innovation research; reveals the development mechanism and transformation track of the regional eco-culture of Nanshan Pasture; analyses the regional economy of dairy culture in Nanshan Pasture, as well as its social effect and environmental effect; evaluates the regional inhabitant ecological quality, regional ecological footprint, regional eco-cultural development and regional eco-cultural entity; and puts forward the regional eco-culture construction and its innovation strategies in Nanshan Pasture.
The research shows that the regional industrial culture has undergone the transition from grain-centered farm culture to forestry-centered gardening culture to livestock-centered dairy culture. The reasonable cores in regional traditional folklofe eco-culture have been inherited, transformed and innovated. Regional ecological landscape has become precious eco-tourism resources and dairy culture has become the main subjects of regional industrial culture and regional ecological economy.
The formation and development of dairy culture in Nanshan Pasture have led to better regional effect. The influence of ecological industry on regional ecological environment is within the environmental self-purification ability. Nanshan Pasture is still "a pure land in the south", whose surface water quality and atmosphere condition remain to be nation's best quality level. Grassland and forest ecosystem remain dynamic balance.
Analyzing ecological footprints from 2000 to 2004 in Chengbu Miao Nationality Autonomous County, we can see the entire ecological footprint is smaller than its entire carrying capacity and the ecological footprint per capita is also smaller than its biological carrying capacity, which shows that the impacts of human activities on environment are within the carrying capacity of ecological environment. Analyzing ecological deficit (surplus) in each group, we can also see the ecological surplus of grassland is the biggest, that is 0.5367km2 per capita, which shows animal husbandry leaves developing space and dairy industrialization development is of good ecological basis. Analyzing from the questionnaires on ecological quality, we can draw the conclusion that the overall level of the residents'ecological awareness in Nanshan Pasture remains to be improved. Evaluated from the corresponding coupling relationship between the development stage of human civilization and the eco-culture characteristics, the regional eco-culture in Nanshan Pasture as a whole is still in the transition stage from agricultural civilization to industry civilization. So there is a long way to go for the construction of ecological civilization. Results of the overall evaluation:In the evaluation system from 1-5 points, it was awarded 3.635 points, which shows that the eco-culture in this region is still in the middle level. It is the only way to promote the construction and innovation of regional eco-culture.
According to the present situation of eco-culture and the objective requirement of regional sustainable development in Nanshan Pasture, this dissertation puts forward four strategies of promoting regional eco-culture construction and innovation:1. Based on obtaining nourishment from the traditional eco-culture, remould the Nanshan spirit which is centered on "green, life and harmony" and improve the entire ecological quality of inhabitants in this region.2. Through system reform, perfect such recycling economy system of dairy industrialization as scientific forage planting, cattle feeding in a large scale and purification production of dairy products.3. Through further digging tourism resources of eco-culture, exploit and construct tourism scenery, improve traffic condition and infrastructure, innovate travel products and operation mechanism, actively join in Guilin Tourism Economic Circle and innovate tourism eco-culture.4. By repairing and reconstructing natural ecology, create "the second wealth", and strengthen the environmental support capacity of regional sustainable development.
This study has the following innovations in theory, methodology and region.
In theory:1. This dissertation systematically expounds for the first time the innovation connotation, theoretical foundation, innovation principle and innovation methods of regional eco-culture, preliminarily constructs the theoretical frame of regional eco-cultural construction and innovation research.2. It also reveals the internal mechanism of regional eco-cultural innovations and sustainable development, reveals the corresponding coupling relationship between the development stage of human society and the eco-cultural characteristics. It provides the theoretical foundation for identifying the boundary definition of the regional eco-cultural developing stages. It illustrates the new points of views that regional eco-cultural innovation is the "adequate expression", "important symbol", "energy sources" and " developing point and increasing domain for the level of regional sustainable development"
In methodology, the dissertation is a perfect combination of the methods between natural sciences and social sciences which is based on the compound characteristics of the regional eco-culture, combines the GIS and remote sensing technology and field test, focuses on both qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, utilizes the ecologic footprint method, as well as the methods of questionnaires, interviews and expert evaluation. All these are effective trials in the interdisciplinary research of natural sciences and social sciences.
In region, it is the first time to do the systematic research on the regional eco-culture of Nanshan Pasture. So it is of regional innovation significance. The achievement of this research not only can provide the theoretical foundation and practical instructions for the construction and innovation of regional eco-culture of Nanshan Pasture, but also can provide guide and reference for the development of the 670,000km2 grass mountains in the southern China and the construction and innovation of regional eco-culture.
引文
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