生态翻译学视角下的《孙子兵法》英译研究
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摘要
随着“生态”一词越来越多地进入人们的视野,获得全世界范围内的关注,人们开始关注人与自然界的和谐共处。生态学科也逐渐与其他学科结合:生态美学、生态政治学、生态哲学、生态经济学等。除此之外,生态学也开始同语言学相互结合。以生态视角研究翻译活动的学者也大有人在。但是首次提出生态翻译这一系统性论述当属清华大学的胡庚申教授。
翻译是人类文化的产物,正如生物之于生态环境,翻译也是根植于它所存在的环境之中,并受其制约。“只有适应或顺应了文化环境或语境,翻译才能使自身存在下去。”(蔡,2006: 59)胡庚申教授将达尔文进化论中的“适应与选择”理论引入翻译研究,提出了翻译适应选择理论。翻译适应选择论可以说是生态翻译学发展初期的基础性理论研究。该研究以译者为中心,以为“适应与选择”为指导,对翻译的本质、过程、标准原则等做出了全新的诠释。胡教授紧扣这一主题陆续发表了一系列专题论文。生态翻译学理论这一跨学科理论也逐渐成形。生态翻译学是一种生态取向或者生态学视角的翻译研究。生态翻译学认为翻译的实质是译者为适应翻译生态环境而做出的选择活动。而翻译生态环境指的是原文、原语和译语所呈现的世界,即语言、交际、文化、社会,以及作者、读者、委托者等互联互动的整体;翻译的过程即是适应性选择加选择性适应的不断循环的过程;译文的评价标准是其多维度转换程度,其中包括语言维、文化维及交际维等。生态翻译学着眼于翻译生态系统的整体性,从生态翻译学的视角,以生态翻译学的叙事方式,对翻译的本质、过程、标准、原则和方法以及翻译现象等做出新的描述和解释。(胡,2008:11)
胡教授的理论为翻译理论研究开拓了视野,也引起一些研究者的注意。李亚舒,黄忠廉认为胡教授的理论是别开生面的理论建构,为翻译理论研究带来一股新风。宋志平将其称为简约创新之作,为胡教授的与时俱进思想而折服。也有一些理论学习者运用这一理论进行了相关研究。山东大学的高红霞在《对翻译适应选择论的探讨和个案研究》中对《傲慢与偏见》的不同译本做出过程分析,证明了成功的译本来自于适应和恰当的选择;四川大学外国语学院的焦飏运用翻译适应选择论对严复的《天演论》做出解释,指出其是当时翻译生态环境的产物。但是这些应用性研究大多运用翻译适应与选择这一基础理论,局限于对适应和选择的论述。较少有从生态翻译学角度的宏观论。由此可见,翻译生态环境仍有很大研究空间。这也是本篇论文的研究方向。通过对《孙子兵法》的两英译本的对比分析来验证两译本的译者如何适应翻译生态环境并作出适应性选择。
全文共分五章。第一章介绍了研究背景、研究问题、研究方法、意义及结构。第二章为文献综述。首先简单介绍作者孙子及《孙子兵法》的影响、重要性、英译情况及各种研究所运用的理论。接着阐述选择闵福德和林戊荪两译本的原因。第三章为研究的理论框架。对生态翻译学的理论背景进行回顾,介绍其来历、基本理论观点及相关应用研究。第四章为本论文的重点章节。这一章是对《孙子兵法》的闵福德和林戊荪两译本的分析。首先作者从原文、译者翻译目的及出版社目的分析了闵福德和林戊荪对其生态翻译环境的适应。接着通过对两译本的实例对比分析两译者在翻译过程中做出的适应性选择。最后从多维度转换程度、读者反馈及译者素质三方面对两译本进行评析。第五章为本文的结论部分。通过以上的分析,得出以下3点结论: 1.生态翻译学为《孙子兵法》的英译研究提供了有效的理论工具。2.每个译者受其各自翻译生态环境的制约及影响会做出不同的适应及选择,从而产生不同的论文。3.不同翻译生态环境下的译文没有优劣之分,衡量标准应是是否适应其生存环境。适者得以生存、繁荣,否则将被淘汰。闵福德和林戊荪对其翻译生态环境做出了选择性适应和适应性选择,从而译出成功的译本。
本文运用生态翻译学对闵福德和林戊荪的《孙子兵法》两英译本进行了对比分析,其研究意义在于1.以生态翻译理论为框架为孙子兵法的英译研究提供了新的研究角度。2.通过对孙子兵法英译过程中各种生态翻译环境因素对翻译结果的分析,验证了生态翻译学的解释力与可行性。也使我们对两位译者的翻译有了更深的理解。
With the rapid development of society and economy, the word“ecology”has made archives into the vision of the public, and gained attention around the world. Harmonious coexistence with nature is emphasized. Ecology is gradually combined with other subjects, such as ecological aesthetics, ecological politics, ecophilosophy, ecological economics, etc. Besides, ecology is also integrated to linguistics. There plenty scholars study translation activities from the angle of ecology. But the first one to put forward the theoretical discussion of Eco-translatology is Professor Hu Gengshen of Tsinghua University.
Professor Hu Gengshen introduced the theory of“adaptation and selection”of Darwin’s evolutionism into translation studies. He proposed the theory of“translation as Adaptation and Selection”, which is the fundamental theoretic research of Eco-translatology. Translation as Adaptation and selection takes translator as the center. Guided by“adaptation and selection”, the theory gives new interpretation to the nature, process and standards of translation. Keep to his point, Hu Gengshen published a series of research papers afterwards. Eco-translatology, an interdisciplinary theory, is gradually taking shape. It is an ecological approach study or a translation study from the angle of ecology. It sees from the angle of the wholeness of“translational ecology”. It interprets the process of translation, depicts the relationship between the translator and translation eco-environment and focuses on the survival circumstances and the capability development of the translator from the perspective of translational eco-environment. (Hu, 2008: 11)
Professor Hu’s theory broadens the horizon of translation studies. The theory also attracts the attention of some scholars. Li Yashu and Huang Zhonglian consider Hu’s theory to be a ground-breaking theoretical construction, bringing new vitality to translation studies. Song Zhiping refers to this theory as concise and innovative. He admires Professor Hu’s thoughts of keeping up with the times. Gao Hongxia of Shandong University made an analysis on the translation process of Pride and Prejudice in her thesis of the discussion and case study of translation as adaptation and selection, proving that adaptation and selection led to a successful translation. Jiao Yang from the foreign department of Sichuan University also applied Professor Hu’s theory to explain Yanfu’s translation of Evolution and Ethics. He pointed out that the translation was a result of the translational eco-environment at that time. However, most of the application researches are based on translation as adaptation and selection and confined to the illustration of adaptation and selection. Discussions of Eco-translatology on the macro level are seldom mentioned. There is scope for the study of translational eco-environment. Translational eco-environment is also the research direction of this thesis. The author will analyze how the two translators adapt to translational eco-environment and make adaptive selections by comparing the two English versions of the Art of War.
The whole thesis consists 5 chapters. The first chapter introduces the background, questions, methodology, significance and layout of the research. The second chapter is literature review. Firstly, a brief introduction of Sunzi, the important influence and English translations of the Art of War and the theories applied is made. Then I presented the reasons for choosing the versions of John Minford and Lin Wusun. The third chapter is the theoretical framework of the research. I introduced the background, basic viewpoints and related applied researches of eco-translatology. Chapter 4 is the most important part of this thesis. This chapter is the analysis of the English versions of John Minford and Lin Wusun. Firstly, I made an analysis of their translational eco-environments from the source texts, the aims translators and the publishers. Then an evaluation is presented from three factors—multidimensional transformation, readers feedback and the translator quality. Chapter 5 is the conclusion part.
Based on the analysis above, three points are concluded.
1. Eco-translatology provides an effective theoretical tool for the study of English translations of the Art of War.
2. Each translator would make different adaptations and selections due to the restrictions of his or her translational eco-environment. Hence, there will be different versions translation.
3. There is no superiority or inferiority among translation works in different translational eco-environments. The measurement criterion is whether the translation adapts to its own translational eco-environment. Adapted, survive; otherwise, eliminated. Both John Minford and Lin Wusun have offered successful translations by making adaptive selections and selective adaptations.
This thesis makes a comparative analysis on the English versions of the Art of War translated by John Minford and Lin Wusun. The importance of this thesis can be summed up as follows: 1. Ecotranslatology provides new angle for research on the study of English translation of the Art of War. 2. Through the analysis of the impacts on translation from translational eco-environmental factors, we can trust in the explanatory power and feasibility of ecotranslatology. Besides, a better understanding of the two translators is gained.
翻译是人类文化的产物,正如生物之于生态环境,翻译也是根植于它所存在的环境之中,并受其制约。“只有适应或顺应了文化环境或语境,翻译才能使自身存在下去。”(蔡,2006: 59)胡庚申教授将达尔文进化论中的“适应与选择”理论引入翻译研究,提出了翻译适应选择理论。翻译适应选择论可以说是生态翻译学发展初期的基础性理论研究。该研究以译者为中心,以为“适应与选择”为指导,对翻译的本质、过程、标准原则等做出了全新的诠释。胡教授紧扣这一主题陆续发表了一系列专题论文。生态翻译学理论这一跨学科理论也逐渐成形。生态翻译学是一种生态取向或者生态学视角的翻译研究。生态翻译学认为翻译的实质是译者为适应翻译生态环境而做出的选择活动。而翻译生态环境指的是原文、原语和译语所呈现的世界,即语言、交际、文化、社会,以及作者、读者、委托者等互联互动的整体;翻译的过程即是适应性选择加选择性适应的不断循环的过程;译文的评价标准是其多维度转换程度,其中包括语言维、文化维及交际维等。生态翻译学着眼于翻译生态系统的整体性,从生态翻译学的视角,以生态翻译学的叙事方式,对翻译的本质、过程、标准、原则和方法以及翻译现象等做出新的描述和解释。(胡,2008:11)
胡教授的理论为翻译理论研究开拓了视野,也引起一些研究者的注意。李亚舒,黄忠廉认为胡教授的理论是别开生面的理论建构,为翻译理论研究带来一股新风。宋志平将其称为简约创新之作,为胡教授的与时俱进思想而折服。也有一些理论学习者运用这一理论进行了相关研究。山东大学的高红霞在《对翻译适应选择论的探讨和个案研究》中对《傲慢与偏见》的不同译本做出过程分析,证明了成功的译本来自于适应和恰当的选择;四川大学外国语学院的焦飏运用翻译适应选择论对严复的《天演论》做出解释,指出其是当时翻译生态环境的产物。但是这些应用性研究大多运用翻译适应与选择这一基础理论,局限于对适应和选择的论述。较少有从生态翻译学角度的宏观论。由此可见,翻译生态环境仍有很大研究空间。这也是本篇论文的研究方向。通过对《孙子兵法》的两英译本的对比分析来验证两译本的译者如何适应翻译生态环境并作出适应性选择。
全文共分五章。第一章介绍了研究背景、研究问题、研究方法、意义及结构。第二章为文献综述。首先简单介绍作者孙子及《孙子兵法》的影响、重要性、英译情况及各种研究所运用的理论。接着阐述选择闵福德和林戊荪两译本的原因。第三章为研究的理论框架。对生态翻译学的理论背景进行回顾,介绍其来历、基本理论观点及相关应用研究。第四章为本论文的重点章节。这一章是对《孙子兵法》的闵福德和林戊荪两译本的分析。首先作者从原文、译者翻译目的及出版社目的分析了闵福德和林戊荪对其生态翻译环境的适应。接着通过对两译本的实例对比分析两译者在翻译过程中做出的适应性选择。最后从多维度转换程度、读者反馈及译者素质三方面对两译本进行评析。第五章为本文的结论部分。通过以上的分析,得出以下3点结论: 1.生态翻译学为《孙子兵法》的英译研究提供了有效的理论工具。2.每个译者受其各自翻译生态环境的制约及影响会做出不同的适应及选择,从而产生不同的论文。3.不同翻译生态环境下的译文没有优劣之分,衡量标准应是是否适应其生存环境。适者得以生存、繁荣,否则将被淘汰。闵福德和林戊荪对其翻译生态环境做出了选择性适应和适应性选择,从而译出成功的译本。
本文运用生态翻译学对闵福德和林戊荪的《孙子兵法》两英译本进行了对比分析,其研究意义在于1.以生态翻译理论为框架为孙子兵法的英译研究提供了新的研究角度。2.通过对孙子兵法英译过程中各种生态翻译环境因素对翻译结果的分析,验证了生态翻译学的解释力与可行性。也使我们对两位译者的翻译有了更深的理解。
With the rapid development of society and economy, the word“ecology”has made archives into the vision of the public, and gained attention around the world. Harmonious coexistence with nature is emphasized. Ecology is gradually combined with other subjects, such as ecological aesthetics, ecological politics, ecophilosophy, ecological economics, etc. Besides, ecology is also integrated to linguistics. There plenty scholars study translation activities from the angle of ecology. But the first one to put forward the theoretical discussion of Eco-translatology is Professor Hu Gengshen of Tsinghua University.
Professor Hu Gengshen introduced the theory of“adaptation and selection”of Darwin’s evolutionism into translation studies. He proposed the theory of“translation as Adaptation and Selection”, which is the fundamental theoretic research of Eco-translatology. Translation as Adaptation and selection takes translator as the center. Guided by“adaptation and selection”, the theory gives new interpretation to the nature, process and standards of translation. Keep to his point, Hu Gengshen published a series of research papers afterwards. Eco-translatology, an interdisciplinary theory, is gradually taking shape. It is an ecological approach study or a translation study from the angle of ecology. It sees from the angle of the wholeness of“translational ecology”. It interprets the process of translation, depicts the relationship between the translator and translation eco-environment and focuses on the survival circumstances and the capability development of the translator from the perspective of translational eco-environment. (Hu, 2008: 11)
Professor Hu’s theory broadens the horizon of translation studies. The theory also attracts the attention of some scholars. Li Yashu and Huang Zhonglian consider Hu’s theory to be a ground-breaking theoretical construction, bringing new vitality to translation studies. Song Zhiping refers to this theory as concise and innovative. He admires Professor Hu’s thoughts of keeping up with the times. Gao Hongxia of Shandong University made an analysis on the translation process of Pride and Prejudice in her thesis of the discussion and case study of translation as adaptation and selection, proving that adaptation and selection led to a successful translation. Jiao Yang from the foreign department of Sichuan University also applied Professor Hu’s theory to explain Yanfu’s translation of Evolution and Ethics. He pointed out that the translation was a result of the translational eco-environment at that time. However, most of the application researches are based on translation as adaptation and selection and confined to the illustration of adaptation and selection. Discussions of Eco-translatology on the macro level are seldom mentioned. There is scope for the study of translational eco-environment. Translational eco-environment is also the research direction of this thesis. The author will analyze how the two translators adapt to translational eco-environment and make adaptive selections by comparing the two English versions of the Art of War.
The whole thesis consists 5 chapters. The first chapter introduces the background, questions, methodology, significance and layout of the research. The second chapter is literature review. Firstly, a brief introduction of Sunzi, the important influence and English translations of the Art of War and the theories applied is made. Then I presented the reasons for choosing the versions of John Minford and Lin Wusun. The third chapter is the theoretical framework of the research. I introduced the background, basic viewpoints and related applied researches of eco-translatology. Chapter 4 is the most important part of this thesis. This chapter is the analysis of the English versions of John Minford and Lin Wusun. Firstly, I made an analysis of their translational eco-environments from the source texts, the aims translators and the publishers. Then an evaluation is presented from three factors—multidimensional transformation, readers feedback and the translator quality. Chapter 5 is the conclusion part.
Based on the analysis above, three points are concluded.
1. Eco-translatology provides an effective theoretical tool for the study of English translations of the Art of War.
2. Each translator would make different adaptations and selections due to the restrictions of his or her translational eco-environment. Hence, there will be different versions translation.
3. There is no superiority or inferiority among translation works in different translational eco-environments. The measurement criterion is whether the translation adapts to its own translational eco-environment. Adapted, survive; otherwise, eliminated. Both John Minford and Lin Wusun have offered successful translations by making adaptive selections and selective adaptations.
This thesis makes a comparative analysis on the English versions of the Art of War translated by John Minford and Lin Wusun. The importance of this thesis can be summed up as follows: 1. Ecotranslatology provides new angle for research on the study of English translation of the Art of War. 2. Through the analysis of the impacts on translation from translational eco-environmental factors, we can trust in the explanatory power and feasibility of ecotranslatology. Besides, a better understanding of the two translators is gained.
引文
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[3] Griffith, SamuelB. (trans.) The Art of War [Z]. by Sun Tzu. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963.
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[22]于汝波.《孙子兵法研究史》[M].北京:军事科学出版社,2001.
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http://www.artofwarplus.com/chinese comparis.htm
http://www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/185533.htm
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http://www.artofwarplus.com/chinese comparis.htm
http://www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/185533.htm
http://www.ouhk.edu.
http://www.sonshi.com/
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_60bd5f530100fz04.html
http://www.china.com.cn/culture/txt/2008-07/24/content_16062385.htm
http://zh.wikipedia.org/
http://www.wowa.cn/Article/58844.html
www.sonshi.com/minford.html
http://www.amazon.com/Art-War-Sun-Tzu/product-reviews
http://www.amazon.com/ART-WAR-Sun-Tzu