煤炭资源开发生态补偿机制研究
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摘要
能源与环境是国民经济发展的重要物质基础,是制约社会平稳发展的瓶颈。我国富煤、贫油、少气的能源资源状况决定了煤炭资源在我国能源生产和消费结构中的主导地位。随着工业化的发展和人口数量的增长,全国对煤炭资源的巨大需求和大规模开采,不仅会导致煤炭资源储量逐渐减少乃至枯竭,还会对本就脆弱的矿区生态环境带来严重的污染和破坏。面对煤炭资源开发带来资源和环境等负面影响,进行煤炭资源开发生态补偿研究是寻求一种方法能够以较低的资源和社会代价获取较快的经济发展和较高的环境效益；建立健全煤炭资源开发生态补偿机制,是保证矿区生态修复的高效顺利进行的重要措施之一,对促进矿区生态环境保护、管理、治理和恢复都具有重要现实意义。
在国内外生态补偿及生态补偿机制相关文献研究的基础上,归纳了生态补偿五个理论基础,界定了生态补偿和生态补偿机制的概念,分析了全国煤炭资源开发生态环境现状和生态补偿状况,构建了煤炭资源开发生态补偿机制,并以吕梁地区作为实施进行了具体分析,提出了全国煤炭资源开发生态补偿机制建立和实施的对策,为全国煤炭开发区生态环境治理与恢复实践活动奠定了理论基础。
本文的主要内容如下：(1)着眼于全国煤炭资源开发状况,详细分析了煤炭资源开发对生态环境污染状况以及我国实施的生态环境补偿相关法律法规和实践活动,指出煤炭资源开发生态补偿存在的问题,阐述了构建煤炭资源开发生态补偿机制的必要性。(2)在煤炭资源资源生态补偿构建五个原则的基础上,阐述了煤炭资源生态补偿的主体、客体和实施方式,建立了煤炭资源开发生态补偿实施机制；构建了以煤炭资源开发生态补偿标准定价模型为核心内容的定价机制；分析了生态补偿的制度保障机制、管理机制和监督机制,构建了煤炭资源开发生态补偿监管机制。(3)具体分析吕梁地区的煤炭资源开发生态环境及生态补偿现状,构建了适合于吕梁地区的煤炭资源开发生态补偿机制。
构建煤炭资源开发生态补偿定价机制、实施机制和监督管理机制及生态补偿补偿机制结构图是主要创新点之一；以吕梁为例分析煤炭资源开发生态补偿标准定价模型是创新点也是难点。
Energy and environment are two kinds of basic and decisive materials for the national economic development; however, they are also the bottlenecks to restrict the stable social development. For the China's energy condition of abundant coal, lean oil, and lack of natural gas, the coal resource is determined to be the dominant energy resources in energy production and consumption structure of China. With the development of industrialization and growth of population, the great demand and exploitation of coal resource will not only lead to the reduction gradually of coal reserves, or even to be dried up, but also cause serious pollution and destruction on the fragile ecological environment in the mining area. With the negative effects in resources and environment brought by coal resource exploitation, ecological compensation research in the coal resource development is a way to seek rapid economic development and environmental benefits with lower resources and social cost; the establishment of ecological compensation mechanism is one of the important measures to guarantee the efficient restoration of ecology and environment in mining area, and it also has important practical significance to promote environmental protection, management, restoration and reconstruction.
On the base of the literature review of ecological compensation and ecological compensation mechanism in and abroad, five basic theories on ecological compensation were summarized, and the concepts of ecological compensation and the ecological compensation mechanism were defined. Then the present situation of coal resources development, ecological environment and the ecological compensation in mining area were analyzed specially, and ecological compensation mechanism in coal resource development was constructed on the bases of above analysis. Taking the Lvliang region as the example, the ecological compensation mechanism was built in a more concrete condition. Thus, the countermeasures of establishing ecological compensation mechanism in coal resource development area were put forward, and this laid theoretical foundation for ecological environment management and restoration activities in the national coal mining area.
There are three parts of main body in this paper. Firstly, with a view on the condition of national coal development, this paper specially analyzed the environmental pollution and ecological destruction caused by coal resource development, and gave a description of laws and activities that were carried out in ecological compensation in coal mining area. It was shown that there are some problems in the process of ecological compensation and the establishment of ecological compensation in coal resource development was indispensable. Secondly, on the base of five principles of ecological compensation mechanism, the implementation mechanism was built up after illustration of the subject, object and implementation ways of ecological compensation; then the pricing mechanism was constructed with ecological compensation standard pricing model as the core content; at the last but not least, the ecological compensation regulation mechanism was established on the basic exposition of guarantee mechanism, management mechanism and supervision mechanism in the ecological compensation. Thirdly, the ecological mechanism of coal resources development in Lvliang area was constructed according to the specific condition, then some countermeasures was put forward.
The main innovation in this paper are the construction of three ecological compensation mechanisms such as pricing mechanism, implementation mechanism, and regulation mechanism, and description of ecological compensation mechanism structure. Taking Lvliang area as an example to analyze and calculated the ecological compensation standard using the pricing modes was an innovation point and a difficulty.
在国内外生态补偿及生态补偿机制相关文献研究的基础上,归纳了生态补偿五个理论基础,界定了生态补偿和生态补偿机制的概念,分析了全国煤炭资源开发生态环境现状和生态补偿状况,构建了煤炭资源开发生态补偿机制,并以吕梁地区作为实施进行了具体分析,提出了全国煤炭资源开发生态补偿机制建立和实施的对策,为全国煤炭开发区生态环境治理与恢复实践活动奠定了理论基础。
本文的主要内容如下：(1)着眼于全国煤炭资源开发状况,详细分析了煤炭资源开发对生态环境污染状况以及我国实施的生态环境补偿相关法律法规和实践活动,指出煤炭资源开发生态补偿存在的问题,阐述了构建煤炭资源开发生态补偿机制的必要性。(2)在煤炭资源资源生态补偿构建五个原则的基础上,阐述了煤炭资源生态补偿的主体、客体和实施方式,建立了煤炭资源开发生态补偿实施机制；构建了以煤炭资源开发生态补偿标准定价模型为核心内容的定价机制；分析了生态补偿的制度保障机制、管理机制和监督机制,构建了煤炭资源开发生态补偿监管机制。(3)具体分析吕梁地区的煤炭资源开发生态环境及生态补偿现状,构建了适合于吕梁地区的煤炭资源开发生态补偿机制。
构建煤炭资源开发生态补偿定价机制、实施机制和监督管理机制及生态补偿补偿机制结构图是主要创新点之一；以吕梁为例分析煤炭资源开发生态补偿标准定价模型是创新点也是难点。
Energy and environment are two kinds of basic and decisive materials for the national economic development; however, they are also the bottlenecks to restrict the stable social development. For the China's energy condition of abundant coal, lean oil, and lack of natural gas, the coal resource is determined to be the dominant energy resources in energy production and consumption structure of China. With the development of industrialization and growth of population, the great demand and exploitation of coal resource will not only lead to the reduction gradually of coal reserves, or even to be dried up, but also cause serious pollution and destruction on the fragile ecological environment in the mining area. With the negative effects in resources and environment brought by coal resource exploitation, ecological compensation research in the coal resource development is a way to seek rapid economic development and environmental benefits with lower resources and social cost; the establishment of ecological compensation mechanism is one of the important measures to guarantee the efficient restoration of ecology and environment in mining area, and it also has important practical significance to promote environmental protection, management, restoration and reconstruction.
On the base of the literature review of ecological compensation and ecological compensation mechanism in and abroad, five basic theories on ecological compensation were summarized, and the concepts of ecological compensation and the ecological compensation mechanism were defined. Then the present situation of coal resources development, ecological environment and the ecological compensation in mining area were analyzed specially, and ecological compensation mechanism in coal resource development was constructed on the bases of above analysis. Taking the Lvliang region as the example, the ecological compensation mechanism was built in a more concrete condition. Thus, the countermeasures of establishing ecological compensation mechanism in coal resource development area were put forward, and this laid theoretical foundation for ecological environment management and restoration activities in the national coal mining area.
There are three parts of main body in this paper. Firstly, with a view on the condition of national coal development, this paper specially analyzed the environmental pollution and ecological destruction caused by coal resource development, and gave a description of laws and activities that were carried out in ecological compensation in coal mining area. It was shown that there are some problems in the process of ecological compensation and the establishment of ecological compensation in coal resource development was indispensable. Secondly, on the base of five principles of ecological compensation mechanism, the implementation mechanism was built up after illustration of the subject, object and implementation ways of ecological compensation; then the pricing mechanism was constructed with ecological compensation standard pricing model as the core content; at the last but not least, the ecological compensation regulation mechanism was established on the basic exposition of guarantee mechanism, management mechanism and supervision mechanism in the ecological compensation. Thirdly, the ecological mechanism of coal resources development in Lvliang area was constructed according to the specific condition, then some countermeasures was put forward.
The main innovation in this paper are the construction of three ecological compensation mechanisms such as pricing mechanism, implementation mechanism, and regulation mechanism, and description of ecological compensation mechanism structure. Taking Lvliang area as an example to analyze and calculated the ecological compensation standard using the pricing modes was an innovation point and a difficulty.
引文
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