帽儿山林场林业生产经营信息化技术的研究
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摘要
信息技术的迅猛发展,极大地改变了林业的生产和管理方式。森林资源是林业的基础,是林业各项工作的出发点和落脚点。林业生产单位的基层部门数量多,信息化程度相对弱,人员素质相对低,是我国林业信息化的重点和难点。因此,全面提升我国林业生产经营与森林资源管理的现代化水平,是适应林业跨越式发展要求,促进林业宏观决策科学化,加速林业管理现代化的具有全局性和战略性的基础工作。本研究以帽儿山林场为研究区域,以森林资源调查数据、TM影像和各种图面资料(包括地形图、林相图),结合多种软件,采取理论和实践相结合的技术路线,进行了林业生产经营信息化技术的研究。这样,使林场等各基层单位实现了信息化管理,提高各种经营管理的科学水平。
本研究取得了以下的研究成果：
(一)采用扫描矢量化的方法获得地形图、林相图等的矢量空间数据；以1998年1景和2007年2景两期TM影像经过多光谱波段组合、几何校正、辐射定标、大气校正、太阳高度角校正等预处理过程,增强了TM影像的信息量,获得了研究的基础数据。
(二)以ArcGIS Engine9.3为开发平台,以面向对象运行于NET Framework之上的高级程序设计语言C#为开发语言,研究开发了帽儿山林场林业生产经营管理系统,该系统界面友好、操作简单,实现了对空间数据浏览、查询、测量、保存、输出以及属性数据的浏览、编辑等基础地理功能,满足了对帽儿山林场的森林资源信息的查看与分析,为林业生产经营管理的信息化和信息化林场林业生产管理模块技术的研究提供了基础。
(三)在林业生产经营管理系统的基础上,进行信息化林场林业生产管理模块技术的研究。(1)采用数据库文件管理(ADO连接Access数据库)和调用空间数据相结合获取林权信息及宗地数据的方式,开发了林权证及附图制作子模块,该模块可以进行林权证附图的制作,并以图片的格式输出到林权证的界面中；其次进行林权申请登记,其申请登记的内容直接保存到林权台账中供林权台账进行浏览、编辑、查询,最后提交到林权证的界面中,制作出林权证。这样,采用该模块不仅能减轻绘图人员和办公人员的劳动强度,提高了制图精度和工作效率。(2)采用C#调用ArcToolBox的工具的方法,利用ArcGIS中的模型生成器(ModelBuiler)开发了DEM及派生数据自动化生产子模块,使用该模块用户只需要输入几个必要的参数以及保存路径,就可以快速的生成DEM数据及派生的坡度、坡向和地貌晕渲图,使林业生产单位人员无需GIS知识,就可以生成所需要的地形数据。(3)采用C#+ArcGIS Engine9.3调用小班分布图、河流、道路等矢量数据以及栅格数据地貌晕渲图的方法,并采用编程的方式对各个数据层进行设置,生成了平面立体林相图,这样,就可以真实的再现了地形地貌,扩大了林相图的应用范围,充分发挥了林相图的作用。(4)以派生坡度、坡向为数据源,用ArcView的Avenue语言编程,计算出了每个小班的平均坡度值和平均坡向值,采用SQL查询语句的方式,针对森林采伐设计和更新设计的不同约束条件进行了森林主伐设计、抚育间伐设计和更新造林设计。
(四)信息化林场森林资源数据更新技术的研究：(1)根据变化检测中的像素层图像差值法的原理,以1998年和2007年的两期TM影像经过处理后,获得NDVI差值,从而获得像元的正向分布和逆向分布,并采用1993年和2004年两期的林相图数据以逆向分布为例进行验证,结果表明：采用NDVI差值法进行森林资源监测的方法是可行和必要的,这样可以为森林资源变化的重点调查提供可靠的技术支持。(2)以帽儿山林场2004年森林资源调查数据为基础,在假设森林自然生长(未进行任何采伐)的前提下,以小班为单位采用林分生长预估模型预测了帽儿山林场有林地今后10年和20年的森林蓄积和今后20年中每10年间的枯损木蓄积,结果表明：帽儿山林场在没有人类干扰的情形下,森林生态系统结构和功能稳定,而且森林资源是可持续地增长。(3)以ArcSDE9.3、SQL Server2005和ArcGIS9.3所构建的时态GIS的版本化管理的环境,以Geodatabase的面向对象的时空数据模型为森林资源数据更新模型,以小班数据的图形和属性变动为研究内容,通过使用ArcGIS的版本化管理(Versioning)的方式,可以支持多用户同时编辑小班,也可以多用户编辑多版本的小班,这样既保留了原始的小班数据,又可以更新森林资源变化的小班数据,为森林资源数据的更新提供了技术支持。
With the prompt development of information technology, the production and management mode was also infinitely changed. The foundation of forestry was forest resources, which was the start point for all kinds of forestry work. There were amount of skeleton department in forestry production, accordingly, the information-based degree was comparatively unsubstantial and the people diathesis was lowness, which was emphases and difficulty on forestry information-based in China. So, comprehensively advancing modern level for forestry production management and forest resources management were applied for quickly development demands, it also could prompt scientific management on macroscopical decision-making. Taken Mao'ershan forest farm as study area and using the inventory data of forest resources, TM images and all kinds of map (including topographic map and forest map), the interrelated techniques of forestry production management information-based were studied in this paper by adopting to theory and practice and combining with multitude software.Thus, the information-based management would be realized in forest farm, scientific level of all kinds of management would be enhanced.
This study has made progressed at following results:
(1) The vector spatial data was acquired by scanning and vectoring topographic map and forest map; after data preparing process of two period (1998and2007) TM images, including layer stack, geometric correction, radiation calibration, atmospheric correction and solar elevation angle correction, the information capacity was enhanced. Thus, the basic data were acquired for study.
(2) Taken ArcGIS9.3as development platform, c#as development language, the forestry production management system was eastablished, which had friendly interface, simplely operation and had the function of navigating and browsing spatial data, querying, measuring, saving, exporting, openning and editing attribute table. Thus, forest resources information could be browsed and analyzed, which were provided foundation for forestry production management information-based and realizing production management model technology.
(3)Based on the forestry production management system, the forestry production management model technology was studied.(a) Adopting to combine the database management method of ADO to connect Access database and adding spatial data, the forest property right information and particular plot data, the sub-model of forest property right and attached map was established. In this sub-model, the attached map of forest property right firstly could be made, then exporting picture to the interface of forest property right certificate. Secondly, the forest property right information register also could be performed, then the content could be saved to forest property right standing face, which could be browsed, edit, query and put in the interface of forest property right in the end. Thus, the laboring intension of draftsman and office worker could be reduced by adopting this model, at the same time, the precision and work efficiency also could be improved.(b) Adopting the method of c#using ArcToolBox tool and using the Model Builder tool in the software of ArcGIS, the sub-model of establishing DEM and attached data was established, in which, the several required parameters and saving path were input to the interface, then, the DEM and attached data, such as slope data, aspect data and hillshade data would be quickly product. The necessary topographic data woud be acquired without GIS knowledge by forestry productor.(c) The method of adding vector data and image data was used to establish flat solid forest map by using C#and ArcGIS Engine9.3to set layers method. Thus, the landform and physiognomy woud be truly reappearanced, the use scope of forest map also was increased, the action of forest map was adequately exerted.(4) Taken slope and aspect as data sources, average aspect value and slope value of each sub-compartment were calculated by programming Avenue language of the software ArcView. Then, designs of the forest cutting, forest thinning, and forest generation were performed by SQL query sentence and different restrictive conditions.
(4)The generation technology of forest resources was studied:(a) According to the theory of image difference method for pixels layers, taken two period of TM images as study data, the NDVI difference data was acquired, accordingly, the forword direction distribution map and reversing direction map of pixels were formed. Then, two period forest maps of1993and2004were used to validate reversing direction of pixels. The result was showed that the method of adopting NDVI difference to monitor forest resources was feasible and necessary, which could be provided credible technology support for main investigation of forest resources change.(b) Based on forest inventory data of2004, on the premise of forest nature growth, forest stand volume and dispersed tree volume of fifty years in the future were predicted by using stand growth and yield model. The result was showed that structure and function for forest ecosystem were stable and continuable growth of forest resources under no disturbance.(c) The versioning manager environment of temporal GIS was established by the software ArcSDE9.3, SQL Server2005and ArcGIS9.3, and taken Geodatabase as generation model of forest resources data, the versioning management of sub-compartment generation was studied by adopting serveral users to edit the same sub-compartment or serveral versions sub-compartment. Thus, the original sub-compartment data could be saved, or the generation data could be saved, it provided technology support for forest resources generation.
本研究取得了以下的研究成果：
(一)采用扫描矢量化的方法获得地形图、林相图等的矢量空间数据；以1998年1景和2007年2景两期TM影像经过多光谱波段组合、几何校正、辐射定标、大气校正、太阳高度角校正等预处理过程,增强了TM影像的信息量,获得了研究的基础数据。
(二)以ArcGIS Engine9.3为开发平台,以面向对象运行于NET Framework之上的高级程序设计语言C#为开发语言,研究开发了帽儿山林场林业生产经营管理系统,该系统界面友好、操作简单,实现了对空间数据浏览、查询、测量、保存、输出以及属性数据的浏览、编辑等基础地理功能,满足了对帽儿山林场的森林资源信息的查看与分析,为林业生产经营管理的信息化和信息化林场林业生产管理模块技术的研究提供了基础。
(三)在林业生产经营管理系统的基础上,进行信息化林场林业生产管理模块技术的研究。(1)采用数据库文件管理(ADO连接Access数据库)和调用空间数据相结合获取林权信息及宗地数据的方式,开发了林权证及附图制作子模块,该模块可以进行林权证附图的制作,并以图片的格式输出到林权证的界面中；其次进行林权申请登记,其申请登记的内容直接保存到林权台账中供林权台账进行浏览、编辑、查询,最后提交到林权证的界面中,制作出林权证。这样,采用该模块不仅能减轻绘图人员和办公人员的劳动强度,提高了制图精度和工作效率。(2)采用C#调用ArcToolBox的工具的方法,利用ArcGIS中的模型生成器(ModelBuiler)开发了DEM及派生数据自动化生产子模块,使用该模块用户只需要输入几个必要的参数以及保存路径,就可以快速的生成DEM数据及派生的坡度、坡向和地貌晕渲图,使林业生产单位人员无需GIS知识,就可以生成所需要的地形数据。(3)采用C#+ArcGIS Engine9.3调用小班分布图、河流、道路等矢量数据以及栅格数据地貌晕渲图的方法,并采用编程的方式对各个数据层进行设置,生成了平面立体林相图,这样,就可以真实的再现了地形地貌,扩大了林相图的应用范围,充分发挥了林相图的作用。(4)以派生坡度、坡向为数据源,用ArcView的Avenue语言编程,计算出了每个小班的平均坡度值和平均坡向值,采用SQL查询语句的方式,针对森林采伐设计和更新设计的不同约束条件进行了森林主伐设计、抚育间伐设计和更新造林设计。
(四)信息化林场森林资源数据更新技术的研究：(1)根据变化检测中的像素层图像差值法的原理,以1998年和2007年的两期TM影像经过处理后,获得NDVI差值,从而获得像元的正向分布和逆向分布,并采用1993年和2004年两期的林相图数据以逆向分布为例进行验证,结果表明：采用NDVI差值法进行森林资源监测的方法是可行和必要的,这样可以为森林资源变化的重点调查提供可靠的技术支持。(2)以帽儿山林场2004年森林资源调查数据为基础,在假设森林自然生长(未进行任何采伐)的前提下,以小班为单位采用林分生长预估模型预测了帽儿山林场有林地今后10年和20年的森林蓄积和今后20年中每10年间的枯损木蓄积,结果表明：帽儿山林场在没有人类干扰的情形下,森林生态系统结构和功能稳定,而且森林资源是可持续地增长。(3)以ArcSDE9.3、SQL Server2005和ArcGIS9.3所构建的时态GIS的版本化管理的环境,以Geodatabase的面向对象的时空数据模型为森林资源数据更新模型,以小班数据的图形和属性变动为研究内容,通过使用ArcGIS的版本化管理(Versioning)的方式,可以支持多用户同时编辑小班,也可以多用户编辑多版本的小班,这样既保留了原始的小班数据,又可以更新森林资源变化的小班数据,为森林资源数据的更新提供了技术支持。
With the prompt development of information technology, the production and management mode was also infinitely changed. The foundation of forestry was forest resources, which was the start point for all kinds of forestry work. There were amount of skeleton department in forestry production, accordingly, the information-based degree was comparatively unsubstantial and the people diathesis was lowness, which was emphases and difficulty on forestry information-based in China. So, comprehensively advancing modern level for forestry production management and forest resources management were applied for quickly development demands, it also could prompt scientific management on macroscopical decision-making. Taken Mao'ershan forest farm as study area and using the inventory data of forest resources, TM images and all kinds of map (including topographic map and forest map), the interrelated techniques of forestry production management information-based were studied in this paper by adopting to theory and practice and combining with multitude software.Thus, the information-based management would be realized in forest farm, scientific level of all kinds of management would be enhanced.
This study has made progressed at following results:
(1) The vector spatial data was acquired by scanning and vectoring topographic map and forest map; after data preparing process of two period (1998and2007) TM images, including layer stack, geometric correction, radiation calibration, atmospheric correction and solar elevation angle correction, the information capacity was enhanced. Thus, the basic data were acquired for study.
(2) Taken ArcGIS9.3as development platform, c#as development language, the forestry production management system was eastablished, which had friendly interface, simplely operation and had the function of navigating and browsing spatial data, querying, measuring, saving, exporting, openning and editing attribute table. Thus, forest resources information could be browsed and analyzed, which were provided foundation for forestry production management information-based and realizing production management model technology.
(3)Based on the forestry production management system, the forestry production management model technology was studied.(a) Adopting to combine the database management method of ADO to connect Access database and adding spatial data, the forest property right information and particular plot data, the sub-model of forest property right and attached map was established. In this sub-model, the attached map of forest property right firstly could be made, then exporting picture to the interface of forest property right certificate. Secondly, the forest property right information register also could be performed, then the content could be saved to forest property right standing face, which could be browsed, edit, query and put in the interface of forest property right in the end. Thus, the laboring intension of draftsman and office worker could be reduced by adopting this model, at the same time, the precision and work efficiency also could be improved.(b) Adopting the method of c#using ArcToolBox tool and using the Model Builder tool in the software of ArcGIS, the sub-model of establishing DEM and attached data was established, in which, the several required parameters and saving path were input to the interface, then, the DEM and attached data, such as slope data, aspect data and hillshade data would be quickly product. The necessary topographic data woud be acquired without GIS knowledge by forestry productor.(c) The method of adding vector data and image data was used to establish flat solid forest map by using C#and ArcGIS Engine9.3to set layers method. Thus, the landform and physiognomy woud be truly reappearanced, the use scope of forest map also was increased, the action of forest map was adequately exerted.(4) Taken slope and aspect as data sources, average aspect value and slope value of each sub-compartment were calculated by programming Avenue language of the software ArcView. Then, designs of the forest cutting, forest thinning, and forest generation were performed by SQL query sentence and different restrictive conditions.
(4)The generation technology of forest resources was studied:(a) According to the theory of image difference method for pixels layers, taken two period of TM images as study data, the NDVI difference data was acquired, accordingly, the forword direction distribution map and reversing direction map of pixels were formed. Then, two period forest maps of1993and2004were used to validate reversing direction of pixels. The result was showed that the method of adopting NDVI difference to monitor forest resources was feasible and necessary, which could be provided credible technology support for main investigation of forest resources change.(b) Based on forest inventory data of2004, on the premise of forest nature growth, forest stand volume and dispersed tree volume of fifty years in the future were predicted by using stand growth and yield model. The result was showed that structure and function for forest ecosystem were stable and continuable growth of forest resources under no disturbance.(c) The versioning manager environment of temporal GIS was established by the software ArcSDE9.3, SQL Server2005and ArcGIS9.3, and taken Geodatabase as generation model of forest resources data, the versioning management of sub-compartment generation was studied by adopting serveral users to edit the same sub-compartment or serveral versions sub-compartment. Thus, the original sub-compartment data could be saved, or the generation data could be saved, it provided technology support for forest resources generation.
引文
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