滇西北基于民族文化的自然保护模式研究
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摘要
在世界各国的科学发展中,面对人口、资源、环境间日益尖锐的矛盾,通过自然科学与社会科学的相互渗透与结合,研究人与自然协调发展已成为实现人类社会可持续发展的共同趋势。自然保护区管理策略,在经历强制性保护、与当地社区联合保护和以社区为基础的保护3个阶段后,明确了协调当地社区关系是影响生物多样性保护成效的关键因素,然而,也普遍遇到“难以融合生物物理因素和社会文化要素”的理论和技术瓶颈,使以社区为基础的保护策略受到质疑。因此,融合社会文化和生物物理要素,是生物多样性保护和生态系统管理的难点与关键。
云南省西北部金沙江、澜沧江和怒江三江并流区,是我国生物多样性保护和生态安全屏障建设的重点地区,也是全球优先保护的生物多样性热点地区,于2003年7月列入联合国教科文组织《世界自然遗产》名录。该地区特殊的地理位置、复杂的地形地貌和多样的气候土壤条件,孕育了丰富的生物多样性资源,其中的高黎贡山被誉为“物种基因库”。同时,滇西北也是世界上罕见的多民族、多种宗教信仰和风俗习惯并存的地区。在腹心地带建立的高黎贡山(怒江)和白马雪山2个国家级自然保护区主要涉及贡山、福贡、德钦和维西4个县,生活着以藏族、傈僳族和怒族为主的10余种少数民族。各少数民族创造了独特的、丰富多彩且自成一体的文化实践体系,与自然生态系统发生着紧密的联系,进而左右着自然保护的管理策略、方法及成效。
针对以社区为基础的自然保护策略中“难以融合生物物理因素和社会文化要素”的难题,本研究提出了以自然保护区周边少数民族社区为对象,对两类要素进行整合研究的方案；试图通过在局域尺度上的深入研究,揭示社会文化和生物物理环境的关联机制,为开展以社区为基础的自然保护提供理论依据。为此,在滇西北两个国家级自然保护区周边的邻近地区选取了12个乡镇、18个民族社区,运用生态学、社会学和系统科学交叉的跨学科研究方法,开展如下研究：(1)民族文化与自然环境关联的基础理论；(2)滇西北民族文化系统与自然生态系统的联系；(3)民族文化系统与自然生态系统关联的关键节点；(4)基于民族文化的自然保护理论模型。并对研究成果的初步应用进行了分析。
结果显示：(1)民族文化源于特定地域民族人群认识、改造和适应自然环境的过程,其产生与形成、演化与发展,同时受到民族人群自身和自然环境条件的影响及约束。基于文化和民族文化的广义概念构建的民族文化系统,包括精神、制度和物质3个层面,其间的调控机制是民族社区人群与自然环境相互作用的基础,也是开展基于民族文化的自然保护的前提。(2)包含8个植被型、13个亚型和57个群系的地表植被,是承载滇西北生物多样性和民族文化的自然生态系统；而包含3个分布型和4个分布亚型的少数民族社区,与区内的自然生态系统之间存在紧密空间联系和功能性连结。(3)以土地和森林为主的自然资源传统利用,是民族文化系统和自然生态系统之间的关键节点,一方面支撑着民族聚落的社会经济发展,另一方面影响着自然生态系统的结构功能；关键节点具有连结类型、连结强度、分布范围和资源利用种类等属性特征,各节点可用频度p、强度q和面积s三个量化指标表征。(4)基于民族文化的自然保护模式,通过在民族文化系统与自然生态系统的连结上嵌入自然保护管理系统而构建,包括作用于物质层面的策略A,具体是调节活动集组分的策略AI,调节活动集结构的策略AⅡ作用于制度层面的策略M,以强化传统管理制度建设；作用于精神层面的策略S,具体是塑造核心价值体系的策略SI,促进知识经验更新的策略SII。
研究表明：开展以社区为基础的自然保护,不能只是在利益相关各方之间进行简单的协调或制衡,而是对民族文化系统进行系统调节,应在掌握系统层次结构、运行机制的基础上,仔细分析其与自然生态系统之间的关联机制,采取系统的干预策略,从整体上调节二者关系。这样,才能实现既促进社会经济发展、又有效保护生物多样性的双重目标。同时,以往对民族文化与自然保护关系的研究,能够按其所处层次纳入本研究搭建的基础框架,分析各层次研究成果的关联关系,形成相对完善的知识体系；而单一文化要素促进自然保护的思路,不仅需要考虑同一层次上不同要素间的相互作用,还要考虑与其他层次的关联关系,才能在自然保护中发挥作用。最后,对成果初步应用的分析表明,本研究的成果在民族地区的生物多样性保护和生态系统管理领域,具有一定的推广应用价值。
To tackle with increasing contradictions among population, resources, and environment, social science and physical science are more and more interpenetrated and combined in the development of sciences all over the world. This trend in the study of relationships between human and nature satisfies the sustainability of human societies. Strategies for managing protected areas have reached community-based conservation (CBC) after experiencing fortress-like protection, joint management or co-management. Local communities are recognized as a key factor of nature conservation. There are, however, both theoretical and technical bottlenecks to merge social and physical factors. CBC strategy is also questioned because of difficulties in balancing protection and development. Merging two kinds of factors becomes the key in contemporary biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management.
Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas in NW Yunnan, a global prioriety hotspot for biodiversity conservation, was listed in world natural heritages in July2003. There are very rich biodiversities in the area because of special geographic locality, complicated landforms, diverse soil and climate conditions. Mt. Gaoli-gongshan in the area was acclaimed as a gene bank of species. NW Yunnan is also a unique place that presents multi-ethnicities, multi-religions, and various custom. In the core area of NW Yunnan, there are two national nature reserves, the Gaoli-gongshan (Nujiang) Nature Reserve and the Baima-Xueshan Nature Reserve. More than10minorities, including Tibetan, Lisu, and Nu, live in Gongshan, Fugong, Deqin, and Weixi counties adjacent to nature reserves. Each of minorities has created specific and colorful cultural practice systems, through which they links to natural ecosystems. Those cultural practices in reverse influence the strategies, approaches and effectiveness of nature conservation.
To tackle with the difficulties of merging social and physical factors in implementing CBC strategy, this study proposed an approach to integrate these two factors in ethnic communities adjacent to nature reserves. The study aimed to reveal incorporating mechanisms between social culture and biophysical environment through detailed investigation, reliable computation at local scale. The outcomes were expected to provide theoretical supports for implementing CBC. In the adjacent area of two national nature reserves in NW Yunnan,12townships,18ethnic communities were chosen as study pilots. By using interdisciplinary (ecology, sociology and systems science) methods, the following aspects were carried out:1) Fundamentals of incorporating ethnic culture and natural environment;2) Spatial and functional linkages between ethnic cultural system (culsystem) and natural ecosystem;3) Key nodes of the linkages between culsystem and ecosystem; and4) Ethnic-culture-based nature conservation model. And primary applications of the results were also given in the end.
Results showed:1) Ethnic culture emerges during the processes that ethnic groups know, transform, and acclimatize natural environments. Its formation and evolution are influenced and restricted by social property in, the group and natural conditions of environment as well. Culsystem contains psychological, institutional, and material strata, among which there are controlling and regulating mechanisms.2) Natural ecosystem containing57formations in13sub-types of8vegetation types carries biodiversity and cultural diversity of NW Yunnan. Ethnic communities in3distribution types and4sub-types link closely to natural ecosystems spatially and functionally.3) Traditional uses of natural resources are key nodes between culsystem and ecosystem, each of which has its properties such as connection type, strength, size, and resources used, etc. Key nodes can be expressed in3quantitative variables, i.e., frequency (p), strength (q), and area (s).4) Ethnic-culture-based conservation model is constructed through embedding intervention strategies in the linkages of culsystem and ecosystem, which include strategy S affecting psychological stratum, strategy M acting on institutional stratum, and strategy A that acts on material stratum.
The results revealed that simply balancing interests of stakeholders as did in CBC could not really coordinate relationships between local communities and nature reserves, because what we tackle with is an ethnic culsystem. Regulating culsystem requires understanding its hierarchical structures, running mechanism, and its linkages with natural ecosystems. In this sense, systematic intervention needs to be adopted, so that the relations between two systems can be regulated entirely. Moreover, previous ethnic culture studies can be placed into the fundamental framework created in this study according to their properties. Such may help to incorporate unrelated findings achieved at discrete strata, so as to form integral knowledge about ethnic culture and nature conservation. The results also suggested that studies on mono-element of culsystem should take other elements at the same stratum, as well as elements at other strata in account. At last, primary application showed that the results are applicable in biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management in particular in ethnic regions.
云南省西北部金沙江、澜沧江和怒江三江并流区,是我国生物多样性保护和生态安全屏障建设的重点地区,也是全球优先保护的生物多样性热点地区,于2003年7月列入联合国教科文组织《世界自然遗产》名录。该地区特殊的地理位置、复杂的地形地貌和多样的气候土壤条件,孕育了丰富的生物多样性资源,其中的高黎贡山被誉为“物种基因库”。同时,滇西北也是世界上罕见的多民族、多种宗教信仰和风俗习惯并存的地区。在腹心地带建立的高黎贡山(怒江)和白马雪山2个国家级自然保护区主要涉及贡山、福贡、德钦和维西4个县,生活着以藏族、傈僳族和怒族为主的10余种少数民族。各少数民族创造了独特的、丰富多彩且自成一体的文化实践体系,与自然生态系统发生着紧密的联系,进而左右着自然保护的管理策略、方法及成效。
针对以社区为基础的自然保护策略中“难以融合生物物理因素和社会文化要素”的难题,本研究提出了以自然保护区周边少数民族社区为对象,对两类要素进行整合研究的方案；试图通过在局域尺度上的深入研究,揭示社会文化和生物物理环境的关联机制,为开展以社区为基础的自然保护提供理论依据。为此,在滇西北两个国家级自然保护区周边的邻近地区选取了12个乡镇、18个民族社区,运用生态学、社会学和系统科学交叉的跨学科研究方法,开展如下研究：(1)民族文化与自然环境关联的基础理论；(2)滇西北民族文化系统与自然生态系统的联系；(3)民族文化系统与自然生态系统关联的关键节点；(4)基于民族文化的自然保护理论模型。并对研究成果的初步应用进行了分析。
结果显示：(1)民族文化源于特定地域民族人群认识、改造和适应自然环境的过程,其产生与形成、演化与发展,同时受到民族人群自身和自然环境条件的影响及约束。基于文化和民族文化的广义概念构建的民族文化系统,包括精神、制度和物质3个层面,其间的调控机制是民族社区人群与自然环境相互作用的基础,也是开展基于民族文化的自然保护的前提。(2)包含8个植被型、13个亚型和57个群系的地表植被,是承载滇西北生物多样性和民族文化的自然生态系统；而包含3个分布型和4个分布亚型的少数民族社区,与区内的自然生态系统之间存在紧密空间联系和功能性连结。(3)以土地和森林为主的自然资源传统利用,是民族文化系统和自然生态系统之间的关键节点,一方面支撑着民族聚落的社会经济发展,另一方面影响着自然生态系统的结构功能；关键节点具有连结类型、连结强度、分布范围和资源利用种类等属性特征,各节点可用频度p、强度q和面积s三个量化指标表征。(4)基于民族文化的自然保护模式,通过在民族文化系统与自然生态系统的连结上嵌入自然保护管理系统而构建,包括作用于物质层面的策略A,具体是调节活动集组分的策略AI,调节活动集结构的策略AⅡ作用于制度层面的策略M,以强化传统管理制度建设；作用于精神层面的策略S,具体是塑造核心价值体系的策略SI,促进知识经验更新的策略SII。
研究表明：开展以社区为基础的自然保护,不能只是在利益相关各方之间进行简单的协调或制衡,而是对民族文化系统进行系统调节,应在掌握系统层次结构、运行机制的基础上,仔细分析其与自然生态系统之间的关联机制,采取系统的干预策略,从整体上调节二者关系。这样,才能实现既促进社会经济发展、又有效保护生物多样性的双重目标。同时,以往对民族文化与自然保护关系的研究,能够按其所处层次纳入本研究搭建的基础框架,分析各层次研究成果的关联关系,形成相对完善的知识体系；而单一文化要素促进自然保护的思路,不仅需要考虑同一层次上不同要素间的相互作用,还要考虑与其他层次的关联关系,才能在自然保护中发挥作用。最后,对成果初步应用的分析表明,本研究的成果在民族地区的生物多样性保护和生态系统管理领域,具有一定的推广应用价值。
To tackle with increasing contradictions among population, resources, and environment, social science and physical science are more and more interpenetrated and combined in the development of sciences all over the world. This trend in the study of relationships between human and nature satisfies the sustainability of human societies. Strategies for managing protected areas have reached community-based conservation (CBC) after experiencing fortress-like protection, joint management or co-management. Local communities are recognized as a key factor of nature conservation. There are, however, both theoretical and technical bottlenecks to merge social and physical factors. CBC strategy is also questioned because of difficulties in balancing protection and development. Merging two kinds of factors becomes the key in contemporary biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management.
Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas in NW Yunnan, a global prioriety hotspot for biodiversity conservation, was listed in world natural heritages in July2003. There are very rich biodiversities in the area because of special geographic locality, complicated landforms, diverse soil and climate conditions. Mt. Gaoli-gongshan in the area was acclaimed as a gene bank of species. NW Yunnan is also a unique place that presents multi-ethnicities, multi-religions, and various custom. In the core area of NW Yunnan, there are two national nature reserves, the Gaoli-gongshan (Nujiang) Nature Reserve and the Baima-Xueshan Nature Reserve. More than10minorities, including Tibetan, Lisu, and Nu, live in Gongshan, Fugong, Deqin, and Weixi counties adjacent to nature reserves. Each of minorities has created specific and colorful cultural practice systems, through which they links to natural ecosystems. Those cultural practices in reverse influence the strategies, approaches and effectiveness of nature conservation.
To tackle with the difficulties of merging social and physical factors in implementing CBC strategy, this study proposed an approach to integrate these two factors in ethnic communities adjacent to nature reserves. The study aimed to reveal incorporating mechanisms between social culture and biophysical environment through detailed investigation, reliable computation at local scale. The outcomes were expected to provide theoretical supports for implementing CBC. In the adjacent area of two national nature reserves in NW Yunnan,12townships,18ethnic communities were chosen as study pilots. By using interdisciplinary (ecology, sociology and systems science) methods, the following aspects were carried out:1) Fundamentals of incorporating ethnic culture and natural environment;2) Spatial and functional linkages between ethnic cultural system (culsystem) and natural ecosystem;3) Key nodes of the linkages between culsystem and ecosystem; and4) Ethnic-culture-based nature conservation model. And primary applications of the results were also given in the end.
Results showed:1) Ethnic culture emerges during the processes that ethnic groups know, transform, and acclimatize natural environments. Its formation and evolution are influenced and restricted by social property in, the group and natural conditions of environment as well. Culsystem contains psychological, institutional, and material strata, among which there are controlling and regulating mechanisms.2) Natural ecosystem containing57formations in13sub-types of8vegetation types carries biodiversity and cultural diversity of NW Yunnan. Ethnic communities in3distribution types and4sub-types link closely to natural ecosystems spatially and functionally.3) Traditional uses of natural resources are key nodes between culsystem and ecosystem, each of which has its properties such as connection type, strength, size, and resources used, etc. Key nodes can be expressed in3quantitative variables, i.e., frequency (p), strength (q), and area (s).4) Ethnic-culture-based conservation model is constructed through embedding intervention strategies in the linkages of culsystem and ecosystem, which include strategy S affecting psychological stratum, strategy M acting on institutional stratum, and strategy A that acts on material stratum.
The results revealed that simply balancing interests of stakeholders as did in CBC could not really coordinate relationships between local communities and nature reserves, because what we tackle with is an ethnic culsystem. Regulating culsystem requires understanding its hierarchical structures, running mechanism, and its linkages with natural ecosystems. In this sense, systematic intervention needs to be adopted, so that the relations between two systems can be regulated entirely. Moreover, previous ethnic culture studies can be placed into the fundamental framework created in this study according to their properties. Such may help to incorporate unrelated findings achieved at discrete strata, so as to form integral knowledge about ethnic culture and nature conservation. The results also suggested that studies on mono-element of culsystem should take other elements at the same stratum, as well as elements at other strata in account. At last, primary application showed that the results are applicable in biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management in particular in ethnic regions.
引文
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