森林健康基本理论及评价方法研究
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摘要
本研究依托中美森林健康试验示范区建设,结合大量的国内外文献分析,从中观和宏观角度,采用逻辑推理与实证分析、定性分析与定量分析、生态学和其他学科相结合等方法,讨论了森林属性的历史演变和现代健康观,对森林健康进行了重新的定义,首次尝试建立了基于中国林情的森林健康基本理论体系,构建了森林健康的评价方法,结合文献研究对城市森林、农田防护林、马尾松林、笋用雷竹林的健康评价进行了理论验证,并通过江西信丰崇墩沟流域森林健康评价进行了案例分析。得到的主要结论有:
     1.森林不仅具有环境属性和资源属性,更重要的是在现代社会中具有基础设施的属性,并表现为某种特殊的“结构体”。
     2.森林健康具有自然-社会复合性、非线性、多维性、动态平衡性等属性。
     3.中国森林健康的主要干扰为:人为干扰无林地转变为有林地、经营环节缺失、包括木材和林地占用等需求增加在内的高利用压力、受物流规模扩大和污染程度提高导致的高暴露风险、气候变化和高度社会关注。
     4.中国的森林健康理论的研究基础必须立足于恢复过程中的森林健康、结构重构和调整的森林健康、高生态风险的森林健康、高利用压力的森林健康。
     5.构建了包括森林健康属性、基础理论、主要干扰、评价方法在内的中国森林健康基本理论,并给出了森林健康的定义,即:森林作为一个结构体,在提供必要生态服务功能的同时保持其良好存在和更新的能力和状态。
     6.针对森林健康评价对象的特点,提出了要素评价法和症状/功能评价法两个理论评价模型。其中,要素评价法主要针对结构相对简单或小尺度的森林生态系统,通过评价森林主要树种或结构的适宜性、安全性、稳定性和连续性,判断森林的健康状况。症状功能评价法主要是针对复杂度高或大尺度森林健康的评价。
     7.引进美国等国家评价森林健康的指标体系,包括森林生产力、生物多样性、森林健康与活力、水源涵养、土壤保持、森林碳循环等六类23项指标。
     8.提出了健康程度和健康趋势的概念及应用条件。并将健康程度进一步区分为确定性健康程度和不确定性健康程度。对于确定性健康程度建议分为健康、亚健康、不健康3级。对于恢复过程中的森林,研究认为其健康评价更适合采取健康趋势的概念。
     9.在对城市森林、农田防护林、马尾松林、笋用雷竹林以及江西信丰崇墩沟流域
    森林健康进行评价分析的基础上,认为在森林生态系统“白化”后,定性地评价健康与否并非很困难的事情,对于比较复杂的森林生态系统,虽然可以定性地确定森林健康程度,但主要应通过连续监测评价其健康趋势。
Based on the Sino-US Forest Health Cooperation Program, along with review on lots of foreign and domestic literatures, the historical trends of attributes of forest and the concept of health in the modern society are discussed and the concept of forest health is redefined, combining the methods of logic discursion with demonstration analysis, qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis and the ecology with other related science from point view of macro and middle scope aspects. This paper tries to develop the theoretical system of forest health based on the situation of China's forestry for the first time and build assessment approaches on forest health. Combining the literature review, forest health appraisal of urban forests, shelter forests of farm land, Masson pine forests and Bamboo forests of Phyllostachys praecox f. preveynalis for bamboo shoots are validated theoretically. A case study on forest health assessment is conducted on Chongdungou of Jiangxi Province. The main conclusions are as follows:
    1. The forests are of not only environmental and resource attributes, but also the ecological infrastructure in modern society, which is more important and expresses some special structure.
    2. Forest health is characterized by complexity of nature and society, non-linear, multi-dimensional and dynamically stable properties.
    3.The disturbances of forest health in China includes the conversion of barren land to forest dominated by human beings, lack of silviculture operations, increasing pressure of forest utilization requirement, such as timber demand and encroachment of forest land, high risk of exposure caused by domestic and international trade and severe pollution, climate change and intensive public attention.
    4. Theoretical research on China's forest health must be based on the situation of process of forest restoration, restructuring of forest landscape, high ecological risks and high pressure of utilization.
    5. The forest health fundamental theory has been developed, which includes the attributes of forest health, supporting theories, main disturbances and assessment methods. The concept of forest health is defined as the condition and productivity of forest to supply the necessary ecological service whilst maintaining healthy growth and vitality to regenerate.
    6. Two preliminary theoretical models for forest health assessment have been developed according to the characteristics of appraisal object. The key element method is suitable to assess the forest ecosystem with relative simple structure or in small scale by assessing the suitability, safety, stabilization and succession of advantageous tree species and forest structures. The Symptom/Service approach is suitable for assessing the forests with more complex structure or in large scale.
    7. Criteria of forest health used in USA and other developed countries, containing 23 criteria categorized into forest productivity, biodiversity, forest health and vitality, soil conservation, water conservation, and carbon cycle, are introduced.
    8. Concept and application terms of forest health condition and forest health trend are put forward. And forest health condition is further divided into certainty health condition, which includes healthy, inferior-healthy and unhealthy, and uncertainty health condition. For the forest health assessment of forest restoration, it is more suitable of using forest health trend according to the study.
    9. Based on the assessment of urban forest, shelter forest of farmland, Masson pine forest, Bamboo forest of Phyllostachys praecox f. preveynalis for bamboo shoots, and the case study in Chongdungou of Xinfeng county, Jiangxi province, this paper concludes that forest health assessment is not very hard by qualitative assessment after the better understanding of the forest ecosystem. It's capable of qualitative assessing forest health in a relative complex forest ecosystem, but can find the trend by continuous monitoring.
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