基于区域差异的产业生态化路径选择研究
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摘要
源于自然生态系统中的“代谢(Metabolism)"理论的启示,以产业系统的生态隐喻(ecological metaphor)为基础,产业生态学逐步形成了“产业代谢(industrial metabolism)"、“产业生态系统(eco-industrial system)"等重要理论,并出现了以生态工业园为主要载体的实践方式。很多学者从多个角度对以生态隐喻为基础的产业生态理论提出质疑,在实践中,产业生态也陷入理论与现实难以有机融合的种种困境。本文认为,困境产生的根本原因有两点：首先,对产业生态内涵的认识存在误区,即基于生态学理论与方法,产业模仿生态所建构的产业生态系统,其稳定性、经济可行性及资源环境问题控制效果等均有待深入考察,同时孤立的共生系统研究对产业系统与自然生态大系统之间存在的互动关系缺乏深刻认识；其次,产业生态从理论走向实践,热衷于搭建产业生态链条,对区域差异性的忽视往往导致产业生态化路径选择与区域资源环境发生错位。
在前期研究成果的基础上,本论文在如下四方面进行了创新拓展：
第一,从“模仿”到“互动”的产业生态化内涵新解,建构二维分析框架生态的本意是生物与其环境间相互关系,产业系统是自然生态系统的子系统,二者共同构成环境——经济大系统。对产业生态化内涵的理解应为“产业经济发展与资源环境的互动协调”。以资源环境与经济复合的生态效率为基础,本文建构包括资源环境与产业发展的二维分析框架。新意具体体现在：(1)从“模仿”到“互动”,基于大系统观,深刻认识产业生态化内涵的本质,突破“模仿”内涵偏重自然科学的局限性；(2)以复合生态效率为基础的二维分析框架,将物质流与价值流结合起来,突破了目前产业生态化研究与实践较为偏重单一技术分析方法的局限性,为解决规模限制难题提供了现实着力点。
第二,研究视角的创新——以区域差异性为切入点,为产业生态化从理论走向实践提供有益思路
从区域差异性视角出发,区域包括我国省级区域层面和国家区域层面,差异性包括区域资源环境和产业发展两个维度,合二为一——基于区域差异的产业生态化路径选择。这一视角选择的重要意义体现在：破解从生态学角度的生态隐喻困境,打破经济学角度的“无维度仙境”。将区域差异性作为联系生态学与经济学研究的纽带,基于资源环境与产业发展两个维度,在不同区域层面上考察其耦合性及相互影响,弥补当前产业生态化在经济学理论基础研究薄弱的不足。
第三,分析路径的创新——从二维互动分析到区域产业生态差异化路径选择的演绎
依据“不同地区→不同的资源环境基础→不同的产业发展阶段、产业发展结构及微观产业选择→不同的资源环境需求与资源环境问题”这一主线,解析典型区域资源环境维度与产业发展维度的差异,识别不同区域发展产业生态化的目标因素与控制指标,进而向产业生态化发展路径选择模式演绎的分析路径。其新意表现为三点：(1)为产业生态化研究提供了一个系统的分析思路,也为产业生态化从理论走向实践提出了一条可行的途径。(2)运用路径分析回归统计方法检验各个典型区域资源环境与产业发展相互影响作用关系,克服以往相关研究单一性的缺点,可望丰富产业生态化及可持续发展等相关理论与方法。(3)不仅为我国产业生态化发展战略提供了较为翔实的数据资料支撑,也清晰地展示了不同地区发展产业生态化的差异性基础。
第四,提出基于区域差异的产业生态化路径选择模式
本文从目标导向、重点领域等方面提出甘肃与贵州两省的“资源环境促经济”模式、江苏与广东两省的“经济促环境”模式及辽宁与山西两省的“资源与经济互促”模式的产业生态化路径选择的差异性战略。在既依靠产业“重型化”发展实现经济迅速腾飞,又依靠产业“生态化”发展缓解资源环境压力的国情背景下,提出不同于发达国家的我国产业生态化实践模式,使产业生态化理论实现“本土化”,更好地服务于可持续发展实践。
Industrial Ecology (IE) theories consist of industrial metabolism, eco-industrial system and so on, most of which are inspiring from biological metabolism of ecological system, and Eco-Industrial Park is the most common mode of IE applications. IE is so usually regarded as basing on ecological metaphor, on which many scholars have showed passive discussions, and also IE has gotten into the diploma that theory and practice cannot be combined very well. This dissertation proposes that there are two reasons leading to the diploma:(1) it is not proper to define IE by copying the ecological theories and methods, the eco-industrial chain or system is still isolated from the bigger system of ecology. (2) Only high spirits on designing eco-industrial chain during the process of IE theory to application cannot get to a good solution of environmental problems with neglecting the regional differences of environmental condition and industrial development.
This dissertation tries to develop IE from four aspects:
Firstly, define a new concept for IE from copying to interacting; establish a framework from two dimensions.
The original concept of ecology means the interaction between biology and its environment. So, the accurate definition of IE should be "the interaction of industrial development and the ecological environment". Basing on ecological efficiency which combines the economy and environment, this dissertation establishes a framework from two dimensions of industrial development and resource-environment. There are two innovations comparing to the former researches, (1) the concept of interaction, grounds on higher aim than the concept of copying ecological system, changes the IE application mode of waste recycle and pollution disposal, and fully understand the dual impacts of industries to natural environment; (2) framework with two dimensions has combined the physical material flow and the economic money flow, which overcomes the shortcomings of physical analysis method and provide a landing point for ecological scale restriction.
Secondly, regional difference is a new view for IE research, and it will be much helpful for the applications of IE.
Region, including the provincial region in China and the national region of China; difference, including the two dimensions of industry and environment, and finally the two together for the tile of this dissertation-Mode choosing of IE applications basing on regional differences. The view of regional differences is a coupling of ecology and economy, which will break the diploma of ecological metaphor and the fairyland of economy and fill up the default of weak economic theories in IE research.
Thirdly, the deduction from interaction of two dimensions to the regional IE application mode is a new research line of IE.
Along with the line of "different regions→different environmental conditions→different industrial development→different environmental problems", analyze the different restricted factors from industry and environment, and deduct the proper mode for regional IE development. The new research line may produce three innovations comparing to the former researches, (1) provide a systematic framework for IE research, and suggest a effective way for IE theory applied into practice; (2) the method of statistical path for the test of interaction between regional industrial development and environmental quality is advanced to the former single research, and it will contribute to the progress of IE and sustainable development; (3) provide full and accurate data for IE development in China, and show clearly the differences of regional foundations.
Finally, form different modes for IE applications in different regions.
This dissertation finally forms three typical modes for IE applications in different regions:(1) Gansu and Guizhou, mode of "resource-environment promoting economy"; (2) Jiangsu and Guangdong, mode of "economy promoting environment"; (3) Liaoning and Shanxi, mode of "interaction of resource and economy". According to the background of "heavy industrial structure promoting economic growth" and "industrial ecology lightening the environmental press", this dissertation gives some suggestions for the native application of IE in China.
在前期研究成果的基础上,本论文在如下四方面进行了创新拓展：
第一,从“模仿”到“互动”的产业生态化内涵新解,建构二维分析框架生态的本意是生物与其环境间相互关系,产业系统是自然生态系统的子系统,二者共同构成环境——经济大系统。对产业生态化内涵的理解应为“产业经济发展与资源环境的互动协调”。以资源环境与经济复合的生态效率为基础,本文建构包括资源环境与产业发展的二维分析框架。新意具体体现在：(1)从“模仿”到“互动”,基于大系统观,深刻认识产业生态化内涵的本质,突破“模仿”内涵偏重自然科学的局限性；(2)以复合生态效率为基础的二维分析框架,将物质流与价值流结合起来,突破了目前产业生态化研究与实践较为偏重单一技术分析方法的局限性,为解决规模限制难题提供了现实着力点。
第二,研究视角的创新——以区域差异性为切入点,为产业生态化从理论走向实践提供有益思路
从区域差异性视角出发,区域包括我国省级区域层面和国家区域层面,差异性包括区域资源环境和产业发展两个维度,合二为一——基于区域差异的产业生态化路径选择。这一视角选择的重要意义体现在：破解从生态学角度的生态隐喻困境,打破经济学角度的“无维度仙境”。将区域差异性作为联系生态学与经济学研究的纽带,基于资源环境与产业发展两个维度,在不同区域层面上考察其耦合性及相互影响,弥补当前产业生态化在经济学理论基础研究薄弱的不足。
第三,分析路径的创新——从二维互动分析到区域产业生态差异化路径选择的演绎
依据“不同地区→不同的资源环境基础→不同的产业发展阶段、产业发展结构及微观产业选择→不同的资源环境需求与资源环境问题”这一主线,解析典型区域资源环境维度与产业发展维度的差异,识别不同区域发展产业生态化的目标因素与控制指标,进而向产业生态化发展路径选择模式演绎的分析路径。其新意表现为三点：(1)为产业生态化研究提供了一个系统的分析思路,也为产业生态化从理论走向实践提出了一条可行的途径。(2)运用路径分析回归统计方法检验各个典型区域资源环境与产业发展相互影响作用关系,克服以往相关研究单一性的缺点,可望丰富产业生态化及可持续发展等相关理论与方法。(3)不仅为我国产业生态化发展战略提供了较为翔实的数据资料支撑,也清晰地展示了不同地区发展产业生态化的差异性基础。
第四,提出基于区域差异的产业生态化路径选择模式
本文从目标导向、重点领域等方面提出甘肃与贵州两省的“资源环境促经济”模式、江苏与广东两省的“经济促环境”模式及辽宁与山西两省的“资源与经济互促”模式的产业生态化路径选择的差异性战略。在既依靠产业“重型化”发展实现经济迅速腾飞,又依靠产业“生态化”发展缓解资源环境压力的国情背景下,提出不同于发达国家的我国产业生态化实践模式,使产业生态化理论实现“本土化”,更好地服务于可持续发展实践。
Industrial Ecology (IE) theories consist of industrial metabolism, eco-industrial system and so on, most of which are inspiring from biological metabolism of ecological system, and Eco-Industrial Park is the most common mode of IE applications. IE is so usually regarded as basing on ecological metaphor, on which many scholars have showed passive discussions, and also IE has gotten into the diploma that theory and practice cannot be combined very well. This dissertation proposes that there are two reasons leading to the diploma:(1) it is not proper to define IE by copying the ecological theories and methods, the eco-industrial chain or system is still isolated from the bigger system of ecology. (2) Only high spirits on designing eco-industrial chain during the process of IE theory to application cannot get to a good solution of environmental problems with neglecting the regional differences of environmental condition and industrial development.
This dissertation tries to develop IE from four aspects:
Firstly, define a new concept for IE from copying to interacting; establish a framework from two dimensions.
The original concept of ecology means the interaction between biology and its environment. So, the accurate definition of IE should be "the interaction of industrial development and the ecological environment". Basing on ecological efficiency which combines the economy and environment, this dissertation establishes a framework from two dimensions of industrial development and resource-environment. There are two innovations comparing to the former researches, (1) the concept of interaction, grounds on higher aim than the concept of copying ecological system, changes the IE application mode of waste recycle and pollution disposal, and fully understand the dual impacts of industries to natural environment; (2) framework with two dimensions has combined the physical material flow and the economic money flow, which overcomes the shortcomings of physical analysis method and provide a landing point for ecological scale restriction.
Secondly, regional difference is a new view for IE research, and it will be much helpful for the applications of IE.
Region, including the provincial region in China and the national region of China; difference, including the two dimensions of industry and environment, and finally the two together for the tile of this dissertation-Mode choosing of IE applications basing on regional differences. The view of regional differences is a coupling of ecology and economy, which will break the diploma of ecological metaphor and the fairyland of economy and fill up the default of weak economic theories in IE research.
Thirdly, the deduction from interaction of two dimensions to the regional IE application mode is a new research line of IE.
Along with the line of "different regions→different environmental conditions→different industrial development→different environmental problems", analyze the different restricted factors from industry and environment, and deduct the proper mode for regional IE development. The new research line may produce three innovations comparing to the former researches, (1) provide a systematic framework for IE research, and suggest a effective way for IE theory applied into practice; (2) the method of statistical path for the test of interaction between regional industrial development and environmental quality is advanced to the former single research, and it will contribute to the progress of IE and sustainable development; (3) provide full and accurate data for IE development in China, and show clearly the differences of regional foundations.
Finally, form different modes for IE applications in different regions.
This dissertation finally forms three typical modes for IE applications in different regions:(1) Gansu and Guizhou, mode of "resource-environment promoting economy"; (2) Jiangsu and Guangdong, mode of "economy promoting environment"; (3) Liaoning and Shanxi, mode of "interaction of resource and economy". According to the background of "heavy industrial structure promoting economic growth" and "industrial ecology lightening the environmental press", this dissertation gives some suggestions for the native application of IE in China.
引文
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