细叶百合的生殖生态学研究
|
摘要
细叶百合(Lilium pumilum DC．)花色鲜红，植株高矮适中，具有较强的抗病、抗热及耐盐碱能力，是百合抗性育种不可缺少的亲本。本研究以哈尔滨市东北林业大学花圃不同环境中栽培的2～4年生细叶百合及大庆草原的野生细叶百合为研究对象。
研究结果表明，栽培的2年生细叶百合只有13.55％的植株进入生殖阶段，3年生以上的植株全部能开花；细叶百合的繁育系统以异交为主，部分自交，需要传粉者；相对生殖成功率与植株年龄呈正相关，2年生细叶百合全光条件下的相对生殖成功率是林下的7.5倍；细叶百合无多父本效应，单一父本所得种子活力较高；雌蕊先熟，在开花前五天柱头即有可授性；自花授粉的座果率为自然授粉的1／2；毛百合(L.dauricum)及松叶百合(L.cernum)的花粉对细叶百合的生殖有极强的干扰作用。
传粉昆虫主要为蝶类和蜂类，不同生境、不同年份传粉昆虫的种类有一定差异，其中小齿淡脉隧蜂(Megachile willoughbiella)的传粉活动最为活跃；花蜜分泌高峰与昆虫访花高峰协调一致；气象条件影响访花昆虫的种类、频率和行为；昆虫访花频率与空气温度、光照强度呈正相关，与空气湿度呈负相关。
哈尔滨全光下开花植株各器官生物量生殖分配平均值由大到小的顺序为：鳞茎(59.56％)〉叶(13.03％)〉茎(12.63％)〉生殖器官(9.09％)〉根(5.69％)；哈尔滨林下开花植株各器官生物量生殖分配平均值由大到小的／顷序为鳞茎(52.02％)>茎(17.73％)>叶(17.39％)〉根(7.70％)>生殖器官(5.13％)；大庆野生环境下开花植株各器官生物量生殖分配平均值由大到小的顺序为鳞茎(73.92％)〉茎(12.52％)〉叶(8.80％)〉根(2.77％)〉生殖器官(1.83％)；哈尔滨全光下植株各器官在整个生长季全氮含量平均值由大到小的顺序为叶(2.19％)〉生殖器官(1.50％)〉鳞茎(1.16％)〉根(1.03％)〉茎(0.99％)；各器官在整个生长季全磷含量平均值由大到小的顺序为生殖器官(0.0322％)〉鳞茎(0.0316％)〉茎(0.0287％)〉根(0.0266％)〉叶(0.0264％)；茎、叶中全氮与全磷含量季节变化呈显著正相关；生殖器官中全氮与全磷季节变化呈极显著正相关。
2年生细叶百合种子的萌发适温为20℃，对光照不敏感；3年生种子的萌发适宜条件为光照20℃，种子萌发完全的时间与光照强度成正比；野生细叶百合种子萌发的适宜温度为20℃，光照对种子萌发有抑制作用；隔年陈种子萌发率没有下降，25℃时萌发率高，弱光能提高种子萌发率。
栽培条件下，细叶百合自然产生小鳞茎的植株不超过植株总数的12.13％；25℃避光是鳞片扦插生小鳞茎的最适条件；中层、外层鳞片生小鳞茎的数量多于内层鳞片。
Lilium pumilum,Which has scarlet flowers,moderate height,as well as ability of resistance of disease,heat and salt,is a main parent of resistance breeding of lily. 24 year-old L. pumilum cultivated in different environment in Northeast forestry university in Harbin and wild L. pumilum in Daqing are studied in this paper.
The study shows that (1) there are only 13.55 percent of cultivated 2-year-old L. pumilum developing into reproductive stage and all above 3-year-old L. pumilum are flowered;(2) the breeding system of L. pumilum is mainly outcrossing,and party incrossing,in both of which pollinators are needed;(3) L. pumilum no multi-paternal effect shows in L. pumilum,where the seeds from single-paternity cross have relatively high activity;(4) pistil mature earlier,whose chapter shows pollination 5 days before blooming ;(5) the rate of mature is half as high as natural crossing;(6) pollen of L. dauricum and Lcernum has strong inference with on the reproduction of L. pumilum.
Pollination insects are mainly butterfly and bee. The kinds of insects are different under different environment and year,between which Lasioglossun denticotte has the strongest pollination activity. The peak time that insects secrete honey is consistent with that of insects' visit to flower. Climate also has influence on which kind of flower,how soon and how insects visit flowers the frequency of insects' visit is positively related with air temperature,and negatively related with air humidity.
The average distribution of each organ in the flowering plants in Harbin is listed in turn:scale stem (59.56%)>leaf(13.03%)>stem(12.63%)>reproductive organ (9.09%)>root(5.69%);The average distribution of each organ in the flowering plants under tree in Harbin is listed in turn;scale stem(52.02%)>stem( 17.73%)>leaf( 17.39%)>root(7.70%)>reproductive organ (5.13%);The average distribution of each organ in the flowering plants in nature in Daqing is listed in turn:scale stem (73.92%)>stem (12.52%)>leaf (8.80%)>root (2.77%)>reproductive organ (1.83%);The average distribution of each organ in the level of full nitrogen in Harbin is listed in turn :leaf (2.19%)>reproductive organ (1.5%)>scale stem (1.16%)>root (1.03%)>stem (0.99%);The average distribution of each organ in level of full phosphor in full sun in Harbin is listed in turn:reproductive organ (0.0322%)>scale stem (0.0316%)>stem (0.0287%)>root (0.0266%)>leaf (0.0264%) ;the level of full nitrogen and full phosphor in stems and leaves are markedly positively
related with season.
Seeds of 2-year-old L. pumilum are suitable to bourgeoned at 20,which are not sensitive to light;3-year-old are suitable to bourgeoned at 20,which are linked with light.;Seeds of L. pumilum in nature are suitable to bourgeoned at 20,which are restrained with light;Every-other-tear seeds of I. pumilum are suitable to bourgeoned at 25 ,which are raised by light;and its germination rate doesn't influence.
As cultivated,the total number of L.pumilum which can develop small scale stem spontaneously is less than 12.3% of the total plants. The optimal condition for growth of small
scale stem is 25 and sunshine-free. Moreover,the number of little bulb is linked with the position of scale stern.
研究结果表明，栽培的2年生细叶百合只有13.55％的植株进入生殖阶段，3年生以上的植株全部能开花；细叶百合的繁育系统以异交为主，部分自交，需要传粉者；相对生殖成功率与植株年龄呈正相关，2年生细叶百合全光条件下的相对生殖成功率是林下的7.5倍；细叶百合无多父本效应，单一父本所得种子活力较高；雌蕊先熟，在开花前五天柱头即有可授性；自花授粉的座果率为自然授粉的1／2；毛百合(L.dauricum)及松叶百合(L.cernum)的花粉对细叶百合的生殖有极强的干扰作用。
传粉昆虫主要为蝶类和蜂类，不同生境、不同年份传粉昆虫的种类有一定差异，其中小齿淡脉隧蜂(Megachile willoughbiella)的传粉活动最为活跃；花蜜分泌高峰与昆虫访花高峰协调一致；气象条件影响访花昆虫的种类、频率和行为；昆虫访花频率与空气温度、光照强度呈正相关，与空气湿度呈负相关。
哈尔滨全光下开花植株各器官生物量生殖分配平均值由大到小的顺序为：鳞茎(59.56％)〉叶(13.03％)〉茎(12.63％)〉生殖器官(9.09％)〉根(5.69％)；哈尔滨林下开花植株各器官生物量生殖分配平均值由大到小的／顷序为鳞茎(52.02％)>茎(17.73％)>叶(17.39％)〉根(7.70％)>生殖器官(5.13％)；大庆野生环境下开花植株各器官生物量生殖分配平均值由大到小的顺序为鳞茎(73.92％)〉茎(12.52％)〉叶(8.80％)〉根(2.77％)〉生殖器官(1.83％)；哈尔滨全光下植株各器官在整个生长季全氮含量平均值由大到小的顺序为叶(2.19％)〉生殖器官(1.50％)〉鳞茎(1.16％)〉根(1.03％)〉茎(0.99％)；各器官在整个生长季全磷含量平均值由大到小的顺序为生殖器官(0.0322％)〉鳞茎(0.0316％)〉茎(0.0287％)〉根(0.0266％)〉叶(0.0264％)；茎、叶中全氮与全磷含量季节变化呈显著正相关；生殖器官中全氮与全磷季节变化呈极显著正相关。
2年生细叶百合种子的萌发适温为20℃，对光照不敏感；3年生种子的萌发适宜条件为光照20℃，种子萌发完全的时间与光照强度成正比；野生细叶百合种子萌发的适宜温度为20℃，光照对种子萌发有抑制作用；隔年陈种子萌发率没有下降，25℃时萌发率高，弱光能提高种子萌发率。
栽培条件下，细叶百合自然产生小鳞茎的植株不超过植株总数的12.13％；25℃避光是鳞片扦插生小鳞茎的最适条件；中层、外层鳞片生小鳞茎的数量多于内层鳞片。
Lilium pumilum,Which has scarlet flowers,moderate height,as well as ability of resistance of disease,heat and salt,is a main parent of resistance breeding of lily. 24 year-old L. pumilum cultivated in different environment in Northeast forestry university in Harbin and wild L. pumilum in Daqing are studied in this paper.
The study shows that (1) there are only 13.55 percent of cultivated 2-year-old L. pumilum developing into reproductive stage and all above 3-year-old L. pumilum are flowered;(2) the breeding system of L. pumilum is mainly outcrossing,and party incrossing,in both of which pollinators are needed;(3) L. pumilum no multi-paternal effect shows in L. pumilum,where the seeds from single-paternity cross have relatively high activity;(4) pistil mature earlier,whose chapter shows pollination 5 days before blooming ;(5) the rate of mature is half as high as natural crossing;(6) pollen of L. dauricum and Lcernum has strong inference with on the reproduction of L. pumilum.
Pollination insects are mainly butterfly and bee. The kinds of insects are different under different environment and year,between which Lasioglossun denticotte has the strongest pollination activity. The peak time that insects secrete honey is consistent with that of insects' visit to flower. Climate also has influence on which kind of flower,how soon and how insects visit flowers the frequency of insects' visit is positively related with air temperature,and negatively related with air humidity.
The average distribution of each organ in the flowering plants in Harbin is listed in turn:scale stem (59.56%)>leaf(13.03%)>stem(12.63%)>reproductive organ (9.09%)>root(5.69%);The average distribution of each organ in the flowering plants under tree in Harbin is listed in turn;scale stem(52.02%)>stem( 17.73%)>leaf( 17.39%)>root(7.70%)>reproductive organ (5.13%);The average distribution of each organ in the flowering plants in nature in Daqing is listed in turn:scale stem (73.92%)>stem (12.52%)>leaf (8.80%)>root (2.77%)>reproductive organ (1.83%);The average distribution of each organ in the level of full nitrogen in Harbin is listed in turn :leaf (2.19%)>reproductive organ (1.5%)>scale stem (1.16%)>root (1.03%)>stem (0.99%);The average distribution of each organ in level of full phosphor in full sun in Harbin is listed in turn:reproductive organ (0.0322%)>scale stem (0.0316%)>stem (0.0287%)>root (0.0266%)>leaf (0.0264%) ;the level of full nitrogen and full phosphor in stems and leaves are markedly positively
related with season.
Seeds of 2-year-old L. pumilum are suitable to bourgeoned at 20,which are not sensitive to light;3-year-old are suitable to bourgeoned at 20,which are linked with light.;Seeds of L. pumilum in nature are suitable to bourgeoned at 20,which are restrained with light;Every-other-tear seeds of I. pumilum are suitable to bourgeoned at 25 ,which are raised by light;and its germination rate doesn't influence.
As cultivated,the total number of L.pumilum which can develop small scale stem spontaneously is less than 12.3% of the total plants. The optimal condition for growth of small
scale stem is 25 and sunshine-free. Moreover,the number of little bulb is linked with the position of scale stern.
引文
1．班勇．植物生活史对策的进化．生态学杂志，1995，14(3)：33～39
2．班勇．土壤种子库的结构与动态．生态学杂志，1995，14(6)：42～47
3．曹坤方．植物生殖生态学透视．植物学通报，1993，10(2)：15～23,
4．陈章和．热带湿润森林种子及幼苗生理学研究．(综述)[J] 热带亚热带森林生态系统研究，1990，6：153～163
5．陈章和，陈惠琴，刘惠琼等．南亚热带常绿阔叶林几个树种的种子萌发和幼苗发育．植物学报，1995，37(8)：630～635
6．陈小勇，宋永昌．黄山钓桥青冈种群的交配系统与近交衰退．生态学报，1997，17(5)：462～467
7．陈勇，李宏庆，马炜梁．榕树—传粉者共生体系的研究．生物多样性，1997，5(1)：31～35
8．陈永盛，谷凤坤．林木种子与苗木活力．哈尔滨：黑龙江科学出版社，1987
9．[英]CH.达尔文著．萧辅，季道藩，刘祖洞译．达尔文进化论全集．第十卷 植物界异花受精和自花受精的效果．北京：科学出版社，1998
10．杜家纬．植物—昆虫间的化学通讯及其行为控制．植物生理学报，2001，27(3)：193～200
11．杜荣骞．生物统计学．北京：高等教育出版社，1999
12．董鸣．资源异质性环境中的植物克隆生长：觅食行为．植物学报，1996，38(10)：828～835
13．董鸣，阿拉腾宝，邢雪荣等．根茎禾草沙鞭的克隆基株及分株种群特征．植物生态学报，1999，23(4)：302～310
14．范大茵，陈永华．概率论与数理统计．杭州：浙江大学出版社，1996
15．方炎明．植物生殖生态学．济南：山东大学出版社，1996
16．傅沛云主编．东北植物检索表．北京：科学出版社，1995
17．龚询，武全安，鲁元学等．栽培红花山玉兰传粉生物学．云南植物研究，1998，20(1)：89～93
18．管康林．种子的休眠与萌发．热带植物研究，1981，18：39～51
19．郭友好．传粉生物学与植物进化．陈家宽，杨继主编．植物进化生物学．武汉：武汉大学出版社，1994
20．关文彬，聂绍荃，董亚杰等．紫椴种群生殖生态学研究(Ⅰ)——无性生殖表的编制与分析．祝宁主编．植物种群生态学研究现状与发展．哈尔滨：黑龙江科学技术出版社，1994，56～63
21．何田华，葛颂．植物种群交配系统亲本分析以及基因流动研究．植物生态学报，2001，25(2)：144～154
22．何兴元，张成刚，杨思河等．固氮树种在混交林中的作用研究．Ⅱ树木叶部N、P养分动态特征．应用生态学报，1997 8(3)：235～239
23．胡宜适．被子植物胚胎学．北京：人民教育出版社，1982
24．胡宜适．被子植物双受精发现100年：回顾与展望．植物学报，1998，40(1)：1～13
25．黄双全，靳宝锋等．慈姑花的开发式样及其花粉流．植物学报，1999，41(7)：726～730
26．黄双全，郭友好．用花粉粒染色法标记虫媒植物的花粉流．植物学报，1999，41(7)：788～790
27．黄双全，郭友好．传粉生物学的研究进展．科学通报，2000，45(3)：225～237
28．黄双全，郭友好．鹅掌楸的传粉环境与性配置．生态学报，2000，20(1)：49～52
29．黄振英,Yitzchai GUTTERMAN,胡正海等．白沙蒿种子萌发特性的研究．(Ⅱ)环境因素的影响．植物生态学报，2001，25(2)：240～246
30．黎云祥，刘玉成，钟章成．植物种群生态学中的构件理论．生态学杂志，1995，14(6)：35～41
31．李宏庆，陈勇，鲁心安等．薜荔(Ficus pumila L.)传粉的代价．生态学杂志，1999，18(3)：66～69
32．李竞雄，宋同明等著．植物细胞遗传学．北京：科学出版社，1997
33．李庆军，许再富，夏永梅等．山姜属植物花柱卷曲性传粉机制的研究．植物学报，2001，43(4)：364～369
34．李一勤，白书农．追溯高等植物有性生殖研究的早期历程．植物生理学通讯，2001，37(5)：439～441
35．李志安，彭少麟．我国热带亚热带几种人工林内营养结构特征．生态学杂志，2001，20(4)：1～4
36．李志安，王伯荪，林永标等．植物营养转移研究进展．武汉植物学研究，2000，18(3)：229～236
37．刘爱忠，李德铢，王红．西双版纳先锋植物野芭蕉的传粉生态学研究．植物学报，2001，43(3)：319～324
38．刘洪谔，徐耀良 蜡梅科植物的开花与传粉．北京林业大学学报，1999，21(2)：121～123
39．刘林德，王仲礼，田国伟等．刺五加的有性生殖与营养繁殖．植物分类学报，1997，35(1)：7～13
40．刘林德．刺五加传粉生态学研究．东北林业大学博士论文，2000
41．刘庆，钟章成．无性系植物种群生态学研究进展及有关概念．生态学杂志，1995，14(3)：40～45
42．刘慎谔 主编．东北植物检索表．北京：科学出版社，1959
43．刘祥君，杨利平，刘玫等．毛百合与山丹幼苗发育的比较形态学．植物研究，1992 12(3)：277～284
44．刘祥君．豚草和三裂叶豚草生殖生态学研究．东北林业大学博士论文，1998
45．刘鸣远，王栋，都晓伟编著．根类药材植物生物学，北京：中国农业科技出版社，1995
46．龙雅宜，张金政．百合属植物资源的保护与利用．植物资源与环境学报，1998，7(1)：40～44
47．龙雅宜，张金政，张兰年．百合—球根花卉之王．(M) 北京：金盾出版社，1999
48．罗丽娟，丘德勃，刘国道等．西卡柱花草传粉受精过程花朵形态变化的研究．草地学报，1999，7(2)：136～139
49．罗晓铮，崔心红，陈家宽等．繁殖方式对矮慈姑生长的影响．武汉植物学研究，2000，18(2)：157～159
50．马炜梁，陈勇，李宏庆．榕树及其传粉者研究综述．生态学报，1997，17(2)：209～215
51．孟金陵等编著．植物生殖遗传学．北京：科学出版社，1987
52．宋志平，郭友好，黄双全．黄花蔺的繁育系统研究．植物分类学报，2000，38(1)：53～59
53．苏智先．生殖生态学研究的现状与发展趋势． 四川师范学院学报(自然科学版)，1990，9(3)：37～44
54．苏智先，钟章成．慈竹无性系种群生长发育规律初探．应用生态学报，1992，3(3)：289～291
55．苏智先，钟章成，杨万勤等．四川大头茶种群生殖生态学研究Ⅰ．生殖年龄、生殖年龄结构及其影响因素研究．生态学报，1996，16(5)：517～524
56．苏智先，张素兰，钟章成．植物生殖生态学研究进展．生态学杂志，1998，17(1)：39～46
57．孙启时，石猛，傅沛云．东北百合属植物的研究．植物研究，1989，9(3)：133～148
58．孙书存，陈灵芝．东灵山地区辽东栎叶养分的季节动态与回收效率．植物生态学报，2001，25(1)：76～82
59．王崇云，党承林．植物的交配系统及其进化机制与种群适应．武汉植物学研究，1999，17(2)：166～172
60．王崇云．植物的交配系统与濒危植物的保护繁育策略．生物多样性，1998，6(4)：298～303
61．王海洋，陈家宽，周进．水位梯度对湿地植物生长、繁殖和生物量分配的影响．植物生态学报，1999，23(3)：269～274
62．王红，李德铢．滇西北马先蒿属传粉生物学的初步研究．植物学报，1998，40(3)：204～210
63．王洪新，胡志昂．植物的繁育系统、遗传结构和遗传多样性保护．生物多样性，1996，4(2)：92～96
64．王仁忠，祖元刚，聂绍荃．羊草种群生物量生殖分配的初步研究． 应用生态学报，1999，10(5)：553～555
65．王仁忠．羊草种群能量生殖分配的研究．应用生态学报，2000，11(4)：591～594
66．王文卿，林鹏．红树植物秋茄和红海榄叶片元素含量及季节动态的比较研究，生态学报，2001，21(8)：1233～1238
67．王仲礼，刘林德，田国伟等．短柄五加开花及传粉生物学的研究．生物多样性，1997，5(4)：251～256
68．汪小凡，陈家宽．长喙毛茛泽泻(泽泻科)的交配系统研究．云南植物研究，1998，20(3)：315～320
69．汪小凡，陈家宽．小慈姑的开花状态、传粉机制与交配系统．植物生态学报，2001，25(2)：155～160
70．汪发瓒，唐进．中国植物志 十四卷 百合科(一) 北京：科学出版社，1980
71．徐福余，王力华，李境芝等．若干北方落叶树木叶片养分的内外迁移Ⅰ浓度和含量的变化．应用生态学报，1997，8(1)：1～6
72．阳含熙．植物个体的新认识．祝宁主编．植物种群生态学研究现状与发展．哈尔滨：黑龙江科学技术出版社，1994，1～7
73．杨利平．东北百合属植物的分类学研究．东北林业大学硕士论文，1991
74．杨利平，丁冰，刘香环等．东北百合属植物的细胞遗传多样性．东北林业大学学报 1996，24(5)：19～23
75．杨利平，张敩方，高亦珂．10种百合属植物的传粉生物学．植物研究，1998，18(1)：63～67
76．杨利平，宋满珍，张晶．光照和温度对百合属6种植物种子萌发的影响．植物资源与环境学报，2000，9(4)：14～18
77．杨利平．有斑渥丹开花结实的初步研究．植物研究，2000，20(4)：389～394
78．杨利平，尹承增，栗金仙．名优百合的繁殖与复壮．东北林业大学学报，2000，28(6)：31～35
79．杨利平等编著．高寒地区百合的栽培与繁育．哈尔滨：东北林业大学出版社，2001
80．杨守志，刘丰权，王秀艳．几种野生百合的引种栽培．北方园艺，2000，(3)：31～32
81．张大勇，姜新华．植物交配系统的进化、资源分配对策与遗传多样性．植物生态学报，2001，25(2)：130～143
82．张文明，倪安丽，王昌初．杂交水稻种子活力的研究．种子，1998，(2)：7～9
83．张文辉 著．裂叶沙参种群生态学研究．哈尔滨：东北林业大学出版社，1996
84．张敩方，于海滨，张显国等．毛百合繁殖生物学研究(Ⅲ)—毛百合种子萌发特征．东北林业大学学报，1994，22(2)：46～49
85．张敩方，张显国，于海滨等．毛百合繁殖生物学研究(Ⅰ)—毛百合自然生长与繁殖．东北林业大学学报，1992，12(3)：301～303
86．张敩方，阎永庆，刘宏伟等．毛百合繁殖生物学研究(Ⅴ)—毛百合的鳞片扦插．东北林业大学学报，1994，22(6)：18～23
87．钟章成．植物种群的繁殖对策．生态学杂志，1995，14(1)：37～42
88．周世良，潘开玉，洪德元．杭州石荠苎和石香薷(唇形科)的传粉生物学比较研究．植物学报，1996，38(7)：530～540
89．朱有昌主编．东北药用植物．哈尔滨：黑龙江科学技术出版社，1989
90．祝宁，刘阳明．刺五加生殖生态学研究(Ⅲ)—根茎分布、能量分配及干扰对无性小株发生的影响．东北林业大学学报，1993，21(5)：35～39
91．祝宁，王义弘．刺五加生殖生态学研究(Ⅱ)—种子扩散、种子库及更新．东北林业大学学报，1992，20(5)：12～17
92. Abrahamson W.G. and M.Gadgil. Growth from and reproductive effort in goldenrod (Solidago, compositae). Amer. Nat. 1973. 107:651～661
93. Abrahamson W.G. Resource allocation and growth in Impatiens capensis (Balsaminaceae) in two habitats. Bull torrey Bot. Club. 1977,104:160～164
94. Abrahamson W.G. Patten of resource allocation in wild flower population of fields and wood. Amer. Bot. 1979,66:72～79
95. Abrahamson W.G. A comment on vegetative and seed reproduction in plants. Evolution, 1979,33:517～529
96. Abrahamson W.G. On the comparative allocation of biomass energy and nutrients in plant Ecology 1982,63(4):982～991
97. Aker G.L. Regulation of flower, fruit and seed production by a monocarpic perennial Yucca whipplei, Ecology 1982, 70:357～372
98. Allen R.B., Wilson J.B. Fruit and seed production in Berberis darwinii Hook a shrub recently natural in New zealand. New—Zealand—Journal of Botany 1992,(30)1:45～55
99. Ashman T.L. I. Baker Variation in floral sex allocation with time of season and currency. Ecology 1992,73(4):1237～1243
100. Ashmum J.W. L.F. Piteka Population biology of Clintonia borealis I. Survival and growth of transplanted ramets in different environments Ecology 1985,73:385～398
101. Baua K.S., Hadlay M. Reproductive ecology of tropical forest plants 1990 ⅩⅩⅤ 421pp. many Manand the Biosphere series vol. 7. Paris, France, Unesco
102. Bawa K.S. Webb C.J. Flower, fruit, and seed abortion in tropical forest trees: Implications for the evolution of paternal and maternal reproductive patterns. Amer. Bot. 1984,71:736～751
103. Bazzaz F.A. et. al. Contribution to reproductive effort by photosynthesis of flowers and fruits. Nature, 1979,279:554～555
104. Bertin R.I. Incidence of monoecy and dichogamy in relation to self—fertilization in Angiosperms Amer. Bot. 1993,80:557～560
105． Black R.A. and L.C.Bliss . Reproductive ecology of Picea mariana (Mill)Bsp. , at tree line near Inuvik, Northwest territories, Canada Ecology. Mon., 1980,50(3) ;331-354．
106． Campbell. D.R.. A. F. Motten. The mechanism of competition for pollination between two forest herbs. Ecology 1985,66(2) :554-563
107． Che Yousheng, Sziklai O. Preliminary study on the germination of Toona sinensis (A.Juss)Roem. seed from eleven Chinese provinces [J]. Forest Ecology. Management 1985,10:269-281
108． Chojnowski M. Germination of Lilium pumilum seeds Acta Horticulture 1996,(325) : 235-238
109． Corff J.L. Effects of light and nutrient availability on chasmogamy and cleistogamy in understory tropical herb Calathea micans. Amer. Bot. 1993,80:1392-1399
110． Cruzan M.B. Genetic markers in plant evolutionary ecology Ecology. 1998,79:400-412
111． Dattee Y., Dumas C., Callais A. Reproductive biology and plant breeding. XIII Eucarpia congress. Angers , France. 6-11 July 1992, XVIIIU 4555pp; ref at ends of chapters Berlin Germany; Springer-Verlag
112． Delph L.F. Sex-differential resource allocation patterns in the subdioecious shrub Hebe subalpina Ecology 1990,71(4) : 1342-1351
113． Delph L.F. Factors affecting intraplant variation in flowering and fruiting in the gynodioecious species Hehe subalpina . Ecology 1993,81: 287-296
114． Dickinson H.G. Plant reproduction: past present and future. Reproductive biology and plant breeding 1992,15-27 Berlin Germany; springer-verlag
115． Diane R.C. Kenneth J.H. Resource and pollen limitations to lifetime seed production in a natural plant population. Ecology 1993 74(4) : 1043-1051
116． Dole J.A. Reproductive assurance mechanisms in three taxa of the Mimulus guttatus complex. Amer. Bot. 1992,79:650-659
117． Douglas D.A. The balance between vegetative and sexual reproduction of Mimulus primuloides at different altitudes in California Ecology 1971,69 :295-310
118． Douglas W.S., Mary F.W. ,Micnael N.M, Flowering ecology of some spring woodland horbs Ecology 1978, 59(2) :351-366
119． Douglas D.A. The balance between vegetative and sexual reproduction of Mimulus prumuloides at different altitude in Calfornia Ecology 1981,69:295-310
120． Campbell D.R. Pollinator Sharing and set of Stellaria pubera competition for pollination Ecology 1985 66(2) :544-553
121． Eckert C.G.&A.Schaefer Does self-pollination provide reproductive assurance in wild columbine, Aqulegia canadensis (Ranunculaceae) Amer. Bot. 1998,85:919-924
122． Ellstrand N.C. Marshall D.L. Interpopulation gene flow by pollen in wild radish , Raphanus sativus Amer. Nat 1985, 126:606-616
123． Galen C., Gregory T. et al. Cost of self-pollination in a self-incompabile plant Polemoium viscosum Amer. Bot. 1989,76:1675-1680
124． Gerrits M.M. et al. Drymatter partitioning between bulbs and leaves in plantlets of Lilium speciosum
regenerated in vitro Acta Botanica Nearlandica 1992,(41) 4:461-468
125． Guitian J. Why Prunus mahaleb (Rosaceae) produces more flowers than fruits Amer. Bot 1993(80) :1305-1309
126． Harper L.J. A Darwinian approach to plant ecology Ecology. 1967,55:147-270
127． Hemadez H.H. Carreon Abud Y. On the reproductive ecology of trees in a montane mesophytic forest in Michoacan., Mexico. Beletin de la Sociedad-Botanica de Mexico 1987,47:25-35
128． Holsinger K.E. Pollination biology and the evolution of mating systems in flowering plants, Evolutionary Biology 1996,29:107-149
129． Holtsfold T. P. Nonfruiting hermaphroditic flowers of Calochortus leichtlinii (Liliaceae): potential reproductive functions Amer. Bot. 1985(72) 1687-1694
130． Hutchings J.A. Adaptive life histories effected by age-specific survival and growth rate Ecology 1993,74(3) :673-684
131． Jonasson S. Resource allocation in relation to leaf retention time of the wintergreen Rhododendron lapponicum Ecology 1995,76(2) : 475-485
132． Joseph E.A. Anthony K.I. Floral biology of Myristica insipiga (Myristicaceae),A Distinctive beetle pollination syndrome. Amer. Bot. 1989,76(1) 86-94
133． Kalisz S. Wardel G.M. life history variation in Campanula americana : pollination differentiation Amer. Bot. 1994,81:521-527
134． Kawa K.S. et al. Reproductive ecology of tropical forest plants: research insights and management implications. Biology-International 1989, special Issue-21, 56pp.
135． Keeley J.E. Recruitment of seedlings and vegetative sprouts in unbumed chaparral. Ecology 1992,73(4) 1194-1208
136． Lacey E.P. The genetic and environmental control of reproductive timing in a short-lived monocarpic species Daucus carata(Umbelliferae) Ecology 1986,74:73-86
137． Marshall D.L. Nanrandom mating in wild radish Amer. Bot. 1991,78:1404-1418
138． Matsuo E. and J.M. Van Tuyl Early scale propagation results in forcible bulbs of Easterlily Hostscience 1986,21(4) : 1006-1007
139． Mattingly D.K. P.A. Mcclure. Energetics of reproduction in large-littered cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Ecology 1982,63(1) 183-195
140． McCarthy B.C.; Quinn J.A. Reproductive ecology of Carya: phenology, pollination and breeding system of two sympatric tree species. Amer. Bot 1990． (77) 2:261-273
141． Morse D.H. Schmitt J. Matemal and paternal effects on follicle production in the milkweed Asclepias syriaca Amer. Bot. 1991． 78:1304-1308
142． Mulcahy D.L. Sari-Gola M. Gametophytic comptition and plant breeding , Reproductive biology and plant breeding 1992,77-85; Berlin Germany; Springer-verlag
143． Namai H. Pollination biology and reproductive ecology for improving genetics and breeding of common buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum. Fagpyrum 1991． 11． 35-46
144． Nemoto M. Sasaki Y. Growth form tactics of Commelina communis L. under various kinds of light environments. Weed Research Tokyo 1993 38(1) : 20-29
145． Newell S.J. E.J.Tramer. Reproductive strategies in herbaceous plant communities during succession. Ecology 1978, 59(2) : 228-234
146． Niesenbaum R.A. Sex ratio, components of reproduction and pollen deposition in Lindera benzoin (Lauraceae). Amer. Bot. 1992, 79(5) : 495-500
147． Parker P.G. A.A. Snow M.D. Schug, G.C. Booton.& P.A. Fuerst. what molecules can tell us about populations: choosing and using a molecular marker Ecology 1998,79:361-382
148． Perala D.A. , Alm A.A. Reproductive ecology of birchia review. Frest Ecology and Management 1990,(32) 1:1-38
149． Petanidon T. Vokou D. Pollination ecology of Labiatae in a pbryganic (east Mediterranean) Ecosystem Amer. Bot. 1993,80:892-899
150． Pfttsch W.A. R..W. Pearcy Growth and reproductive allocation of Adenocaulon bicolor following experimental removal of sunfecks. Ecology 1992,73(6) 2109-2117
151． Pitelka L.F. et al Effects of light and density on resource allocation a forest herb. Aster acuminatus (Compositae) Amer. Bot 1980, 67(6) :942-948
152． Quinn J.A. Evolution of dioecy in Buchloe dactyloides Test for sex-specific vegetative characters ecological differences, and sexual niche-partitioning Amer. Bot. 1991,78:481-488
153． Randall J.M. Nickolas M.W. Adaptive significance of Ipomopsis aggregata nectar production: pollination success of single flowers. Ecology 1992,73(2) :6363-638
154． Randall J.L. Hilu K.W. Interference through improper pollen transfer in mixed stands of Impatiens capensis and I. pallida Amer. Bot. 1990,77:939-944
155． Rathcke B., Real L. Autogamy and inbreeding depression in mountain laurel , kalmia latifolia Amer. Bot. 1993,80:143-146
156． Rochardson J.E. Stephenson A.G. Effect of parentage and size of the pollen load on progeny performance in campanula Americana Evolution 1992,46:1731-1739
157． Rocha O, Stephenson A.G. Effect of ovule position on seed production ,seed weight, and progeny performance in Phaseolus coccineus Amer. Bot., 1990,77:1320-1329
158． Richardson J.E. Stephenson A.G. Effects of parentage and size of the pollen load on progeny performance in campanula Americana Evolution 1992,46:1731-1739
159． Schaal B.A.Reproductive capacity and seed size in lupinus texensis Amer. Bot. 1980,67(5) :703-709
160． Schemske D.W. et al. Flowering ecology of some spring woodland herbs , Ecology 1978,59:351-366
161． Schemske D.W. Evolution of floral display in the orchid Brassavola nodosa Evolution 1980,34:489-493
162． Schlesinger W.H. et al. Nutrient-use efficiency of woody plants on contrasting soils in the western Great Basin Nevada Ecology 1989,70(1) :105-113
163． Schlichting C.D. Devlin B. Pollen and ovule sources effect seed production of Lobelia cardinalis Amer. Bot. 1992,78:891-898
164． Schoen D.J., A.D. Brown Whole and within flower self-pollination in Glycine argyrea and G. clandestina and the evolution of autogamy Evolution 1991,45:1651-1665
165． Snow A.A. Pollination dynamics in Epilobium canum (Onagraceae): Consequences for gametophytic selection Amer. Bot. 1986,73:139-157
166． Snow A.A., Spira T.P. Differential pollen tube growth rates and nonrandom fertilization in Hibiscus mosheutes Amer. Bot. 1992,79:508-515
167． Spira T. Floral parameters breeding system and pollinator type in Trichostem (Labiatae) Amer. Bot. 1980,67:278-284
168． Stapanian M.A. Evolution of fruiting strategies among fleshy-fruited plant species of eastern kansas. Ecology 1982,63(5) : 1422-1431
169． Weller S.G. Ornduff R. Pollen tube growth and inbreeding in Amsinckia geraniflora Amer. Bot. 1991． 78:801-804
170． White J. The plant as a metapopulation Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst, 1979,10:109-145
171． Wilson M.F. Sexual selection in plants Amer. Nat, 1979(113) :777-790
172． Wilson E. Lilies in the East Asia 1925 London Bulau
173． Lilium(Liliacece) 1988, 73(9) : 1319-1329
172． 1982
173． 1948
174． 1997,82(3) :85-93
2．班勇．土壤种子库的结构与动态．生态学杂志，1995，14(6)：42～47
3．曹坤方．植物生殖生态学透视．植物学通报，1993，10(2)：15～23,
4．陈章和．热带湿润森林种子及幼苗生理学研究．(综述)[J] 热带亚热带森林生态系统研究，1990，6：153～163
5．陈章和，陈惠琴，刘惠琼等．南亚热带常绿阔叶林几个树种的种子萌发和幼苗发育．植物学报，1995，37(8)：630～635
6．陈小勇，宋永昌．黄山钓桥青冈种群的交配系统与近交衰退．生态学报，1997，17(5)：462～467
7．陈勇，李宏庆，马炜梁．榕树—传粉者共生体系的研究．生物多样性，1997，5(1)：31～35
8．陈永盛，谷凤坤．林木种子与苗木活力．哈尔滨：黑龙江科学出版社，1987
9．[英]CH.达尔文著．萧辅，季道藩，刘祖洞译．达尔文进化论全集．第十卷 植物界异花受精和自花受精的效果．北京：科学出版社，1998
10．杜家纬．植物—昆虫间的化学通讯及其行为控制．植物生理学报，2001，27(3)：193～200
11．杜荣骞．生物统计学．北京：高等教育出版社，1999
12．董鸣．资源异质性环境中的植物克隆生长：觅食行为．植物学报，1996，38(10)：828～835
13．董鸣，阿拉腾宝，邢雪荣等．根茎禾草沙鞭的克隆基株及分株种群特征．植物生态学报，1999，23(4)：302～310
14．范大茵，陈永华．概率论与数理统计．杭州：浙江大学出版社，1996
15．方炎明．植物生殖生态学．济南：山东大学出版社，1996
16．傅沛云主编．东北植物检索表．北京：科学出版社，1995
17．龚询，武全安，鲁元学等．栽培红花山玉兰传粉生物学．云南植物研究，1998，20(1)：89～93
18．管康林．种子的休眠与萌发．热带植物研究，1981，18：39～51
19．郭友好．传粉生物学与植物进化．陈家宽，杨继主编．植物进化生物学．武汉：武汉大学出版社，1994
20．关文彬，聂绍荃，董亚杰等．紫椴种群生殖生态学研究(Ⅰ)——无性生殖表的编制与分析．祝宁主编．植物种群生态学研究现状与发展．哈尔滨：黑龙江科学技术出版社，1994，56～63
21．何田华，葛颂．植物种群交配系统亲本分析以及基因流动研究．植物生态学报，2001，25(2)：144～154
22．何兴元，张成刚，杨思河等．固氮树种在混交林中的作用研究．Ⅱ树木叶部N、P养分动态特征．应用生态学报，1997 8(3)：235～239
23．胡宜适．被子植物胚胎学．北京：人民教育出版社，1982
24．胡宜适．被子植物双受精发现100年：回顾与展望．植物学报，1998，40(1)：1～13
25．黄双全，靳宝锋等．慈姑花的开发式样及其花粉流．植物学报，1999，41(7)：726～730
26．黄双全，郭友好．用花粉粒染色法标记虫媒植物的花粉流．植物学报，1999，41(7)：788～790
27．黄双全，郭友好．传粉生物学的研究进展．科学通报，2000，45(3)：225～237
28．黄双全，郭友好．鹅掌楸的传粉环境与性配置．生态学报，2000，20(1)：49～52
29．黄振英,Yitzchai GUTTERMAN,胡正海等．白沙蒿种子萌发特性的研究．(Ⅱ)环境因素的影响．植物生态学报，2001，25(2)：240～246
30．黎云祥，刘玉成，钟章成．植物种群生态学中的构件理论．生态学杂志，1995，14(6)：35～41
31．李宏庆，陈勇，鲁心安等．薜荔(Ficus pumila L.)传粉的代价．生态学杂志，1999，18(3)：66～69
32．李竞雄，宋同明等著．植物细胞遗传学．北京：科学出版社，1997
33．李庆军，许再富，夏永梅等．山姜属植物花柱卷曲性传粉机制的研究．植物学报，2001，43(4)：364～369
34．李一勤，白书农．追溯高等植物有性生殖研究的早期历程．植物生理学通讯，2001，37(5)：439～441
35．李志安，彭少麟．我国热带亚热带几种人工林内营养结构特征．生态学杂志，2001，20(4)：1～4
36．李志安，王伯荪，林永标等．植物营养转移研究进展．武汉植物学研究，2000，18(3)：229～236
37．刘爱忠，李德铢，王红．西双版纳先锋植物野芭蕉的传粉生态学研究．植物学报，2001，43(3)：319～324
38．刘洪谔，徐耀良 蜡梅科植物的开花与传粉．北京林业大学学报，1999，21(2)：121～123
39．刘林德，王仲礼，田国伟等．刺五加的有性生殖与营养繁殖．植物分类学报，1997，35(1)：7～13
40．刘林德．刺五加传粉生态学研究．东北林业大学博士论文，2000
41．刘庆，钟章成．无性系植物种群生态学研究进展及有关概念．生态学杂志，1995，14(3)：40～45
42．刘慎谔 主编．东北植物检索表．北京：科学出版社，1959
43．刘祥君，杨利平，刘玫等．毛百合与山丹幼苗发育的比较形态学．植物研究，1992 12(3)：277～284
44．刘祥君．豚草和三裂叶豚草生殖生态学研究．东北林业大学博士论文，1998
45．刘鸣远，王栋，都晓伟编著．根类药材植物生物学，北京：中国农业科技出版社，1995
46．龙雅宜，张金政．百合属植物资源的保护与利用．植物资源与环境学报，1998，7(1)：40～44
47．龙雅宜，张金政，张兰年．百合—球根花卉之王．(M) 北京：金盾出版社，1999
48．罗丽娟，丘德勃，刘国道等．西卡柱花草传粉受精过程花朵形态变化的研究．草地学报，1999，7(2)：136～139
49．罗晓铮，崔心红，陈家宽等．繁殖方式对矮慈姑生长的影响．武汉植物学研究，2000，18(2)：157～159
50．马炜梁，陈勇，李宏庆．榕树及其传粉者研究综述．生态学报，1997，17(2)：209～215
51．孟金陵等编著．植物生殖遗传学．北京：科学出版社，1987
52．宋志平，郭友好，黄双全．黄花蔺的繁育系统研究．植物分类学报，2000，38(1)：53～59
53．苏智先．生殖生态学研究的现状与发展趋势． 四川师范学院学报(自然科学版)，1990，9(3)：37～44
54．苏智先，钟章成．慈竹无性系种群生长发育规律初探．应用生态学报，1992，3(3)：289～291
55．苏智先，钟章成，杨万勤等．四川大头茶种群生殖生态学研究Ⅰ．生殖年龄、生殖年龄结构及其影响因素研究．生态学报，1996，16(5)：517～524
56．苏智先，张素兰，钟章成．植物生殖生态学研究进展．生态学杂志，1998，17(1)：39～46
57．孙启时，石猛，傅沛云．东北百合属植物的研究．植物研究，1989，9(3)：133～148
58．孙书存，陈灵芝．东灵山地区辽东栎叶养分的季节动态与回收效率．植物生态学报，2001，25(1)：76～82
59．王崇云，党承林．植物的交配系统及其进化机制与种群适应．武汉植物学研究，1999，17(2)：166～172
60．王崇云．植物的交配系统与濒危植物的保护繁育策略．生物多样性，1998，6(4)：298～303
61．王海洋，陈家宽，周进．水位梯度对湿地植物生长、繁殖和生物量分配的影响．植物生态学报，1999，23(3)：269～274
62．王红，李德铢．滇西北马先蒿属传粉生物学的初步研究．植物学报，1998，40(3)：204～210
63．王洪新，胡志昂．植物的繁育系统、遗传结构和遗传多样性保护．生物多样性，1996，4(2)：92～96
64．王仁忠，祖元刚，聂绍荃．羊草种群生物量生殖分配的初步研究． 应用生态学报，1999，10(5)：553～555
65．王仁忠．羊草种群能量生殖分配的研究．应用生态学报，2000，11(4)：591～594
66．王文卿，林鹏．红树植物秋茄和红海榄叶片元素含量及季节动态的比较研究，生态学报，2001，21(8)：1233～1238
67．王仲礼，刘林德，田国伟等．短柄五加开花及传粉生物学的研究．生物多样性，1997，5(4)：251～256
68．汪小凡，陈家宽．长喙毛茛泽泻(泽泻科)的交配系统研究．云南植物研究，1998，20(3)：315～320
69．汪小凡，陈家宽．小慈姑的开花状态、传粉机制与交配系统．植物生态学报，2001，25(2)：155～160
70．汪发瓒，唐进．中国植物志 十四卷 百合科(一) 北京：科学出版社，1980
71．徐福余，王力华，李境芝等．若干北方落叶树木叶片养分的内外迁移Ⅰ浓度和含量的变化．应用生态学报，1997，8(1)：1～6
72．阳含熙．植物个体的新认识．祝宁主编．植物种群生态学研究现状与发展．哈尔滨：黑龙江科学技术出版社，1994，1～7
73．杨利平．东北百合属植物的分类学研究．东北林业大学硕士论文，1991
74．杨利平，丁冰，刘香环等．东北百合属植物的细胞遗传多样性．东北林业大学学报 1996，24(5)：19～23
75．杨利平，张敩方，高亦珂．10种百合属植物的传粉生物学．植物研究，1998，18(1)：63～67
76．杨利平，宋满珍，张晶．光照和温度对百合属6种植物种子萌发的影响．植物资源与环境学报，2000，9(4)：14～18
77．杨利平．有斑渥丹开花结实的初步研究．植物研究，2000，20(4)：389～394
78．杨利平，尹承增，栗金仙．名优百合的繁殖与复壮．东北林业大学学报，2000，28(6)：31～35
79．杨利平等编著．高寒地区百合的栽培与繁育．哈尔滨：东北林业大学出版社，2001
80．杨守志，刘丰权，王秀艳．几种野生百合的引种栽培．北方园艺，2000，(3)：31～32
81．张大勇，姜新华．植物交配系统的进化、资源分配对策与遗传多样性．植物生态学报，2001，25(2)：130～143
82．张文明，倪安丽，王昌初．杂交水稻种子活力的研究．种子，1998，(2)：7～9
83．张文辉 著．裂叶沙参种群生态学研究．哈尔滨：东北林业大学出版社，1996
84．张敩方，于海滨，张显国等．毛百合繁殖生物学研究(Ⅲ)—毛百合种子萌发特征．东北林业大学学报，1994，22(2)：46～49
85．张敩方，张显国，于海滨等．毛百合繁殖生物学研究(Ⅰ)—毛百合自然生长与繁殖．东北林业大学学报，1992，12(3)：301～303
86．张敩方，阎永庆，刘宏伟等．毛百合繁殖生物学研究(Ⅴ)—毛百合的鳞片扦插．东北林业大学学报，1994，22(6)：18～23
87．钟章成．植物种群的繁殖对策．生态学杂志，1995，14(1)：37～42
88．周世良，潘开玉，洪德元．杭州石荠苎和石香薷(唇形科)的传粉生物学比较研究．植物学报，1996，38(7)：530～540
89．朱有昌主编．东北药用植物．哈尔滨：黑龙江科学技术出版社，1989
90．祝宁，刘阳明．刺五加生殖生态学研究(Ⅲ)—根茎分布、能量分配及干扰对无性小株发生的影响．东北林业大学学报，1993，21(5)：35～39
91．祝宁，王义弘．刺五加生殖生态学研究(Ⅱ)—种子扩散、种子库及更新．东北林业大学学报，1992，20(5)：12～17
92. Abrahamson W.G. and M.Gadgil. Growth from and reproductive effort in goldenrod (Solidago, compositae). Amer. Nat. 1973. 107:651～661
93. Abrahamson W.G. Resource allocation and growth in Impatiens capensis (Balsaminaceae) in two habitats. Bull torrey Bot. Club. 1977,104:160～164
94. Abrahamson W.G. Patten of resource allocation in wild flower population of fields and wood. Amer. Bot. 1979,66:72～79
95. Abrahamson W.G. A comment on vegetative and seed reproduction in plants. Evolution, 1979,33:517～529
96. Abrahamson W.G. On the comparative allocation of biomass energy and nutrients in plant Ecology 1982,63(4):982～991
97. Aker G.L. Regulation of flower, fruit and seed production by a monocarpic perennial Yucca whipplei, Ecology 1982, 70:357～372
98. Allen R.B., Wilson J.B. Fruit and seed production in Berberis darwinii Hook a shrub recently natural in New zealand. New—Zealand—Journal of Botany 1992,(30)1:45～55
99. Ashman T.L. I. Baker Variation in floral sex allocation with time of season and currency. Ecology 1992,73(4):1237～1243
100. Ashmum J.W. L.F. Piteka Population biology of Clintonia borealis I. Survival and growth of transplanted ramets in different environments Ecology 1985,73:385～398
101. Baua K.S., Hadlay M. Reproductive ecology of tropical forest plants 1990 ⅩⅩⅤ 421pp. many Manand the Biosphere series vol. 7. Paris, France, Unesco
102. Bawa K.S. Webb C.J. Flower, fruit, and seed abortion in tropical forest trees: Implications for the evolution of paternal and maternal reproductive patterns. Amer. Bot. 1984,71:736～751
103. Bazzaz F.A. et. al. Contribution to reproductive effort by photosynthesis of flowers and fruits. Nature, 1979,279:554～555
104. Bertin R.I. Incidence of monoecy and dichogamy in relation to self—fertilization in Angiosperms Amer. Bot. 1993,80:557～560
105． Black R.A. and L.C.Bliss . Reproductive ecology of Picea mariana (Mill)Bsp. , at tree line near Inuvik, Northwest territories, Canada Ecology. Mon., 1980,50(3) ;331-354．
106． Campbell. D.R.. A. F. Motten. The mechanism of competition for pollination between two forest herbs. Ecology 1985,66(2) :554-563
107． Che Yousheng, Sziklai O. Preliminary study on the germination of Toona sinensis (A.Juss)Roem. seed from eleven Chinese provinces [J]. Forest Ecology. Management 1985,10:269-281
108． Chojnowski M. Germination of Lilium pumilum seeds Acta Horticulture 1996,(325) : 235-238
109． Corff J.L. Effects of light and nutrient availability on chasmogamy and cleistogamy in understory tropical herb Calathea micans. Amer. Bot. 1993,80:1392-1399
110． Cruzan M.B. Genetic markers in plant evolutionary ecology Ecology. 1998,79:400-412
111． Dattee Y., Dumas C., Callais A. Reproductive biology and plant breeding. XIII Eucarpia congress. Angers , France. 6-11 July 1992, XVIIIU 4555pp; ref at ends of chapters Berlin Germany; Springer-Verlag
112． Delph L.F. Sex-differential resource allocation patterns in the subdioecious shrub Hebe subalpina Ecology 1990,71(4) : 1342-1351
113． Delph L.F. Factors affecting intraplant variation in flowering and fruiting in the gynodioecious species Hehe subalpina . Ecology 1993,81: 287-296
114． Dickinson H.G. Plant reproduction: past present and future. Reproductive biology and plant breeding 1992,15-27 Berlin Germany; springer-verlag
115． Diane R.C. Kenneth J.H. Resource and pollen limitations to lifetime seed production in a natural plant population. Ecology 1993 74(4) : 1043-1051
116． Dole J.A. Reproductive assurance mechanisms in three taxa of the Mimulus guttatus complex. Amer. Bot. 1992,79:650-659
117． Douglas D.A. The balance between vegetative and sexual reproduction of Mimulus primuloides at different altitudes in California Ecology 1971,69 :295-310
118． Douglas W.S., Mary F.W. ,Micnael N.M, Flowering ecology of some spring woodland horbs Ecology 1978, 59(2) :351-366
119． Douglas D.A. The balance between vegetative and sexual reproduction of Mimulus prumuloides at different altitude in Calfornia Ecology 1981,69:295-310
120． Campbell D.R. Pollinator Sharing and set of Stellaria pubera competition for pollination Ecology 1985 66(2) :544-553
121． Eckert C.G.&A.Schaefer Does self-pollination provide reproductive assurance in wild columbine, Aqulegia canadensis (Ranunculaceae) Amer. Bot. 1998,85:919-924
122． Ellstrand N.C. Marshall D.L. Interpopulation gene flow by pollen in wild radish , Raphanus sativus Amer. Nat 1985, 126:606-616
123． Galen C., Gregory T. et al. Cost of self-pollination in a self-incompabile plant Polemoium viscosum Amer. Bot. 1989,76:1675-1680
124． Gerrits M.M. et al. Drymatter partitioning between bulbs and leaves in plantlets of Lilium speciosum
regenerated in vitro Acta Botanica Nearlandica 1992,(41) 4:461-468
125． Guitian J. Why Prunus mahaleb (Rosaceae) produces more flowers than fruits Amer. Bot 1993(80) :1305-1309
126． Harper L.J. A Darwinian approach to plant ecology Ecology. 1967,55:147-270
127． Hemadez H.H. Carreon Abud Y. On the reproductive ecology of trees in a montane mesophytic forest in Michoacan., Mexico. Beletin de la Sociedad-Botanica de Mexico 1987,47:25-35
128． Holsinger K.E. Pollination biology and the evolution of mating systems in flowering plants, Evolutionary Biology 1996,29:107-149
129． Holtsfold T. P. Nonfruiting hermaphroditic flowers of Calochortus leichtlinii (Liliaceae): potential reproductive functions Amer. Bot. 1985(72) 1687-1694
130． Hutchings J.A. Adaptive life histories effected by age-specific survival and growth rate Ecology 1993,74(3) :673-684
131． Jonasson S. Resource allocation in relation to leaf retention time of the wintergreen Rhododendron lapponicum Ecology 1995,76(2) : 475-485
132． Joseph E.A. Anthony K.I. Floral biology of Myristica insipiga (Myristicaceae),A Distinctive beetle pollination syndrome. Amer. Bot. 1989,76(1) 86-94
133． Kalisz S. Wardel G.M. life history variation in Campanula americana : pollination differentiation Amer. Bot. 1994,81:521-527
134． Kawa K.S. et al. Reproductive ecology of tropical forest plants: research insights and management implications. Biology-International 1989, special Issue-21, 56pp.
135． Keeley J.E. Recruitment of seedlings and vegetative sprouts in unbumed chaparral. Ecology 1992,73(4) 1194-1208
136． Lacey E.P. The genetic and environmental control of reproductive timing in a short-lived monocarpic species Daucus carata(Umbelliferae) Ecology 1986,74:73-86
137． Marshall D.L. Nanrandom mating in wild radish Amer. Bot. 1991,78:1404-1418
138． Matsuo E. and J.M. Van Tuyl Early scale propagation results in forcible bulbs of Easterlily Hostscience 1986,21(4) : 1006-1007
139． Mattingly D.K. P.A. Mcclure. Energetics of reproduction in large-littered cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Ecology 1982,63(1) 183-195
140． McCarthy B.C.; Quinn J.A. Reproductive ecology of Carya: phenology, pollination and breeding system of two sympatric tree species. Amer. Bot 1990． (77) 2:261-273
141． Morse D.H. Schmitt J. Matemal and paternal effects on follicle production in the milkweed Asclepias syriaca Amer. Bot. 1991． 78:1304-1308
142． Mulcahy D.L. Sari-Gola M. Gametophytic comptition and plant breeding , Reproductive biology and plant breeding 1992,77-85; Berlin Germany; Springer-verlag
143． Namai H. Pollination biology and reproductive ecology for improving genetics and breeding of common buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum. Fagpyrum 1991． 11． 35-46
144． Nemoto M. Sasaki Y. Growth form tactics of Commelina communis L. under various kinds of light environments. Weed Research Tokyo 1993 38(1) : 20-29
145． Newell S.J. E.J.Tramer. Reproductive strategies in herbaceous plant communities during succession. Ecology 1978, 59(2) : 228-234
146． Niesenbaum R.A. Sex ratio, components of reproduction and pollen deposition in Lindera benzoin (Lauraceae). Amer. Bot. 1992, 79(5) : 495-500
147． Parker P.G. A.A. Snow M.D. Schug, G.C. Booton.& P.A. Fuerst. what molecules can tell us about populations: choosing and using a molecular marker Ecology 1998,79:361-382
148． Perala D.A. , Alm A.A. Reproductive ecology of birchia review. Frest Ecology and Management 1990,(32) 1:1-38
149． Petanidon T. Vokou D. Pollination ecology of Labiatae in a pbryganic (east Mediterranean) Ecosystem Amer. Bot. 1993,80:892-899
150． Pfttsch W.A. R..W. Pearcy Growth and reproductive allocation of Adenocaulon bicolor following experimental removal of sunfecks. Ecology 1992,73(6) 2109-2117
151． Pitelka L.F. et al Effects of light and density on resource allocation a forest herb. Aster acuminatus (Compositae) Amer. Bot 1980, 67(6) :942-948
152． Quinn J.A. Evolution of dioecy in Buchloe dactyloides Test for sex-specific vegetative characters ecological differences, and sexual niche-partitioning Amer. Bot. 1991,78:481-488
153． Randall J.M. Nickolas M.W. Adaptive significance of Ipomopsis aggregata nectar production: pollination success of single flowers. Ecology 1992,73(2) :6363-638
154． Randall J.L. Hilu K.W. Interference through improper pollen transfer in mixed stands of Impatiens capensis and I. pallida Amer. Bot. 1990,77:939-944
155． Rathcke B., Real L. Autogamy and inbreeding depression in mountain laurel , kalmia latifolia Amer. Bot. 1993,80:143-146
156． Rochardson J.E. Stephenson A.G. Effect of parentage and size of the pollen load on progeny performance in campanula Americana Evolution 1992,46:1731-1739
157． Rocha O, Stephenson A.G. Effect of ovule position on seed production ,seed weight, and progeny performance in Phaseolus coccineus Amer. Bot., 1990,77:1320-1329
158． Richardson J.E. Stephenson A.G. Effects of parentage and size of the pollen load on progeny performance in campanula Americana Evolution 1992,46:1731-1739
159． Schaal B.A.Reproductive capacity and seed size in lupinus texensis Amer. Bot. 1980,67(5) :703-709
160． Schemske D.W. et al. Flowering ecology of some spring woodland herbs , Ecology 1978,59:351-366
161． Schemske D.W. Evolution of floral display in the orchid Brassavola nodosa Evolution 1980,34:489-493
162． Schlesinger W.H. et al. Nutrient-use efficiency of woody plants on contrasting soils in the western Great Basin Nevada Ecology 1989,70(1) :105-113
163． Schlichting C.D. Devlin B. Pollen and ovule sources effect seed production of Lobelia cardinalis Amer. Bot. 1992,78:891-898
164． Schoen D.J., A.D. Brown Whole and within flower self-pollination in Glycine argyrea and G. clandestina and the evolution of autogamy Evolution 1991,45:1651-1665
165． Snow A.A. Pollination dynamics in Epilobium canum (Onagraceae): Consequences for gametophytic selection Amer. Bot. 1986,73:139-157
166． Snow A.A., Spira T.P. Differential pollen tube growth rates and nonrandom fertilization in Hibiscus mosheutes Amer. Bot. 1992,79:508-515
167． Spira T. Floral parameters breeding system and pollinator type in Trichostem (Labiatae) Amer. Bot. 1980,67:278-284
168． Stapanian M.A. Evolution of fruiting strategies among fleshy-fruited plant species of eastern kansas. Ecology 1982,63(5) : 1422-1431
169． Weller S.G. Ornduff R. Pollen tube growth and inbreeding in Amsinckia geraniflora Amer. Bot. 1991． 78:801-804
170． White J. The plant as a metapopulation Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst, 1979,10:109-145
171． Wilson M.F. Sexual selection in plants Amer. Nat, 1979(113) :777-790
172． Wilson E. Lilies in the East Asia 1925 London Bulau
173． Lilium(Liliacece) 1988, 73(9) : 1319-1329
172． 1982
173． 1948
174． 1997,82(3) :85-93