三峡库区农村生活污水处理设施的供给研究
摘要
三峡库区农业人口比重大、经济水平低下、生态环境脆弱、水环境形势严峻。随着库区后期规划的实施和农民收入的提高,生活污水排放量也随之增加。尽管在污水处理设施上有国家政策的扶持,但库区独特的地形地貌、欠发达的经济水平和落后的环境意识,使得农村生活污水处理设施供给的瓶颈凸现,严重制约了农村生活污水的处理。
本文依托国家“十一五”水专项,以三峡库区重庆段15个重点区县为研究区域,以重庆市九龙坡区金凤镇为库区典型村落,采取理论与实证结合、调查与统计结合、定性与定量结合、对比与分析结合等方法,分析了农村生活污水处理设施的特性及供给模式,探讨了三峡库区农村污水处理和农户水环境意识对污水处理设施供给的影响,重点从三峡库区农村污水处理设施的供给现状和制约其供给的瓶颈,剖析生活污水处理设施供给困境,并从污水处理与设施供给的耦合角度,探索了破解困境的途径。
主要研究结论如下：
(1)统计分析表明,随着农民收入水平的提高与农民生活方式的变化,其生活污水的排放量明显增加,各区县生活污水有处理设施人口比例仅为0～8.13%,其余为无下水、无处理设施。现有生活污水处理设施比例最高的是经济相对较发达的渝北区,而万州区、奉节县几乎没有任何生活污水处理设施。三峡库区经济较发达的区县已成为农村生活污水污染物排放的重点区域,急需建立农村生活污水处理与设施供给的长效机制。
(2)实证分析表明,重庆市九龙坡金凤镇属典型的山地环境且村民居住分散,污水处理技术工艺的设计不仅要考虑村民居住分散而且要考虑山地环境。该镇设计的4种污水处理工艺充分考虑了村民的居住特点和当地的山地环境,且经济实用,操作简便。但该镇农村生活污水处理设施建设依托全国农村环境连片整治示范试点,具有项目导向性,其资金的来源全由政府财政供给,因此建设很快且目前运营良好。
(3)理论分析表明,农村生活污水处理设施具有大小不一、形态各异等自然属性；在经济属性上表现为资产的专用性、产权的混乱性与外部性。结合对其公共物品属性和社会属性的研究,其主要供给主体对于农村生活污水处理技术与设施的供给表现为：县级以上政府在追求GDP的政绩考核下,缺乏供给动力；对乡镇基层政府而言,供给难度大,不愿供给；村民委员会的组织号召能力退化,对于其供给显得无能为力；由于村民有“搭便车”的思想,认为其供给是政府的责任而依赖政府供给。国外发达国家在农村生活污水处理设施供给中积累了很多先进的经验,主要有加强立法、强化政府责任。
(4)问卷调查表明,三峡库区农村生活污水处理设施的供给有赖于村民生活污水处理意识的提升。在对该区域村民环境意识和对生活污水认知的调查研究发现：库区村民的环境知识、环境态度与环境行为三者之间不尽一致；环境保护的行为大多还只停留在“呼吁”层面,要真正将保护环境的观念转化为保护环境的内在动力和自觉行为还是一项十分艰巨的任务；村民对农村生活污水的认知程度较低,而村民作为设施的主要供给主体,其参与的积极程度与设施供给的有效性密切相关,成为农村生活污水处理设施供给的主要障碍。
(5)理论分析表明,权力延伸程度的局限、污染主体的有限理性、信息手段的落后、“熟人社会”格局的规束、制度机制的缺失和第四权力的“缺位”是构成各个参与主体参与农村生活污水治理的信息“鸿沟”,它们制约着各参与主体参与供给的积极性,从而成为农村污水处理设施供给的重要瓶颈。
(6)以耦合理论为视角,从农村生活污水处理技术与设施供给的耦合动力出发,以立法与监管模式、教育与宣传模式为耦合保障,从财政为主,主体多元的筹资模式、政府引导,村民参与的建设模式和产权明晰,权责一致的管护模式进行了耦合路径设计,以破解农村生活污水处理设施的供给困境。
本文的特色与创新之处在于：将农村生活污水研究的内容从污水的产排特征、处理技术工艺等,延伸到处理设施供给和管理制度创新,拓宽了农村污水的处理与管理内涵。运用环境管理学、技术经济学、社会行为学等学科知识,采用理论与实证相结合、调查与统计相结合、定性与定量相结合、对比与分析相结合的多维方法架构,以农村生活污水处理设施供给的“硬件”条件和“软件”环境为主线,探寻适合库区山地村落农村生活污水处理设施供给的长效机制。从农村生活污水产排特征、处理工艺与设施特性出发,研究了三峡库区生活污水处理设施的供给困境,并从耦合动力、耦合保障与耦合路径等视角,探寻了破解污水处理设施供给困境的方法。
但限于时间与条件,本文未能对耦合动力、耦合保障与耦合路径等进行实例量化,将在今后的继续研究中予以加强。
In The Three Gorges Reservoir, there are many outstanding characteristics, such as a large proportion of the agricultural population, low economic level, fragile ecological environment, and severe water environment situation. With the implementation of the reservoir area planning and the improvement of fanners'income, the sewage emissions have increased, accordingly. The followed factors, such as reservoir area's unique topography, underdeveloped economic level and backward environmental awareness made the bottleneck on supplements of rural sewage treatment facilities prominent and severely restricted rural sewage treatment, although there are supports of national policies in sewage treatment facilities.
This paper relying on the national "Eleventh Five-Year" Water project, makes15key counties as the research area in the Three Gorges Reservoir area of Chongqing, and Jinfeng Town, locating in JiuLongpo district of ChongQing, as typical villages. Through methods of combination of theoretical and empirical, combination of investigation and statistics, combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis, and combination of contrast and analysis, this paper analyses the characteristics of rural sewage treatment facilities and supply model, investigates the influence of supplements sewage treatment facilities between sewage treatment in rural areas and farmers'water environment awareness. From the bottleneck between supply situation and constraints of sewage treatment facilities in rural areas, the paper analyzes the dilemma in supplements of sewage treatment facilities, and explores the ways to crack predicaments from the coupling angle between sewage treatment and facilities supplement.
The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) Statistical analysis showed that the emissions of sewage increased obviously with the improvement of farmers'income and changes on the farmers'way of life. The proportion of the population in the counties where have sewage treatment facilities is only under8.13%, elsewhere have no sewage treatment facilities. The sewage treatment process and facilities have relative relationship with economy. The economy of counties where has more sewage treatment process and facilities is much more developed, such as YuBei. The poorer counties have less sewage treatment process and facilities, such as WanZhou and FengJie. The areas where are much more developed had been the key areas in discharging rural sewage pollutants. It is urgent to establish a long-term mechanism between technical process of sewage treatment and facilities supply in the reservoir area.
(2) Empirical analysis shows that the design of sewage treatment technology process considers not only the feature of villagers living in scattered, but also the mountain environment. The design of the four sewage treatment technology made a full consideration of the living characteristics and mountain environment, and they are economical and practical and easy use. However, the facilities bases on the fund of government with project-orientation. Thus, the facilities run well.
(3) Theoretical analysis shows that sewage treatment facilities in rural areas have natural properties, such as different sizes and forms. They also have economic properties, such as specificity, chaotic on property and externality. Each main body of supply has different problems. For the governments, which are above the county level, pursue the assessment of GDP, lacking of motivation. For the grassroots governments, it is difficult to supply the sewage treatment facilities. The Villagers'Committees is powerless for supplement. Villagers have little motivation for treatment of sewage. Developed countries have many advanced experience in the supply of sewage treatment facilities. They are manifested in two aspects, one is strengthen legislation, another is strengthen the government's responsibility.
(4) The survey shows that the supply of rural sewage treatment facilities depends on the development of the awareness of domestic sewage treatment by villagers in the reservoir area. Through a field survey of the reservoir area villagers'environmental awareness and sewage knowledge, the paper found that the three factors which are environmental knowledge, environmental attitudes and environmental behavior are not the same. Environmental behavior still stays at the appeal level. To transform environmental awareness into environmental behavior is a very difficult task. The validity of facilities supplement is closely related to villagers'participation. Thus, lacking of knowledge for villagers on sewage treatment has been the major obstacles to supplement of rural sewage treatment facilities.
(5) Theoretical analysis shows that there are six main factors to lead to the divide between each participating subjects and rural sewage treatment. The six factors are Limitations of the authority extends extent, Bounded rationality of the main body in pollution, Backward means of information, Rules of acquaintances social pattern, Lack of institutional mechanisms and The absence of the fourth power, respectively. They restrict the enthusiasm of participating entities involved in supply and have been the bottleneck of the supply of rural sewage treatment facilities.
(6) From the coupling mechanism between technological processes of rural sewage treatment and facilities supply, the paper designs a coupling path in order to crack the plight of rural sewage treatment process and facility supply. The path mainly includes the mode of legislative and regulatory, the mode of education and publicity, the financing mode of government financial support, the construction mode of government guidance and the villagers participate.
The features and innovations of this paper is as follows:the paper extends the contents of the study from characteristics and treatment technology process of sewage to treatment facilities supply and management system innovation. It broadens rural sewage treatment and the connotation of management. This paper uses subject knowledge of Environmental Management, Technical Economics, Social and Behavioral Sciences. There also is multi-dimensional approach architecture in this paper, such as combination of theoretical and empirical, combination of investigation and statistics, combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis, and combination of contrast and analysis. The paper makes hardware conditions and software environment of the supply of rural sewage treatment facilities as plotline, and explores a long-term mechanism in supplement of sewage treatment facilities in the reservoir area. From the aspects of characteristics of sewage producing row and processing technology and facility characteristics, the paper studies the dilemma on facilities supply of rural sewage in reservoir area, and explores the ways to crack predicaments from the angle of coupling dynamic, coupling protection and coupling path.
However, by limiting of time and conditions, this paper cannot make coupling dynamic, coupling protection and coupling path instance to quantify. It will be strengthened in the future study.
本文依托国家“十一五”水专项,以三峡库区重庆段15个重点区县为研究区域,以重庆市九龙坡区金凤镇为库区典型村落,采取理论与实证结合、调查与统计结合、定性与定量结合、对比与分析结合等方法,分析了农村生活污水处理设施的特性及供给模式,探讨了三峡库区农村污水处理和农户水环境意识对污水处理设施供给的影响,重点从三峡库区农村污水处理设施的供给现状和制约其供给的瓶颈,剖析生活污水处理设施供给困境,并从污水处理与设施供给的耦合角度,探索了破解困境的途径。
主要研究结论如下：
(1)统计分析表明,随着农民收入水平的提高与农民生活方式的变化,其生活污水的排放量明显增加,各区县生活污水有处理设施人口比例仅为0～8.13%,其余为无下水、无处理设施。现有生活污水处理设施比例最高的是经济相对较发达的渝北区,而万州区、奉节县几乎没有任何生活污水处理设施。三峡库区经济较发达的区县已成为农村生活污水污染物排放的重点区域,急需建立农村生活污水处理与设施供给的长效机制。
(2)实证分析表明,重庆市九龙坡金凤镇属典型的山地环境且村民居住分散,污水处理技术工艺的设计不仅要考虑村民居住分散而且要考虑山地环境。该镇设计的4种污水处理工艺充分考虑了村民的居住特点和当地的山地环境,且经济实用,操作简便。但该镇农村生活污水处理设施建设依托全国农村环境连片整治示范试点,具有项目导向性,其资金的来源全由政府财政供给,因此建设很快且目前运营良好。
(3)理论分析表明,农村生活污水处理设施具有大小不一、形态各异等自然属性；在经济属性上表现为资产的专用性、产权的混乱性与外部性。结合对其公共物品属性和社会属性的研究,其主要供给主体对于农村生活污水处理技术与设施的供给表现为：县级以上政府在追求GDP的政绩考核下,缺乏供给动力；对乡镇基层政府而言,供给难度大,不愿供给；村民委员会的组织号召能力退化,对于其供给显得无能为力；由于村民有“搭便车”的思想,认为其供给是政府的责任而依赖政府供给。国外发达国家在农村生活污水处理设施供给中积累了很多先进的经验,主要有加强立法、强化政府责任。
(4)问卷调查表明,三峡库区农村生活污水处理设施的供给有赖于村民生活污水处理意识的提升。在对该区域村民环境意识和对生活污水认知的调查研究发现：库区村民的环境知识、环境态度与环境行为三者之间不尽一致；环境保护的行为大多还只停留在“呼吁”层面,要真正将保护环境的观念转化为保护环境的内在动力和自觉行为还是一项十分艰巨的任务；村民对农村生活污水的认知程度较低,而村民作为设施的主要供给主体,其参与的积极程度与设施供给的有效性密切相关,成为农村生活污水处理设施供给的主要障碍。
(5)理论分析表明,权力延伸程度的局限、污染主体的有限理性、信息手段的落后、“熟人社会”格局的规束、制度机制的缺失和第四权力的“缺位”是构成各个参与主体参与农村生活污水治理的信息“鸿沟”,它们制约着各参与主体参与供给的积极性,从而成为农村污水处理设施供给的重要瓶颈。
(6)以耦合理论为视角,从农村生活污水处理技术与设施供给的耦合动力出发,以立法与监管模式、教育与宣传模式为耦合保障,从财政为主,主体多元的筹资模式、政府引导,村民参与的建设模式和产权明晰,权责一致的管护模式进行了耦合路径设计,以破解农村生活污水处理设施的供给困境。
本文的特色与创新之处在于：将农村生活污水研究的内容从污水的产排特征、处理技术工艺等,延伸到处理设施供给和管理制度创新,拓宽了农村污水的处理与管理内涵。运用环境管理学、技术经济学、社会行为学等学科知识,采用理论与实证相结合、调查与统计相结合、定性与定量相结合、对比与分析相结合的多维方法架构,以农村生活污水处理设施供给的“硬件”条件和“软件”环境为主线,探寻适合库区山地村落农村生活污水处理设施供给的长效机制。从农村生活污水产排特征、处理工艺与设施特性出发,研究了三峡库区生活污水处理设施的供给困境,并从耦合动力、耦合保障与耦合路径等视角,探寻了破解污水处理设施供给困境的方法。
但限于时间与条件,本文未能对耦合动力、耦合保障与耦合路径等进行实例量化,将在今后的继续研究中予以加强。
In The Three Gorges Reservoir, there are many outstanding characteristics, such as a large proportion of the agricultural population, low economic level, fragile ecological environment, and severe water environment situation. With the implementation of the reservoir area planning and the improvement of fanners'income, the sewage emissions have increased, accordingly. The followed factors, such as reservoir area's unique topography, underdeveloped economic level and backward environmental awareness made the bottleneck on supplements of rural sewage treatment facilities prominent and severely restricted rural sewage treatment, although there are supports of national policies in sewage treatment facilities.
This paper relying on the national "Eleventh Five-Year" Water project, makes15key counties as the research area in the Three Gorges Reservoir area of Chongqing, and Jinfeng Town, locating in JiuLongpo district of ChongQing, as typical villages. Through methods of combination of theoretical and empirical, combination of investigation and statistics, combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis, and combination of contrast and analysis, this paper analyses the characteristics of rural sewage treatment facilities and supply model, investigates the influence of supplements sewage treatment facilities between sewage treatment in rural areas and farmers'water environment awareness. From the bottleneck between supply situation and constraints of sewage treatment facilities in rural areas, the paper analyzes the dilemma in supplements of sewage treatment facilities, and explores the ways to crack predicaments from the coupling angle between sewage treatment and facilities supplement.
The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) Statistical analysis showed that the emissions of sewage increased obviously with the improvement of farmers'income and changes on the farmers'way of life. The proportion of the population in the counties where have sewage treatment facilities is only under8.13%, elsewhere have no sewage treatment facilities. The sewage treatment process and facilities have relative relationship with economy. The economy of counties where has more sewage treatment process and facilities is much more developed, such as YuBei. The poorer counties have less sewage treatment process and facilities, such as WanZhou and FengJie. The areas where are much more developed had been the key areas in discharging rural sewage pollutants. It is urgent to establish a long-term mechanism between technical process of sewage treatment and facilities supply in the reservoir area.
(2) Empirical analysis shows that the design of sewage treatment technology process considers not only the feature of villagers living in scattered, but also the mountain environment. The design of the four sewage treatment technology made a full consideration of the living characteristics and mountain environment, and they are economical and practical and easy use. However, the facilities bases on the fund of government with project-orientation. Thus, the facilities run well.
(3) Theoretical analysis shows that sewage treatment facilities in rural areas have natural properties, such as different sizes and forms. They also have economic properties, such as specificity, chaotic on property and externality. Each main body of supply has different problems. For the governments, which are above the county level, pursue the assessment of GDP, lacking of motivation. For the grassroots governments, it is difficult to supply the sewage treatment facilities. The Villagers'Committees is powerless for supplement. Villagers have little motivation for treatment of sewage. Developed countries have many advanced experience in the supply of sewage treatment facilities. They are manifested in two aspects, one is strengthen legislation, another is strengthen the government's responsibility.
(4) The survey shows that the supply of rural sewage treatment facilities depends on the development of the awareness of domestic sewage treatment by villagers in the reservoir area. Through a field survey of the reservoir area villagers'environmental awareness and sewage knowledge, the paper found that the three factors which are environmental knowledge, environmental attitudes and environmental behavior are not the same. Environmental behavior still stays at the appeal level. To transform environmental awareness into environmental behavior is a very difficult task. The validity of facilities supplement is closely related to villagers'participation. Thus, lacking of knowledge for villagers on sewage treatment has been the major obstacles to supplement of rural sewage treatment facilities.
(5) Theoretical analysis shows that there are six main factors to lead to the divide between each participating subjects and rural sewage treatment. The six factors are Limitations of the authority extends extent, Bounded rationality of the main body in pollution, Backward means of information, Rules of acquaintances social pattern, Lack of institutional mechanisms and The absence of the fourth power, respectively. They restrict the enthusiasm of participating entities involved in supply and have been the bottleneck of the supply of rural sewage treatment facilities.
(6) From the coupling mechanism between technological processes of rural sewage treatment and facilities supply, the paper designs a coupling path in order to crack the plight of rural sewage treatment process and facility supply. The path mainly includes the mode of legislative and regulatory, the mode of education and publicity, the financing mode of government financial support, the construction mode of government guidance and the villagers participate.
The features and innovations of this paper is as follows:the paper extends the contents of the study from characteristics and treatment technology process of sewage to treatment facilities supply and management system innovation. It broadens rural sewage treatment and the connotation of management. This paper uses subject knowledge of Environmental Management, Technical Economics, Social and Behavioral Sciences. There also is multi-dimensional approach architecture in this paper, such as combination of theoretical and empirical, combination of investigation and statistics, combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis, and combination of contrast and analysis. The paper makes hardware conditions and software environment of the supply of rural sewage treatment facilities as plotline, and explores a long-term mechanism in supplement of sewage treatment facilities in the reservoir area. From the aspects of characteristics of sewage producing row and processing technology and facility characteristics, the paper studies the dilemma on facilities supply of rural sewage in reservoir area, and explores the ways to crack predicaments from the angle of coupling dynamic, coupling protection and coupling path.
However, by limiting of time and conditions, this paper cannot make coupling dynamic, coupling protection and coupling path instance to quantify. It will be strengthened in the future study.
引文
1注释：在萨缪尔森定义的基础上,人们很快意识到,伴随一些基本条件的变化,对于各类物品的划分还可以有些变化。如按照公共物品的外部性(exclusivity)的作用范围,还可以划分为区域性公共物品以及全球公共物品。而伴随近些年全球生态环境的恶化,水、阳光、空气等自然物品,在许多地区不能再自由取用了,私人消费的部分就转化为私人物品,而在总体上却逐渐变成了区域性甚至全球公共物品。还有,知识的公共物品属性很早就被注意到,较早把知识作为公共物品的包括斯蒂格利茨和罗默。斯蒂格利茨提出“国际性公共物品”(international public goods)概念,斯蒂格利茨又进一步提出“全球公共物品”(global public goods)概念。
2数据来源：重庆市农业污染源普查报告,2009。
3数据来源：重庆市农业污染源普查报告,2009。
4也称邻避现象,又译“莫在我家后院”(Not in my back yard,简称NIMBY)始现于20世纪70年代O'Hare首次提出邻避效应的概念,也就是某些设施可“为广大地区居民带来利益,却由设施附近居民承受污染,导致不断的抗争”的现象
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2数据来源：重庆市农业污染源普查报告,2009。
3数据来源：重庆市农业污染源普查报告,2009。
4也称邻避现象,又译“莫在我家后院”(Not in my back yard,简称NIMBY)始现于20世纪70年代O'Hare首次提出邻避效应的概念,也就是某些设施可“为广大地区居民带来利益,却由设施附近居民承受污染,导致不断的抗争”的现象
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