建筑室内排水系统的优化研究
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摘要
伴随着我国全面建设小康社会事业的展开,高层建筑也大量出现,居民的生活水平、环保意识和对高质量、高品位生活环境的追求同步提高。但在室内排水方面,大多数建筑都还是在采用传统的室内排水做法。虽然传统的室内排水技术在我国应用已有几十年的历史,但是一些难题仍然没有解决,像噪音问题、废水溢出问题、滴水和渗漏问题等等,并且随着时代的发展,一些新的问题又凸现出来,如卫生器具摆放受限制等。独立、完整、自由、节能、健康是建筑室内排水系统的未来发展方向,因此传统的室内排水系统的改进和优化愈来愈显示出迫切性和重要性,加强室内排水系统的改进和优化研究是十分必要的。
现代建筑的类型日趋多样化,在满足规范要求的条件下,往往会有几种不同的排水系统类型或通气方式可供选择。这些排水系统优点与不足共存。因此,排水方式的选择是一个值得研究的问题。由于建筑排水方式受到技术、经济和社会环境效益等不确定性因素的影响,对它们的评价往往带有模糊性,因此应用模糊数学的方法对排水方式进行评判比较合理。本文利用多层次模糊综合评判理论来评价特定条件下某种排水方式的优劣。多层次模糊综合评判法是首先根据项目的实际特点,建立评价因素指标体系,对方案各指标由低层次向高层次的顺序,进行综合评价,得到一个既定量化又较符合实际的评价结果。运用多层次模糊综合评判法可以充分考虑建筑室内排水系统的多种影响因素,从技术、经济和社会环境影响三方面来评价排水方式的优劣,通过对比得到最优的排水方式。
排水设计秒流量反映了室内生活排水管道的设计负荷,是确定各排水管段管径的依据。因此研究合理的排水设计秒流量计算方法具有重要的现实意义。本文在分析建筑室内生活排水系统排水特点和国内外建筑排水设计秒流量计算方法的基础上,结合国外常用的用于室内给水计算的两种概率方法,即亨特概率法和俄罗斯概率法,提出了基于概率论的建筑室内排水设计秒流量计算方法。
最后,本文对建筑室内排水常用管材进行了对比和优化选择。一,从技术和经济两方面,重点比较了最常用的铸铁排水管和硬聚氯乙烯(UPVC)排水管的优劣,并提出了合理的排水管材应用方案;二,应用价值系数法来进行排水管材的优化选择,即通过计算各种管材的功能评价系数和成本评价系数,然后求出两个系数之比,根据比值的大小(即性价比)来判断排水管材的价值,从而选出最优管材。
With China building a well-off society started, large numbers of high-rise buildings have appeared;the standard of living,environmental awareness and the high-quality、high-grade environment for the pursuit of life improve simultaneously. But in the indoor drainage, the majority of residential buildings are still using the traditional indoor drainage systems approach. While traditional indoor drainage technology has been used in China for several decades of history, some problems remain unresolved like noise, wastewater overflow, the water dripping and leakage, etc. And with development of the times, some new problems appeared such as health devices placed by the restrictions. Independence, integrity, free space, energy-saving, health is the future development direction of indoor drainage system. So it is very urgent and important to improve and optimize the traditional indoor drainage system and enhancing indoor drainage system improvement and optimization study is very necessary.
Modern building types are becoming more diverse. Meeting the requirements under the norms, there often have several available different types of drainage systems or ventilation options. These drainage systems have advantages and disadvantages of co-existence. Therefore, the choice of the drainage way is a question worth considering. As the drainage way of buildings is influenced by technological, economic and social environment uncertainty factors. As the evaluation often with vague, using fuzzy math method to judge the drainage way is more reasonable. This paper evaluates the quality of some drainage ways in specific conditions by using multi-level theory of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. First, under the actual characteristics, establish evaluation factors index system,divide the involved various factors into several categories according to certain attributes; from low to high order, evaluate each category,gain an established,quantitative and actual results of the evaluation. Using multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method can fully consider the various factors of the indoor drainage system, evaluate the merits of the various drainage way from technology, economic and social environment influence, hence gain an optimal drainage way.
The design seconds of the indoor drainage system reflects the design load of the drainage pipe,is the basis to determine the pipe diameter. The study of reasonable design calculation method of drainage seconds flux has important practical significance. Based on the analysis of indoor life drainage characteristics of the drainage system and the seconds flux of drainage design calculation methods at home and abroad, using the two probabilistic methods abroad for indoor water calculation, that Hunt and Russian probability, this paper explores the calculation method of seconds flux of drainage design based on the theory of probability.
At the end, this paper explores the comparison and optimization of choice used for indoor drainage pipes. First, from technical and economic aspects, compares the merits of the most commonly used pipes as cast iron pipes and hard polyvinyl chloride (UPVC); then, use value coefficient method to optimize the choice of drainage pipe: calculate the functional evaluation coefficient and cost evaluation coefficient of various pipes, and then calculate the ratio of two coefficients. According to the ratio (cost-effective),determine the value of the drainage pipes and choose the most suitable pipe.
现代建筑的类型日趋多样化,在满足规范要求的条件下,往往会有几种不同的排水系统类型或通气方式可供选择。这些排水系统优点与不足共存。因此,排水方式的选择是一个值得研究的问题。由于建筑排水方式受到技术、经济和社会环境效益等不确定性因素的影响,对它们的评价往往带有模糊性,因此应用模糊数学的方法对排水方式进行评判比较合理。本文利用多层次模糊综合评判理论来评价特定条件下某种排水方式的优劣。多层次模糊综合评判法是首先根据项目的实际特点,建立评价因素指标体系,对方案各指标由低层次向高层次的顺序,进行综合评价,得到一个既定量化又较符合实际的评价结果。运用多层次模糊综合评判法可以充分考虑建筑室内排水系统的多种影响因素,从技术、经济和社会环境影响三方面来评价排水方式的优劣,通过对比得到最优的排水方式。
排水设计秒流量反映了室内生活排水管道的设计负荷,是确定各排水管段管径的依据。因此研究合理的排水设计秒流量计算方法具有重要的现实意义。本文在分析建筑室内生活排水系统排水特点和国内外建筑排水设计秒流量计算方法的基础上,结合国外常用的用于室内给水计算的两种概率方法,即亨特概率法和俄罗斯概率法,提出了基于概率论的建筑室内排水设计秒流量计算方法。
最后,本文对建筑室内排水常用管材进行了对比和优化选择。一,从技术和经济两方面,重点比较了最常用的铸铁排水管和硬聚氯乙烯(UPVC)排水管的优劣,并提出了合理的排水管材应用方案;二,应用价值系数法来进行排水管材的优化选择,即通过计算各种管材的功能评价系数和成本评价系数,然后求出两个系数之比,根据比值的大小(即性价比)来判断排水管材的价值,从而选出最优管材。
With China building a well-off society started, large numbers of high-rise buildings have appeared;the standard of living,environmental awareness and the high-quality、high-grade environment for the pursuit of life improve simultaneously. But in the indoor drainage, the majority of residential buildings are still using the traditional indoor drainage systems approach. While traditional indoor drainage technology has been used in China for several decades of history, some problems remain unresolved like noise, wastewater overflow, the water dripping and leakage, etc. And with development of the times, some new problems appeared such as health devices placed by the restrictions. Independence, integrity, free space, energy-saving, health is the future development direction of indoor drainage system. So it is very urgent and important to improve and optimize the traditional indoor drainage system and enhancing indoor drainage system improvement and optimization study is very necessary.
Modern building types are becoming more diverse. Meeting the requirements under the norms, there often have several available different types of drainage systems or ventilation options. These drainage systems have advantages and disadvantages of co-existence. Therefore, the choice of the drainage way is a question worth considering. As the drainage way of buildings is influenced by technological, economic and social environment uncertainty factors. As the evaluation often with vague, using fuzzy math method to judge the drainage way is more reasonable. This paper evaluates the quality of some drainage ways in specific conditions by using multi-level theory of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. First, under the actual characteristics, establish evaluation factors index system,divide the involved various factors into several categories according to certain attributes; from low to high order, evaluate each category,gain an established,quantitative and actual results of the evaluation. Using multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method can fully consider the various factors of the indoor drainage system, evaluate the merits of the various drainage way from technology, economic and social environment influence, hence gain an optimal drainage way.
The design seconds of the indoor drainage system reflects the design load of the drainage pipe,is the basis to determine the pipe diameter. The study of reasonable design calculation method of drainage seconds flux has important practical significance. Based on the analysis of indoor life drainage characteristics of the drainage system and the seconds flux of drainage design calculation methods at home and abroad, using the two probabilistic methods abroad for indoor water calculation, that Hunt and Russian probability, this paper explores the calculation method of seconds flux of drainage design based on the theory of probability.
At the end, this paper explores the comparison and optimization of choice used for indoor drainage pipes. First, from technical and economic aspects, compares the merits of the most commonly used pipes as cast iron pipes and hard polyvinyl chloride (UPVC); then, use value coefficient method to optimize the choice of drainage pipe: calculate the functional evaluation coefficient and cost evaluation coefficient of various pipes, and then calculate the ratio of two coefficients. According to the ratio (cost-effective),determine the value of the drainage pipes and choose the most suitable pipe.
引文
[1] 王增长. 建筑给水排水工程(第四版). 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998
[2] 张俊岭. 一种新的建筑室内排水系统方案. 建筑技术开发,1999,Vol.26 No.6
[3] 俞文迪. 关于水封式地漏和磁性密封反斗式地漏的比较. 全国建筑给水排水委员会排水分会第二届第一次学术交流会论文集.宁波.2005.
[4] 姜文源. 隐蔽式安装系统同层排水技术简介. 给水排水,2004,Vol.30 No.9
[5] 俞科,蒋红波.浅谈住宅卫生间同层排水设计. 给水排水,2004,Vol.30 No.9
[6] 曾缤. 住宅同层排水做法. 湖南大学学报(自然科学版),2003,Vol.30 No.3
[7] 姜文源.特殊单立管排水系统综述. 全国建筑给水排水委员会排水分会第二届第一次学术交流会论文集.宁波.2005.
[8] S.P.Chakrabarti, N.K.Verma and P.Khanna. Limiting capacities of drainage stack in tall buildings. Building and Environment, Volume 13, Issue 1, 1978
[9] N. K.Verma, S.P.Chakrabarti and P. Khanna. Modified one-pipe system of drainage for tall buildings. Building and Environment, Volume 11, Issue 3, 1976
[10] 冯旭东. 中、外关于排水立管排水能力的比较. 全国建筑给水排水委员会排水分会第二届第一次学术交流会论文集.宁波.2005.
[11] John A. Swaffield and John A. McDougall. Modelling solid transport in building drainage systems. Water Science and Technology, Volume 33, Issue 9, 1996
[12] 全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施-给水排水.北京:中国计划出版社.2003
[13] 李洪兴,汪群等. 工程模糊数学方法及应用.天津:天津科学技术出版社,1991
[14] 汪培庄,李洪兴. 模糊系统理论与模糊计算机. 北京: 科学出版社, 1996
[15] 陈守煜. 模糊水文学与水资源系统模糊优化原理.大连:大连理工大学出版社,1990
[16] 谢季坚,刘承平等.模糊数学方法及其应用. 武汉: 华中理工大学出版社, 1997
[17] J.A.Swaffield and D.P.Campbell. Air pressure transient propagation in building drainage vent Systems, an application of unsteady flow analysis. Building and Environment, Volume 27, Issue 3, 1992
[18] Sukesh Kumar Sharma, S.P.Chakrabarti and P.Khanna Analytical model for partially-vented drainage system in buildings. Building and Environment, Volume 16, Issue 4, 1981
[19] S.P.Chakrabarti, N.K.Verma,and Suresh K.Sharma. Performance study of horizontal branch in building drainage system. Building and Environment, Volume 16, Issue 1, 1981
[20] 钱维生. 高层建筑给水排水工程. 上海: 同济大学出版社, 1989
[21] National Standard Plumbing Code. Wasington,DC,1984.
[22] [日]空气调和-卫生工学会.图解现代住宅设施系列-排水.北京:科学出版社,2002
[23] Fumitoshi Kiya, Saburo Murakawa. Design load for water supply in buildings. A.A Balkema/Roterdam, Tokyo, 1989
[24] R.Dodge Woodson. National plumbing code Handbook(the second edition).1997
[25] 空気調和.衛生工学会.給排水-衛生設備計画設計の実務と知識,オーム社(1995)
[26] 坂上恭助呎.DIN1986,敷地-建築内排水設備空気調和.衛生工学誌
[27] 申芷娟.概率法在推求建筑内部排水设计秒流量的研究及应用.西安:西安建筑科技大学,2005
[28] [日]空気調和.衛生工学会、HASS 206-1991 给排水卫生设备规准
[29] [日]空気調和.衛生工学会、HASS 206-1982 给排水卫生设备规准
[30] 赵金玲,邹平华. 生活给水及热水供应设计秒流量计算方法的研究(一).给水排水,2000,Vol.26 No.8
[31] 赵金玲,邹平华. 生活给水及热水供应设计秒流量计算方法的研究(二).给水排水,2000,Vol.26 No.9
[32] GB50015-2003.建筑给水排水设计规范.北京:中国计划出版社,2003
[33] 高明远,岳秀萍. 建筑给水排水工程学. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2002
[34] 赵培森,田会杰. 简明给水排水、采暖工程安装手册. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2005
[35] 黄汝宏,陈一. 建筑给排水管材的选用.机械给排水,2002 年第四期
[36] 张丽娟,周吉星. 柔性卡箍式离心排水铸铁管应用技术.中国建设信息. 2004 年第 10X 期
[37] 许其昌. 给水排水塑料管道设计施工手册.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[38] S.Boddy,Y.Rezgui,M.Wetherill and G.Cooper. Knowledge informed decision making in the building lifecycle: An application to the design of a water drainage system. Automation in Construction, Volume 16, Issue 5, August 2007
[39] 朴芬淑, 吴昊. 建筑给排水.北京: 机械工业出版社, 2006
[40] 范海燕. PVC-U 螺旋消音排水管与柔性接口排水铸铁管的对比.给水排水,2002,Vol.28 No.4
[41] 刘玉清. 对建筑排水(PVC—U)硬聚氯乙烯管道进行噪声控制的探讨.塑料加工, 2001,Vol.31 No.3
[42] 张勤,张建高. 水工程经济. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[43] 刘晓君. 建筑技术经济学.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998
[2] 张俊岭. 一种新的建筑室内排水系统方案. 建筑技术开发,1999,Vol.26 No.6
[3] 俞文迪. 关于水封式地漏和磁性密封反斗式地漏的比较. 全国建筑给水排水委员会排水分会第二届第一次学术交流会论文集.宁波.2005.
[4] 姜文源. 隐蔽式安装系统同层排水技术简介. 给水排水,2004,Vol.30 No.9
[5] 俞科,蒋红波.浅谈住宅卫生间同层排水设计. 给水排水,2004,Vol.30 No.9
[6] 曾缤. 住宅同层排水做法. 湖南大学学报(自然科学版),2003,Vol.30 No.3
[7] 姜文源.特殊单立管排水系统综述. 全国建筑给水排水委员会排水分会第二届第一次学术交流会论文集.宁波.2005.
[8] S.P.Chakrabarti, N.K.Verma and P.Khanna. Limiting capacities of drainage stack in tall buildings. Building and Environment, Volume 13, Issue 1, 1978
[9] N. K.Verma, S.P.Chakrabarti and P. Khanna. Modified one-pipe system of drainage for tall buildings. Building and Environment, Volume 11, Issue 3, 1976
[10] 冯旭东. 中、外关于排水立管排水能力的比较. 全国建筑给水排水委员会排水分会第二届第一次学术交流会论文集.宁波.2005.
[11] John A. Swaffield and John A. McDougall. Modelling solid transport in building drainage systems. Water Science and Technology, Volume 33, Issue 9, 1996
[12] 全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施-给水排水.北京:中国计划出版社.2003
[13] 李洪兴,汪群等. 工程模糊数学方法及应用.天津:天津科学技术出版社,1991
[14] 汪培庄,李洪兴. 模糊系统理论与模糊计算机. 北京: 科学出版社, 1996
[15] 陈守煜. 模糊水文学与水资源系统模糊优化原理.大连:大连理工大学出版社,1990
[16] 谢季坚,刘承平等.模糊数学方法及其应用. 武汉: 华中理工大学出版社, 1997
[17] J.A.Swaffield and D.P.Campbell. Air pressure transient propagation in building drainage vent Systems, an application of unsteady flow analysis. Building and Environment, Volume 27, Issue 3, 1992
[18] Sukesh Kumar Sharma, S.P.Chakrabarti and P.Khanna Analytical model for partially-vented drainage system in buildings. Building and Environment, Volume 16, Issue 4, 1981
[19] S.P.Chakrabarti, N.K.Verma,and Suresh K.Sharma. Performance study of horizontal branch in building drainage system. Building and Environment, Volume 16, Issue 1, 1981
[20] 钱维生. 高层建筑给水排水工程. 上海: 同济大学出版社, 1989
[21] National Standard Plumbing Code. Wasington,DC,1984.
[22] [日]空气调和-卫生工学会.图解现代住宅设施系列-排水.北京:科学出版社,2002
[23] Fumitoshi Kiya, Saburo Murakawa. Design load for water supply in buildings. A.A Balkema/Roterdam, Tokyo, 1989
[24] R.Dodge Woodson. National plumbing code Handbook(the second edition).1997
[25] 空気調和.衛生工学会.給排水-衛生設備計画設計の実務と知識,オーム社(1995)
[26] 坂上恭助呎.DIN1986,敷地-建築内排水設備空気調和.衛生工学誌
[27] 申芷娟.概率法在推求建筑内部排水设计秒流量的研究及应用.西安:西安建筑科技大学,2005
[28] [日]空気調和.衛生工学会、HASS 206-1991 给排水卫生设备规准
[29] [日]空気調和.衛生工学会、HASS 206-1982 给排水卫生设备规准
[30] 赵金玲,邹平华. 生活给水及热水供应设计秒流量计算方法的研究(一).给水排水,2000,Vol.26 No.8
[31] 赵金玲,邹平华. 生活给水及热水供应设计秒流量计算方法的研究(二).给水排水,2000,Vol.26 No.9
[32] GB50015-2003.建筑给水排水设计规范.北京:中国计划出版社,2003
[33] 高明远,岳秀萍. 建筑给水排水工程学. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2002
[34] 赵培森,田会杰. 简明给水排水、采暖工程安装手册. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2005
[35] 黄汝宏,陈一. 建筑给排水管材的选用.机械给排水,2002 年第四期
[36] 张丽娟,周吉星. 柔性卡箍式离心排水铸铁管应用技术.中国建设信息. 2004 年第 10X 期
[37] 许其昌. 给水排水塑料管道设计施工手册.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[38] S.Boddy,Y.Rezgui,M.Wetherill and G.Cooper. Knowledge informed decision making in the building lifecycle: An application to the design of a water drainage system. Automation in Construction, Volume 16, Issue 5, August 2007
[39] 朴芬淑, 吴昊. 建筑给排水.北京: 机械工业出版社, 2006
[40] 范海燕. PVC-U 螺旋消音排水管与柔性接口排水铸铁管的对比.给水排水,2002,Vol.28 No.4
[41] 刘玉清. 对建筑排水(PVC—U)硬聚氯乙烯管道进行噪声控制的探讨.塑料加工, 2001,Vol.31 No.3
[42] 张勤,张建高. 水工程经济. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[43] 刘晓君. 建筑技术经济学.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998