职业生涯不安全感对职业生涯转换决策的影响
|
摘要
个体的职业生涯正在随着社会环境的变化而发生改变。由于无边界职业生涯时代的到来,个体要想获得职业生涯成功就必须要对自身的职业生涯发展和管理负责,这种职业生涯特征的变化导致了职业生涯发展不确定性和不稳定性的提高,使得个体在对未来职业生涯展望的过程中存在诸多的担忧,产生了职业生涯不安全感。职业生涯不安全感成为了一种压力,阻碍了个体的职业生涯成功,同时也对组织产生了影响。本研究以在职员工尤其是职业生涯发展早期的在职员工为调查对象,旨在探讨个体层面上的职业生涯不安全感以及其对职业生涯转换决策的影响。主要研究过程为,首先对90名被试进行开放式问卷调并展开内容分析与问卷编制,然后对145名被试进行问卷预测,最终对334名被试进行正式问卷调查。本研究主要得出以下结论：(1)职业生涯不安全感是一个多维概念,包含了就业能力担忧、职业发展担忧、环境威胁担忧和工作压力担忧四个维度,并且不同性别和年龄的个体在四个维度上的水平有所不同；(2)职业生涯不安全感中的就业能力担忧与离职意向负相关,职业发展担忧和工作压力担忧与离职意向正相关,职业发展担忧与工作转换意向正相关；(3)职业生涯转换意向(包括离职意向和工作转换意向)与工作搜索行为显著正相关；(4)职业生涯资本能够部分调节职业生涯不安全感与离职意向的关系。
本文的创新点主要体现在：深化了工作不安全感的研究,首次从职业生涯的视角来研究不安全感,提出了职业生涯不安全感的概念,并通过实证研究证实了职业生涯不安全感的多维结构和编制了相应的量表；从过程模型的角度研究了职业生涯不安全感对职业生涯转换决策过程的研究,证实了职业生涯不安全感影响生涯转换意向从而进一步影响工作搜索行为；在国内研究中首次将职业生涯资本的概念引入到研究中,完善了职业生涯研究领域的相关理论,为进一步研究职业生涯资本奠定了基础。
The individual career has been changed as the development of the social environment, which requires individuals to be responsible for their career development and management. This kind of change increased the career uncertainty which made individuals be worried about their future in career development. This perception which we called "career insecurity" may influence individual career development and also the organizational performance.
The primary purpose of this study is to develop the new concept of career insecurity and to develop and test a process model that examines the influence of career insecurity on the career change decision. Firstly,90 subjects were interviewed by open questionnaire and the career insecurity scale was gerneralized. Secondly,145 subjects were questioned by a pre-test. Finally,334 subjects were investigated by the revised questionnaire. The current study draws several conclusions as follows:(1) The concept of career insecurity is multidimensional which includes employability worries, career development worries, environmental worries and working pressure worries;(2)On one hand, employability worries is negative with leave intention while career development worries and working pressure worries is positive with leave intention. On the other hand career development worries is found to be positive with career transition intention; (3)Both leave intention and career transition intention are positive with job search behavior; (4)Individual career capital partially moderates the relationship between career insecurity and leave intention.
There are several innovations in this study. Firstly, we took a new perspective on insecurity and proposed the new concept of career insecurity. Secondly, we proposed a process model which combines the career change intention and job search behavior. Thirdly, we adopted the concept of career capital to found the influence on career development.
本文的创新点主要体现在：深化了工作不安全感的研究,首次从职业生涯的视角来研究不安全感,提出了职业生涯不安全感的概念,并通过实证研究证实了职业生涯不安全感的多维结构和编制了相应的量表；从过程模型的角度研究了职业生涯不安全感对职业生涯转换决策过程的研究,证实了职业生涯不安全感影响生涯转换意向从而进一步影响工作搜索行为；在国内研究中首次将职业生涯资本的概念引入到研究中,完善了职业生涯研究领域的相关理论,为进一步研究职业生涯资本奠定了基础。
The individual career has been changed as the development of the social environment, which requires individuals to be responsible for their career development and management. This kind of change increased the career uncertainty which made individuals be worried about their future in career development. This perception which we called "career insecurity" may influence individual career development and also the organizational performance.
The primary purpose of this study is to develop the new concept of career insecurity and to develop and test a process model that examines the influence of career insecurity on the career change decision. Firstly,90 subjects were interviewed by open questionnaire and the career insecurity scale was gerneralized. Secondly,145 subjects were questioned by a pre-test. Finally,334 subjects were investigated by the revised questionnaire. The current study draws several conclusions as follows:(1) The concept of career insecurity is multidimensional which includes employability worries, career development worries, environmental worries and working pressure worries;(2)On one hand, employability worries is negative with leave intention while career development worries and working pressure worries is positive with leave intention. On the other hand career development worries is found to be positive with career transition intention; (3)Both leave intention and career transition intention are positive with job search behavior; (4)Individual career capital partially moderates the relationship between career insecurity and leave intention.
There are several innovations in this study. Firstly, we took a new perspective on insecurity and proposed the new concept of career insecurity. Secondly, we proposed a process model which combines the career change intention and job search behavior. Thirdly, we adopted the concept of career capital to found the influence on career development.
引文
[1]Ahuja, M. K., Chudoba, K. M., Kacmar, C. J., McKnight, D. H.,& George, J. F.. It road warriors:balancing work--family conflict, job autonomy, and work overload to mitigate turnover intentions, MIS Quarterly,2007,31:1-17
[2]Allred, B. B., Snow, C. C.,& Miles, R. E. Characteristics of Managerial Careers in the 21st century, Academy of Management Executive,1996,10,17-27.
[3]Ameen, E. C.& Jackson, C. An Empirical Investigation of the Antecedents and Consequences of Job Insecurity on the Turnover Intentions of Academic Accountants. Issues in Accounting Education,1995,10(1),65-82.
[4]Ari, H.& Pekka, I. Entrepreneurial Aspirations:Another Form of Job Search? Small Business Economics,2007,29,63.
[5]Arthur, M. B. The boundaryless career:A new perspective for organizational inquiry. Journal of Organizational Behavior,1994,15(4),295.
[6]Arthur, M. B., Khapova, S. N.,& Wilderom, C. P. M. Career success in a boundaryless career world. Journal of Organizational Behavior,2005,26, 177-202.
[7]Ashford, S. J., Lee, C.,& Bobko, P. Content, Causes, And Consequences Of Job Insecurity:A Theo. Academy of Management Journal,1989,32(4),803.
[8]Barling, J.& Kelloway, E. K. Job Insecurity And Health:The Moderating Role Of Workplace Control,1996,12,253-259.
[9]Barling, J., Dupre, K. E.,& Hepburn, G. Effects of Parents'Job Insecurity on Children's Work Beliefs and Attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology,1998, 83,112-118.
[10]Barling, J., Zacharatos, A.,& Hepburn, C. G. Parents'Job Insecurity Affects Children's Academic Performance Through Cognitive Difficulties, Journal of Applied Psychology,1999,437-444
[11]Benson, G. S. Examining employability:effects of employee development on commitment and intention to turnover. Academy of Management Proceedings,2003,Cl-C6
[12]Berntson, E., Naswall, K.,& Sverke, M. The moderating role of employability in the association between job insecurity and exit, voice, loyalty and neglect. Economic and Industrial Democracy,2010,31(2),215-230.
[13]Birgit, S., Nicole, T.,& Tobias, G.Turnover intention and preparedness for change:Exploring leader-member exchange and occupational self-efficacy as antecedents of two employability predictors, Career Development International, 2007,12,660-679
[14]Blau, G. Testing a Two-Dimensional Measure of Job Search Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1994,59(2),288-312.
[15]Blau, G. Job, Organizational, and Professional Context Antecedents as Predictors of Intent for Interrole Work Transitions. Journal of Vocational Behavior,2000, 56(3),330-345.
[16]Bretz Jr, R. D., Boudreau, J. W.,& Judge, T. A. Job search behavior of employed managers, Personnel Psychology,1994,47,275-301.
[17]Brooks, C. H.& Bonnie, S. O. N. Job embeddedness:A theoretical foundation for developing a comprehensive nurse retention plan,2004,34(5),.216-227
[18]Brousseau, K. R., Driver, M. J., Eneroth, K.,& Larson, R. Career pandemonium: Realigning organizations and individuals, Academy of Management Executive, 1996,10,52-66.
[19]Buchmueller, T. C.& Valletta, R. G. The Effects Of Employer-Provided Health Insurance On Worker Mobility, Industrial & Labor Relations Review,1996,49: 439-459.
[20]Carless, S. A.& Bernath, L. Antecedents of Intent to Change Careers Among Psychologists. Journal of Career Development,2007,33,183-200.
[21]Chirumbolo, A.& Hellgren, J. Individual and Organizational Consequences of Job Insecurity:A European Study Economic and Industrial Democracy,2003, 24(2),217-240.
[22]Chudzikowski, K., Demel, B., Mayrhofer, W., Briscoe, J. P., Unite, J., Milikic, B. B., Hall, D. T., Heras, M. L., Shen, Y.,& Zikic, J. Career transitions and their causes:A country-comparative perspective. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,2009,82(4),825-849.
[23]Colakoglu, S. N. The relationship between career boundarylessness and individual well-being:A contingency approach. Unpublished Ph.D., Drexel University, United States.2006.
[24]Colakoglu, S. N. The impact of career boundarylessness on subjective career success:The role of career competencies, career autonomy, and career insecurity. Journal of Vocational Behavior,2010, In Press, Accepted Manuscript.
[25]Crocitto, M. The Boundaryless Career:A New Employment Principle for a New Organizational Era. Academy of Management Review,1998,23(1),176-178.
[26]Cronbach, L. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 1951,16(3),297-334.
[27]Davis-Blake, A., Broschak, J. P.,& George, E. Happy together? How using nonstandard workers affects exit, voice, and loyalty among standard employees, Academy of Management Journal,2003,46(4),475-485.
[28]Davy, J. A., Kinicki, A. J.,& Scheck, C. L. Developing and testing a model of survivor responses to layoffs. Journal of Vocational Behavior,1991,38(3), 302-317.
[29]Davy, J. A., Kinicki, A. J.,& Scheck, C. L. A test of job security's direct and mediated effects on withdrawal cognitions. Journal of Organizational Behavior,1997,18(4):323-349.
[30]Davy, J. A., Kinicki, A. J.,& Scheck, C. L. A test of job security's direct and mediated effects on withdrawal cognitions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 1997b,18(4),323.
[31]Defillippi, R. J.& Arthur, M. B. The boundaryless career:A competency-based perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior,1994,15(4),307.
[32]DeWitte, H.& Naswall, K.'Objective' vs'Subjective' Job Insecurity: Consequences of Temporary Work for Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment in Four European Countries Economic and Industrial Democracy 2003,24(2),149-188.
[33]Dickmann, M.& Doherty, N. Exploring the Career Capital Impact of International Assignments within Distinct Organizational Contexts, British Journal of Management,2008,19,145-161.
[34]Donohue, R. Examining career persistence and career change intent using the career attitudes and strategies inventory. Journal of Vocational Behavior,2007, 70(2),259-276.
[35]Duberley, J.& Cohen, L. Gendering career capital:An investigation of scientific careers. Journal of Vocational Behavior,2010,76(2),187-197.
[36]Eby, L. T., Butts, M.,& Lockwood, A. Predictors of success in the era of the boundaryless career,2003.24:689-708.
[37]Fang, T., Zikic, J.,& Novicevic, M. M. Career success of immigrant professionals:stock and flow of their career capital. International Journal of Manpower,2009,30(5),472-488.
[38]Feather, N. T.& Rauter, K. A. Organizational citizenship behaviours in relation to job status, job insecurity, organizational commitment and identification, job satisfaction and work values, Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology,2004,77,81-94.
[39]Feldman, D. C.& Ng, T. W. H. Careers:Mobility, Embeddedness, and Success, Journal of Management,2007,33,350-377.
[40]Ferrie, J. E., Shipley, M. J., Standfeld, S. A.,& Marmot, M. G. Effects of chronic job insecurity and change in job security on self reported health, minor psychiatric morbidity, physiological measures, and health related behaviours in British. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health,2002,56(6),450.
[41]Forrier, A., Sels, L.,& Stynen, D. Career mobility at the intersection between agent and structure:A conceptual model, Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology,2009.82:739-759.
[42]Fugate, M., Kinicki, A. J.,& Ashforth, B. E. Employability:A psycho-social construct, its dimensions, and applications. Journal of Vocational Behavior,2004, 65(1),14-38.
[43]Fugate, M. E. L.& Ashforth, B. E. Employability:the construct, its dimensions, and applications. Academy of Management Proceedings,2003,J1-J6.
[44]Fujiwara-Greve, T.& Greve, H. R. Organizational Ecology and Job Mobility, Social Forces,2000,79:547-585.
[45]Fullerton, A. S.& Wallace, M. Traversing the flexible turn:US workers' perceptions of job security,1977-2002. Social Science Research,2007,36(1), 201-221.
[46]Golden, T. D. Avoiding depletion in virtual work:Telework and the intervening impact of work exhaustion on commitment and turnover intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior,2006,69(1),176-187.
[47]Greenhalgh, L.& Rosenblatt, Z. Job Insecurity:Toward Conceptual Clarity. Academy of Management. The Academy of Management Review,1984,9(3), 438.
[48]Greenhalgh, L.& Jick, T. D. Survivor Sense Making and Reactions to Organizational Decline:Effects of Individual Differences Management Communication Quarterly 1989,2(3),305-327.
[49]Griffeth, R. W., Hom, P. W.,& Gaertner, S. A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents and Correlates of Employee Turnover:Update, Moderator Tests, and Research Implications for the Next Millennium, Journal of Management, 2000,26(3),463-488
[50]Hachen, D. S., Jr. Industrial Characteristics and Job Mobility Rates. American Sociological Review,1992,57(1),39-55.
[51]Haslberger, A.& Brewster, C. Capital gains:expatriate adjustment and the psychological contract in international careers, Human Resource Management, 2009,48,379-397.
[52]Heaney, C. A., Israel, B. A.,& House, J. S. Chronic job insecurity among automobile workers:Effects on job satisfaction and health. Social Science & Medicine,1994,38(10),1431.
[53]Hellgren, J., Sverke, M.,& Isaksson, K. A two-dimensional approach to job insecurity:Consequences for employee attitudes and well-being. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,1999,8(2),179-195.
[54]Hill, E. J., Ferris, M.,& M 鋜 tinson, V. Does it matter where you work? A comparison of how three work venues (traditional office, virtual office, and home office) influence aspects of work and personal/family life. Journal of Vocational Behavior,2003,63(2),220-241.
[55]Horn, P. W., Griffeth, R. W.,& Sellaro, L. L. The Validity of Mobley's (1977) Model of Employee Turnover. Organizational Behavior & Human Performance, 1984,34(2),141-174.
[56]Iellatchitch, A., Mayrhofer, W.,& Meyer, M. Career fields:a small step towards a grand career theory?, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2003,14,728-750
[57]lies, P. Sustainable high-potential career development:a resource-based view. Career Development International,1997,2(7),347.
[58]Inkson, k. Effects of Changing Economic Conditions on Managerial Job Changes and Careers, British Journal of Management,1995.6,183-194.
[59]Inkson, K.& Arthur, M. B. How to be a successful career capitalist. Organizational Dynamics,2001,30(1),48-61.
[60]Jokinen, T., Brewster, C.,& Suutari, V. Career capital during international work experiences:contrasting self-initiated expatriate experiences and assigned' expatriation. International Journal of Human Resource Management,2008,19(6), 979-998.
[61]Jokinen, T. Development of career capital through international assignments and its transferability to new contexts, Thunderbird International Business Review, 2010,52,325-336.
[62]Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D.& Wanberg, C. R. Unwrapping the Organizational Entry Process:Disentangling Multiple Antecedents and Their Pathways to Adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology,2003,88(5),779.
[63]Kanfer, R., Wanberg, C. R.,& Kantrowitz, T. M. Job Search and Employment:A Personality-Motivational Analysis and Meta-Analytic Review, Journal of Applied Psychology,2001,86(5),837-855.
[64]Kim, S.& Feldman, D. C. Healthy, wealthy, or wise:predicting actual acceptances of early retirement incentives at three points in time. Personnel Psychology,1998,51,623-642.
[65]Kinnunen, U.& Natti, J. Job Insecurity in Finland:Antecedents and Consequences. European Work & Organizational Psychologist,1994.4,3,297-321.
[66]Kinnunen, U., Mauno, S., Natti, J.,& Happonen, M. Perceived Job Insecurity:A Longitudinal Study Among Finnish Employees, European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology,1999,8,243-260.
[67]Kopelman, R. E., Rovenpor, J. L.,& Millsap, R. E. Rationale and construct validity evidence for the job search behavior index:Because intentions (and new year's resolutions) often come to naught. Journal of Vocational Behavior,1992, 40(3),269-287.
[68]Kunda, G., Barley, S. R.,& Evans, J. Why do contractors contract? The experience of highly skilled technical professionals in a contingent labor market, Industrial & Labor Relations Review,2002,55,234-261y.
[69]Lamb, M.& Sutherland, M. The components of career capital for knowledge workers in the global economy. International Journal of Human Resource Management,2010,21(3),295-312.
[70]Lee, S., Colditz, G. A., Berkman, L. F.,& Kawachi, I. Prospective study of job insecurity and coronary heart disease in US women. Annals of Epidemiology, 2004,14(1),24-30.
[71]Leonard, G.& Zehava, R. Job insecurity:Toward conceptual clarity. The Academy of Management Review (pre-1986),1984,9(3),438.
[72]Lim, V. K. G. Job insecurity and its outcomes:Moderating effects of work-based and nonwork-based social support. Human Relations,1996,49(2),171-194.
[73]Lim, V. K. G.& Qing Si, S. Does Parental Job Insecurity Matter? Money Anxiety, Money Motives, and Work Motivation, Journal of Applied Psychology, 2006,91(5),1078-1087.
[74]Lindstrom, K., Leino, T., Seitsamo, J.,& Torstila, I. A Longitudinal Study of Work Characteristics and Health Complaints Among Insurance Employees in VDT Work, International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 1997,9:343-350.
[75]Louis, M. R. Career Transitions: Varieties and Commonalities. Academy of Management Review,1980,5,329-340.
[76]Mauno, S.& Kinnunen, U. Job insecurity and well-being:a longitudinal study among male and female employees in Finland, Community, Work & Family, 1999,2,147-171.
[77]Mina, W., Dalia, E.,& Esti, D. Job insecurity and crossover of burnout in married couples. Journal of Organizational Behavior,2001,22(5),467.
[78]Mirvis, P. H.& Hall, D. T. Psychological Success and the Boundaryless Career. Journal of Organizational Behavior,1994,15(4),365-380.
[79]Moore, J. E. One road to turnover:an examination of work exhaustion in technology professionals. MIS Quarterly,2000,24,141-168.
[80]Nauta, A., van Vianen, A., van der Heijden, B., van Dam, K.,& Willemsen, M. Understanding the factors that promote employability orientation:The impact of employability culture, career satisfaction, and role breadth self-efficacy. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology,2009,82233-251.
[81]Ngo, H.-y., Foley, S.,& Loi, R. Work role stressors and turnover intentions:a study of professional clergy in Hong Kong. International Journal of Human Resource Management,2005,16,2133-2146.
[82]Nicholson, N. A Theory of Work Role Transitions, Administrative Science Quarterly,1984,29,172-191.
[83]Pasewark, W. R.& Strawser, J. R. The Determinants and Outcomes Associated with Job Insecurity in a Professional Accounting Environment. Behavioral Research in Accounting,1996,8,91.
[84]Pazy, A. Job responsibility:The relationship between organizational and individual career management and the effectiveness of careers. Group and Organization Studies,1988,13(3),311-331.
[85]Probst, T. M. Countering the Negative Effects of Job Insecurity Through Participative Decision Making:Lessons From the Demand--Control Model. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,2005,10(4),320-329.
[86]Rhodes, S. R.& Doering, M. An Integrated Model of Career Change. Academy of Management Review,1983.8,631-639.
[87]Rosenfeld, R. A. Job Mobility And Career Processes. Annual Review of Sociology,1992,18,39-61.
[88]Roskies, E.& Louis-Guerin, C. Job Insecurity in Managers:Antecedents and Consequences. Journal of Organizational Behavior,1990,11(5),345.
[89]Roskies, E., Louis-Guerin, C.,& Fournier, C. Coping with Job Insecurity:How Does Personality Make a Difference? Journal of Organizational Behavior,1993, 14(7),617-630.
[90]Saija, M.& Ulla, K. The effects of job stressors on marital satisfaction in Finnish dual-earner couples. Journal of Organizational Behavior,1999,20(6),879.
[91]Saijo, M.& Ulla, K. Perceived job insecurity among dual-earner couples:Do its antecedents vary according to gender, economic sector and the measure used? Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,2002,75,295.
[92]Schweiger, D. M.& Denisi, A. S. Communication With Employees Following A Merger:A Longitudinal Field Experiment. Academy of Management Journal, 1991.34,110-135.
[93]Shniper, L. Occupational mobility. Monthly Labor Review,2005..
[94]Singh, R., Ragins, B. R.,& Tharenou, P. What matters most? The relative role of mentoring and career capital in career success. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 2009,75(1),56-67.
[95]Siri, T. Senior women managers'transition to entrepreneurship:Leveraging embedded career capital. Career Development International,2005,10(3),246.
[96]Smart, R.& Peterson, C. Super's career stages and the decision to change careers. Journal of Vocational Behavior,1997,51(3),358-374.
[97]Sonnenfeld, J. A.& Peiperl, M. A. Staffing Policy as a Strategic Response:A Typology of Career Systems. Academy of Management Review, 1988,13,588-600.
[98]Stephens, G. K. Crossing Internal Career Boundaries:The State of Research on Subjective Career Transitions, Journal of Management,1994,20(2),479-501.
[99]Sturges, J., Guest, D.,& Davey, K. M. Who's in charge? Graduates'attitudes to and experiences of career management and their relationship with organizational commitment, European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, 2000,9,351-370.
[100]Sturges, J., Simpson, R.,& Altman, Y. Capitalising on learning:an exploration of the MBA as a vehicle for developing career competencies, International Journal of Training & Development,2003,7,53-66.
[101]Sullivan, S. E. The Changing Nature of Careers:A Review and Research Agenda. Journal of Management,1999,25(3),457-483.
[102]Suutari, V.& Make la, K. The career capital of managers with global careers, Journal of Managerial Psychology,2007.22,628-648.
[103]Sverke, M.& Hellgren, J. The Nature of Job Insecurity:Understanding Employment Uncertainty on the Brink of a New Millennium, Applied Psychology: An International Review,2002,51(1),23-42.
[104]Sverke, M., Hellgren, J.,& Naswall, K. No Security:A Meta-Analysis and Review of Job Insecurity and Its Consequences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,2002b,7(3),242-264.
[105]Taris, T. W.& Feu, J. A. Measuring career mobility:An empirical comparison of six mobility indexes. Quality & Quantity,1999,33(2),157-168.
[106]Tharenou, P., Latimer, S.,& Conroy, D. How do you make it to the top? An examination of influences on women's and men's managerial advancement. Academy of Management Journal,1994,37(4),899.
[107]Tharenou, P.& Terry, D. J. Reliability and Validity of Scores on Scales to Measure Managerlal Aspirations. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1998,58,475-492.
[108]Tivendell, J.& Bourbonnais, C. Job insecurity in a sample of Canadian civil servants as a function of personality and perceived job characteristics. Psychological Reports,2000,87(1),55-60.
[109]Trevor-Roberts, E. are you sure? the role of uncertainty in career. Journal of Employment Counseling,2006,43(3),98-116.
[110]Tso, G. K. F., Yau, K. K. W.,& Cheung, M. S. M. Latent constructs determining Internet job search behaviors:Motivation, opportunity and job change intention, Computers in Human Behavior,2010,26,122-131.
[111]Tsui, A. S., Egan, T. D.,& O'Reilly Iii, C. A. Being Different:Relational Demography and Organizational Attachment, Administrative Science Quarterly, 1992,37,549-579.
[112]Van Hooft, E. A. J., Born, M. P., Taris, T. W.,& van der Flier, H. Job search and the theory of planned behavior:Minority-majority group differences in The Netherlands. Journal of Vocational Behavior,2004,65(3),366-390.
[113]Wilensky, H. L. Orderly Careers and Social Participation:The Impact of Work History on Social Integration in the Middle Mass. American Sociological Review, 1961,26(4),521-539.
[114]William, D. R. Validation and Measurement of Perceived Environmental Threat as Antecedent to Job Insecurity. Psychological Reports,2003,93,359-354.
[115]Witte, H. D. Job Insecurity and Psychological Well-being:Review of the Literature and Exploration of Some Unresolved Issues, European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology,1999.8(2),155-177.
[116]Wong, Y.-T., Wong, C.-S., Ngo, H.-Y,& Lui, H.-K. Different responses to job insecurity of Chinese workers in joint ventures and state-owned enterprises Human Relations 2005,58(11),1391-1418.
[117]陈海华.工作不安全感的来源和结果.浙江大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[118]陈晓萍,徐淑英.组织与管理研究的实证方法.北京：北京大学出版社,2008.
[119]郭志文,赫登.无边界职业生涯时代的就业能力—一种新的心理契约.心理科学,2006,29(2),485-486.
[120]侯杰泰,温忠麟,和成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用.北京：教育科学出版社,2004.
[121]胡三嫚.工作不安全感的研究现状与展望.心理科学进展,2007,15(6),938-947.
[122]黄芳铭.结构方程模式理论与应用.北京：中国税务出版社,2005.
[123]龙立荣.职业生涯管理的结构及其关系研究.武汉：华中师范大学出版社,2002.
[124]卢纹岱SPSS for Windows统计分析.北京：电子工业出版社,2002.
[125]时金献,侯德娟.工作搜索行为研究的回顾和展望.河南大学学报(社会科学版),2007,47(1),159-165.
[126]王辉,忻蓉,和徐淑英.中国企业CEO的领导行为及对企业经营绩效的影响.管理世界,2006,4,87-86.
[127]吴明隆.结构方程模型——AMOS的操作与应用.重庆：重庆大学出版社,2009.
[128]徐建平.教师胜任力与测评研究.北京师范大学博士论文,2004.
[129]颜士梅.内容分析方法及在人力资源管理中的应用.软科学,2008,22(9),133-139.
[2]Allred, B. B., Snow, C. C.,& Miles, R. E. Characteristics of Managerial Careers in the 21st century, Academy of Management Executive,1996,10,17-27.
[3]Ameen, E. C.& Jackson, C. An Empirical Investigation of the Antecedents and Consequences of Job Insecurity on the Turnover Intentions of Academic Accountants. Issues in Accounting Education,1995,10(1),65-82.
[4]Ari, H.& Pekka, I. Entrepreneurial Aspirations:Another Form of Job Search? Small Business Economics,2007,29,63.
[5]Arthur, M. B. The boundaryless career:A new perspective for organizational inquiry. Journal of Organizational Behavior,1994,15(4),295.
[6]Arthur, M. B., Khapova, S. N.,& Wilderom, C. P. M. Career success in a boundaryless career world. Journal of Organizational Behavior,2005,26, 177-202.
[7]Ashford, S. J., Lee, C.,& Bobko, P. Content, Causes, And Consequences Of Job Insecurity:A Theo. Academy of Management Journal,1989,32(4),803.
[8]Barling, J.& Kelloway, E. K. Job Insecurity And Health:The Moderating Role Of Workplace Control,1996,12,253-259.
[9]Barling, J., Dupre, K. E.,& Hepburn, G. Effects of Parents'Job Insecurity on Children's Work Beliefs and Attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology,1998, 83,112-118.
[10]Barling, J., Zacharatos, A.,& Hepburn, C. G. Parents'Job Insecurity Affects Children's Academic Performance Through Cognitive Difficulties, Journal of Applied Psychology,1999,437-444
[11]Benson, G. S. Examining employability:effects of employee development on commitment and intention to turnover. Academy of Management Proceedings,2003,Cl-C6
[12]Berntson, E., Naswall, K.,& Sverke, M. The moderating role of employability in the association between job insecurity and exit, voice, loyalty and neglect. Economic and Industrial Democracy,2010,31(2),215-230.
[13]Birgit, S., Nicole, T.,& Tobias, G.Turnover intention and preparedness for change:Exploring leader-member exchange and occupational self-efficacy as antecedents of two employability predictors, Career Development International, 2007,12,660-679
[14]Blau, G. Testing a Two-Dimensional Measure of Job Search Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1994,59(2),288-312.
[15]Blau, G. Job, Organizational, and Professional Context Antecedents as Predictors of Intent for Interrole Work Transitions. Journal of Vocational Behavior,2000, 56(3),330-345.
[16]Bretz Jr, R. D., Boudreau, J. W.,& Judge, T. A. Job search behavior of employed managers, Personnel Psychology,1994,47,275-301.
[17]Brooks, C. H.& Bonnie, S. O. N. Job embeddedness:A theoretical foundation for developing a comprehensive nurse retention plan,2004,34(5),.216-227
[18]Brousseau, K. R., Driver, M. J., Eneroth, K.,& Larson, R. Career pandemonium: Realigning organizations and individuals, Academy of Management Executive, 1996,10,52-66.
[19]Buchmueller, T. C.& Valletta, R. G. The Effects Of Employer-Provided Health Insurance On Worker Mobility, Industrial & Labor Relations Review,1996,49: 439-459.
[20]Carless, S. A.& Bernath, L. Antecedents of Intent to Change Careers Among Psychologists. Journal of Career Development,2007,33,183-200.
[21]Chirumbolo, A.& Hellgren, J. Individual and Organizational Consequences of Job Insecurity:A European Study Economic and Industrial Democracy,2003, 24(2),217-240.
[22]Chudzikowski, K., Demel, B., Mayrhofer, W., Briscoe, J. P., Unite, J., Milikic, B. B., Hall, D. T., Heras, M. L., Shen, Y.,& Zikic, J. Career transitions and their causes:A country-comparative perspective. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,2009,82(4),825-849.
[23]Colakoglu, S. N. The relationship between career boundarylessness and individual well-being:A contingency approach. Unpublished Ph.D., Drexel University, United States.2006.
[24]Colakoglu, S. N. The impact of career boundarylessness on subjective career success:The role of career competencies, career autonomy, and career insecurity. Journal of Vocational Behavior,2010, In Press, Accepted Manuscript.
[25]Crocitto, M. The Boundaryless Career:A New Employment Principle for a New Organizational Era. Academy of Management Review,1998,23(1),176-178.
[26]Cronbach, L. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 1951,16(3),297-334.
[27]Davis-Blake, A., Broschak, J. P.,& George, E. Happy together? How using nonstandard workers affects exit, voice, and loyalty among standard employees, Academy of Management Journal,2003,46(4),475-485.
[28]Davy, J. A., Kinicki, A. J.,& Scheck, C. L. Developing and testing a model of survivor responses to layoffs. Journal of Vocational Behavior,1991,38(3), 302-317.
[29]Davy, J. A., Kinicki, A. J.,& Scheck, C. L. A test of job security's direct and mediated effects on withdrawal cognitions. Journal of Organizational Behavior,1997,18(4):323-349.
[30]Davy, J. A., Kinicki, A. J.,& Scheck, C. L. A test of job security's direct and mediated effects on withdrawal cognitions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 1997b,18(4),323.
[31]Defillippi, R. J.& Arthur, M. B. The boundaryless career:A competency-based perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior,1994,15(4),307.
[32]DeWitte, H.& Naswall, K.'Objective' vs'Subjective' Job Insecurity: Consequences of Temporary Work for Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment in Four European Countries Economic and Industrial Democracy 2003,24(2),149-188.
[33]Dickmann, M.& Doherty, N. Exploring the Career Capital Impact of International Assignments within Distinct Organizational Contexts, British Journal of Management,2008,19,145-161.
[34]Donohue, R. Examining career persistence and career change intent using the career attitudes and strategies inventory. Journal of Vocational Behavior,2007, 70(2),259-276.
[35]Duberley, J.& Cohen, L. Gendering career capital:An investigation of scientific careers. Journal of Vocational Behavior,2010,76(2),187-197.
[36]Eby, L. T., Butts, M.,& Lockwood, A. Predictors of success in the era of the boundaryless career,2003.24:689-708.
[37]Fang, T., Zikic, J.,& Novicevic, M. M. Career success of immigrant professionals:stock and flow of their career capital. International Journal of Manpower,2009,30(5),472-488.
[38]Feather, N. T.& Rauter, K. A. Organizational citizenship behaviours in relation to job status, job insecurity, organizational commitment and identification, job satisfaction and work values, Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology,2004,77,81-94.
[39]Feldman, D. C.& Ng, T. W. H. Careers:Mobility, Embeddedness, and Success, Journal of Management,2007,33,350-377.
[40]Ferrie, J. E., Shipley, M. J., Standfeld, S. A.,& Marmot, M. G. Effects of chronic job insecurity and change in job security on self reported health, minor psychiatric morbidity, physiological measures, and health related behaviours in British. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health,2002,56(6),450.
[41]Forrier, A., Sels, L.,& Stynen, D. Career mobility at the intersection between agent and structure:A conceptual model, Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology,2009.82:739-759.
[42]Fugate, M., Kinicki, A. J.,& Ashforth, B. E. Employability:A psycho-social construct, its dimensions, and applications. Journal of Vocational Behavior,2004, 65(1),14-38.
[43]Fugate, M. E. L.& Ashforth, B. E. Employability:the construct, its dimensions, and applications. Academy of Management Proceedings,2003,J1-J6.
[44]Fujiwara-Greve, T.& Greve, H. R. Organizational Ecology and Job Mobility, Social Forces,2000,79:547-585.
[45]Fullerton, A. S.& Wallace, M. Traversing the flexible turn:US workers' perceptions of job security,1977-2002. Social Science Research,2007,36(1), 201-221.
[46]Golden, T. D. Avoiding depletion in virtual work:Telework and the intervening impact of work exhaustion on commitment and turnover intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior,2006,69(1),176-187.
[47]Greenhalgh, L.& Rosenblatt, Z. Job Insecurity:Toward Conceptual Clarity. Academy of Management. The Academy of Management Review,1984,9(3), 438.
[48]Greenhalgh, L.& Jick, T. D. Survivor Sense Making and Reactions to Organizational Decline:Effects of Individual Differences Management Communication Quarterly 1989,2(3),305-327.
[49]Griffeth, R. W., Hom, P. W.,& Gaertner, S. A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents and Correlates of Employee Turnover:Update, Moderator Tests, and Research Implications for the Next Millennium, Journal of Management, 2000,26(3),463-488
[50]Hachen, D. S., Jr. Industrial Characteristics and Job Mobility Rates. American Sociological Review,1992,57(1),39-55.
[51]Haslberger, A.& Brewster, C. Capital gains:expatriate adjustment and the psychological contract in international careers, Human Resource Management, 2009,48,379-397.
[52]Heaney, C. A., Israel, B. A.,& House, J. S. Chronic job insecurity among automobile workers:Effects on job satisfaction and health. Social Science & Medicine,1994,38(10),1431.
[53]Hellgren, J., Sverke, M.,& Isaksson, K. A two-dimensional approach to job insecurity:Consequences for employee attitudes and well-being. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,1999,8(2),179-195.
[54]Hill, E. J., Ferris, M.,& M 鋜 tinson, V. Does it matter where you work? A comparison of how three work venues (traditional office, virtual office, and home office) influence aspects of work and personal/family life. Journal of Vocational Behavior,2003,63(2),220-241.
[55]Horn, P. W., Griffeth, R. W.,& Sellaro, L. L. The Validity of Mobley's (1977) Model of Employee Turnover. Organizational Behavior & Human Performance, 1984,34(2),141-174.
[56]Iellatchitch, A., Mayrhofer, W.,& Meyer, M. Career fields:a small step towards a grand career theory?, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2003,14,728-750
[57]lies, P. Sustainable high-potential career development:a resource-based view. Career Development International,1997,2(7),347.
[58]Inkson, k. Effects of Changing Economic Conditions on Managerial Job Changes and Careers, British Journal of Management,1995.6,183-194.
[59]Inkson, K.& Arthur, M. B. How to be a successful career capitalist. Organizational Dynamics,2001,30(1),48-61.
[60]Jokinen, T., Brewster, C.,& Suutari, V. Career capital during international work experiences:contrasting self-initiated expatriate experiences and assigned' expatriation. International Journal of Human Resource Management,2008,19(6), 979-998.
[61]Jokinen, T. Development of career capital through international assignments and its transferability to new contexts, Thunderbird International Business Review, 2010,52,325-336.
[62]Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D.& Wanberg, C. R. Unwrapping the Organizational Entry Process:Disentangling Multiple Antecedents and Their Pathways to Adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology,2003,88(5),779.
[63]Kanfer, R., Wanberg, C. R.,& Kantrowitz, T. M. Job Search and Employment:A Personality-Motivational Analysis and Meta-Analytic Review, Journal of Applied Psychology,2001,86(5),837-855.
[64]Kim, S.& Feldman, D. C. Healthy, wealthy, or wise:predicting actual acceptances of early retirement incentives at three points in time. Personnel Psychology,1998,51,623-642.
[65]Kinnunen, U.& Natti, J. Job Insecurity in Finland:Antecedents and Consequences. European Work & Organizational Psychologist,1994.4,3,297-321.
[66]Kinnunen, U., Mauno, S., Natti, J.,& Happonen, M. Perceived Job Insecurity:A Longitudinal Study Among Finnish Employees, European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology,1999,8,243-260.
[67]Kopelman, R. E., Rovenpor, J. L.,& Millsap, R. E. Rationale and construct validity evidence for the job search behavior index:Because intentions (and new year's resolutions) often come to naught. Journal of Vocational Behavior,1992, 40(3),269-287.
[68]Kunda, G., Barley, S. R.,& Evans, J. Why do contractors contract? The experience of highly skilled technical professionals in a contingent labor market, Industrial & Labor Relations Review,2002,55,234-261y.
[69]Lamb, M.& Sutherland, M. The components of career capital for knowledge workers in the global economy. International Journal of Human Resource Management,2010,21(3),295-312.
[70]Lee, S., Colditz, G. A., Berkman, L. F.,& Kawachi, I. Prospective study of job insecurity and coronary heart disease in US women. Annals of Epidemiology, 2004,14(1),24-30.
[71]Leonard, G.& Zehava, R. Job insecurity:Toward conceptual clarity. The Academy of Management Review (pre-1986),1984,9(3),438.
[72]Lim, V. K. G. Job insecurity and its outcomes:Moderating effects of work-based and nonwork-based social support. Human Relations,1996,49(2),171-194.
[73]Lim, V. K. G.& Qing Si, S. Does Parental Job Insecurity Matter? Money Anxiety, Money Motives, and Work Motivation, Journal of Applied Psychology, 2006,91(5),1078-1087.
[74]Lindstrom, K., Leino, T., Seitsamo, J.,& Torstila, I. A Longitudinal Study of Work Characteristics and Health Complaints Among Insurance Employees in VDT Work, International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 1997,9:343-350.
[75]Louis, M. R. Career Transitions: Varieties and Commonalities. Academy of Management Review,1980,5,329-340.
[76]Mauno, S.& Kinnunen, U. Job insecurity and well-being:a longitudinal study among male and female employees in Finland, Community, Work & Family, 1999,2,147-171.
[77]Mina, W., Dalia, E.,& Esti, D. Job insecurity and crossover of burnout in married couples. Journal of Organizational Behavior,2001,22(5),467.
[78]Mirvis, P. H.& Hall, D. T. Psychological Success and the Boundaryless Career. Journal of Organizational Behavior,1994,15(4),365-380.
[79]Moore, J. E. One road to turnover:an examination of work exhaustion in technology professionals. MIS Quarterly,2000,24,141-168.
[80]Nauta, A., van Vianen, A., van der Heijden, B., van Dam, K.,& Willemsen, M. Understanding the factors that promote employability orientation:The impact of employability culture, career satisfaction, and role breadth self-efficacy. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology,2009,82233-251.
[81]Ngo, H.-y., Foley, S.,& Loi, R. Work role stressors and turnover intentions:a study of professional clergy in Hong Kong. International Journal of Human Resource Management,2005,16,2133-2146.
[82]Nicholson, N. A Theory of Work Role Transitions, Administrative Science Quarterly,1984,29,172-191.
[83]Pasewark, W. R.& Strawser, J. R. The Determinants and Outcomes Associated with Job Insecurity in a Professional Accounting Environment. Behavioral Research in Accounting,1996,8,91.
[84]Pazy, A. Job responsibility:The relationship between organizational and individual career management and the effectiveness of careers. Group and Organization Studies,1988,13(3),311-331.
[85]Probst, T. M. Countering the Negative Effects of Job Insecurity Through Participative Decision Making:Lessons From the Demand--Control Model. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,2005,10(4),320-329.
[86]Rhodes, S. R.& Doering, M. An Integrated Model of Career Change. Academy of Management Review,1983.8,631-639.
[87]Rosenfeld, R. A. Job Mobility And Career Processes. Annual Review of Sociology,1992,18,39-61.
[88]Roskies, E.& Louis-Guerin, C. Job Insecurity in Managers:Antecedents and Consequences. Journal of Organizational Behavior,1990,11(5),345.
[89]Roskies, E., Louis-Guerin, C.,& Fournier, C. Coping with Job Insecurity:How Does Personality Make a Difference? Journal of Organizational Behavior,1993, 14(7),617-630.
[90]Saija, M.& Ulla, K. The effects of job stressors on marital satisfaction in Finnish dual-earner couples. Journal of Organizational Behavior,1999,20(6),879.
[91]Saijo, M.& Ulla, K. Perceived job insecurity among dual-earner couples:Do its antecedents vary according to gender, economic sector and the measure used? Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,2002,75,295.
[92]Schweiger, D. M.& Denisi, A. S. Communication With Employees Following A Merger:A Longitudinal Field Experiment. Academy of Management Journal, 1991.34,110-135.
[93]Shniper, L. Occupational mobility. Monthly Labor Review,2005..
[94]Singh, R., Ragins, B. R.,& Tharenou, P. What matters most? The relative role of mentoring and career capital in career success. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 2009,75(1),56-67.
[95]Siri, T. Senior women managers'transition to entrepreneurship:Leveraging embedded career capital. Career Development International,2005,10(3),246.
[96]Smart, R.& Peterson, C. Super's career stages and the decision to change careers. Journal of Vocational Behavior,1997,51(3),358-374.
[97]Sonnenfeld, J. A.& Peiperl, M. A. Staffing Policy as a Strategic Response:A Typology of Career Systems. Academy of Management Review, 1988,13,588-600.
[98]Stephens, G. K. Crossing Internal Career Boundaries:The State of Research on Subjective Career Transitions, Journal of Management,1994,20(2),479-501.
[99]Sturges, J., Guest, D.,& Davey, K. M. Who's in charge? Graduates'attitudes to and experiences of career management and their relationship with organizational commitment, European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, 2000,9,351-370.
[100]Sturges, J., Simpson, R.,& Altman, Y. Capitalising on learning:an exploration of the MBA as a vehicle for developing career competencies, International Journal of Training & Development,2003,7,53-66.
[101]Sullivan, S. E. The Changing Nature of Careers:A Review and Research Agenda. Journal of Management,1999,25(3),457-483.
[102]Suutari, V.& Make la, K. The career capital of managers with global careers, Journal of Managerial Psychology,2007.22,628-648.
[103]Sverke, M.& Hellgren, J. The Nature of Job Insecurity:Understanding Employment Uncertainty on the Brink of a New Millennium, Applied Psychology: An International Review,2002,51(1),23-42.
[104]Sverke, M., Hellgren, J.,& Naswall, K. No Security:A Meta-Analysis and Review of Job Insecurity and Its Consequences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,2002b,7(3),242-264.
[105]Taris, T. W.& Feu, J. A. Measuring career mobility:An empirical comparison of six mobility indexes. Quality & Quantity,1999,33(2),157-168.
[106]Tharenou, P., Latimer, S.,& Conroy, D. How do you make it to the top? An examination of influences on women's and men's managerial advancement. Academy of Management Journal,1994,37(4),899.
[107]Tharenou, P.& Terry, D. J. Reliability and Validity of Scores on Scales to Measure Managerlal Aspirations. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1998,58,475-492.
[108]Tivendell, J.& Bourbonnais, C. Job insecurity in a sample of Canadian civil servants as a function of personality and perceived job characteristics. Psychological Reports,2000,87(1),55-60.
[109]Trevor-Roberts, E. are you sure? the role of uncertainty in career. Journal of Employment Counseling,2006,43(3),98-116.
[110]Tso, G. K. F., Yau, K. K. W.,& Cheung, M. S. M. Latent constructs determining Internet job search behaviors:Motivation, opportunity and job change intention, Computers in Human Behavior,2010,26,122-131.
[111]Tsui, A. S., Egan, T. D.,& O'Reilly Iii, C. A. Being Different:Relational Demography and Organizational Attachment, Administrative Science Quarterly, 1992,37,549-579.
[112]Van Hooft, E. A. J., Born, M. P., Taris, T. W.,& van der Flier, H. Job search and the theory of planned behavior:Minority-majority group differences in The Netherlands. Journal of Vocational Behavior,2004,65(3),366-390.
[113]Wilensky, H. L. Orderly Careers and Social Participation:The Impact of Work History on Social Integration in the Middle Mass. American Sociological Review, 1961,26(4),521-539.
[114]William, D. R. Validation and Measurement of Perceived Environmental Threat as Antecedent to Job Insecurity. Psychological Reports,2003,93,359-354.
[115]Witte, H. D. Job Insecurity and Psychological Well-being:Review of the Literature and Exploration of Some Unresolved Issues, European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology,1999.8(2),155-177.
[116]Wong, Y.-T., Wong, C.-S., Ngo, H.-Y,& Lui, H.-K. Different responses to job insecurity of Chinese workers in joint ventures and state-owned enterprises Human Relations 2005,58(11),1391-1418.
[117]陈海华.工作不安全感的来源和结果.浙江大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[118]陈晓萍,徐淑英.组织与管理研究的实证方法.北京：北京大学出版社,2008.
[119]郭志文,赫登.无边界职业生涯时代的就业能力—一种新的心理契约.心理科学,2006,29(2),485-486.
[120]侯杰泰,温忠麟,和成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用.北京：教育科学出版社,2004.
[121]胡三嫚.工作不安全感的研究现状与展望.心理科学进展,2007,15(6),938-947.
[122]黄芳铭.结构方程模式理论与应用.北京：中国税务出版社,2005.
[123]龙立荣.职业生涯管理的结构及其关系研究.武汉：华中师范大学出版社,2002.
[124]卢纹岱SPSS for Windows统计分析.北京：电子工业出版社,2002.
[125]时金献,侯德娟.工作搜索行为研究的回顾和展望.河南大学学报(社会科学版),2007,47(1),159-165.
[126]王辉,忻蓉,和徐淑英.中国企业CEO的领导行为及对企业经营绩效的影响.管理世界,2006,4,87-86.
[127]吴明隆.结构方程模型——AMOS的操作与应用.重庆：重庆大学出版社,2009.
[128]徐建平.教师胜任力与测评研究.北京师范大学博士论文,2004.
[129]颜士梅.内容分析方法及在人力资源管理中的应用.软科学,2008,22(9),133-139.