基于三维重建的脊椎测量技术研究
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摘要
随着医学影像设备的不断升级、三维定位系统的不断发展,三维医学图像处理技术及三维可视化技术被应用于临床的范围也在不断扩大。目前,实现定量诊断、手术模拟与手术预测等技术,为医学诊断和治疗提供了有力的支持。
椎管狭窄是指各种形式的椎管、神经根管以及椎间孔的狭窄,包括软组织引起的椎管容积改变及硬膜囊本身的狭窄。目前椎管狭窄已经是危害人体健康的一大病症,因此对于该病的准确诊断已经是研究的热点。本文针对椎管的测量进行了研究。
本文以人体脊椎的医学理论为基础,对医学图像进行三维重建,并对重建后的模型进行网格简化,提高运算效率,之后对其进行较为准确地三维测量,其目的是为医学诊断的可靠性与治疗过程的安全性提供科学依据和应用基础,让医生在诊断与治疗的过程中能更方便的获取内部病变组织以及病变的严重程度。本文的主要研究内容包括：
1.脊椎几何特征分析、腰椎特征点定位及三维重建。本文通过对人体脊椎生理结构的分析,给出其三维测量指标和脊椎的三维模型。
2.脊椎模型的三维简化。为了改善三维面片模型计算量大,运算速度慢的缺点,本文给出一种新的网格简化算法—基于综合优化因子和三角形度的三角形折叠算法。通过实验发现该算法在保存原有模型形状的基础上,简化效果较好。
3.脊椎的三维测量。在三维重建及简化的基础上进行三维测量具有重要的医学价值,本文将空间直线测量及夹角测量方法应用于脊椎椎管测量上,并对已存在的脊椎椎管横截面积与容积的测量方法进行改进。
4.本文利用上述技术设计并实现了脊椎模型的三维测量系统。该系统主要具有三维重建、三维模型网格简化、椎管径线、椎管横截面积以及椎管容积的测量等功能。
With the upgrade of medical imaging equipment, the continuous development of three-dimensional positioning system, the application field of three-dimensional medical image processing technology and 3D visualization technologies are also expanded. At present, the realization of quantitative diagnosis, surgical simulation and surgical prediction technology, have provided a strong support for medical diagnosis and treatment.
Spinal stenosis refers to various forms of spinal stenosis, nerve root canal and intervertebral foramen, and includes the stenosis caused by soft tissue volume and by dural itself. Spinal stenosis has threat at human health, and has been a major illness, so an accurate diagnosis for the disease is already a research focus. In this paper, the measurements of spinal canal are studied.
Based on the human spine medical theory, this paper reconstructs the medical image, simplifies the three-dimensional reconstruction mesh model to improve the efficiency of operation, and measures the three-dimensional model more accurately, the purpose of the three-dimensional measurement is to provide scientific basis and application foundation for reliability of medical diagnosis and security of treatment process, so that doctors can get the internal lesions and the severity of disease in the diagnosis conveniently. The main contents of this article are:
1. Geometrical Analysis of the spine, the position of lumbar spine feature points and the reconstruction of three-dimensional model. After analyzing the physiological structure of human spine, this paper gives the three-dimensional measurement indicators and three-dimensional model of the spine.
2. The simplification of three-dimensional spinal model. To improve the large computation of the three-dimensional facet model and the shortcomings of slow operation, this paper presents a new mesh simplification algorithm-the triangle collapse algorithm based on comprehensive optimization factor and degree of the triangle. The experimental result shows that the simplification effect is better and in the same time the algorithm preserves the shape of existing models well.
3. Spinal three-dimensional measurement. Doing the three-dimensional measurement in the basis of three-dimensional reconstruction and mesh simplification has important medical value. In this paper, straight-line measurement of space and angle measurement methods are used to measure the spinal canal, and the method using in this paper improves the existing measurement method of spinal canal cross-sectional area and spinal canal volume.
4. This paper, making use of the above-mentioned technology, has designed and implemented the three-dimensional measurement system of spine model. The system has some functions, such as three-dimensional reconstruction, three-dimensional mesh model simplification, and the measurement of spinal canal diameter line, spinal canal cross-sectional area, and spinal canal volume.
The research of this topic is based on the project of National Natural Science "Research on Three Dimension Statistic Geometrical Shape Models of the Spine and vertebrae" (No.60871097).
椎管狭窄是指各种形式的椎管、神经根管以及椎间孔的狭窄,包括软组织引起的椎管容积改变及硬膜囊本身的狭窄。目前椎管狭窄已经是危害人体健康的一大病症,因此对于该病的准确诊断已经是研究的热点。本文针对椎管的测量进行了研究。
本文以人体脊椎的医学理论为基础,对医学图像进行三维重建,并对重建后的模型进行网格简化,提高运算效率,之后对其进行较为准确地三维测量,其目的是为医学诊断的可靠性与治疗过程的安全性提供科学依据和应用基础,让医生在诊断与治疗的过程中能更方便的获取内部病变组织以及病变的严重程度。本文的主要研究内容包括：
1.脊椎几何特征分析、腰椎特征点定位及三维重建。本文通过对人体脊椎生理结构的分析,给出其三维测量指标和脊椎的三维模型。
2.脊椎模型的三维简化。为了改善三维面片模型计算量大,运算速度慢的缺点,本文给出一种新的网格简化算法—基于综合优化因子和三角形度的三角形折叠算法。通过实验发现该算法在保存原有模型形状的基础上,简化效果较好。
3.脊椎的三维测量。在三维重建及简化的基础上进行三维测量具有重要的医学价值,本文将空间直线测量及夹角测量方法应用于脊椎椎管测量上,并对已存在的脊椎椎管横截面积与容积的测量方法进行改进。
4.本文利用上述技术设计并实现了脊椎模型的三维测量系统。该系统主要具有三维重建、三维模型网格简化、椎管径线、椎管横截面积以及椎管容积的测量等功能。
With the upgrade of medical imaging equipment, the continuous development of three-dimensional positioning system, the application field of three-dimensional medical image processing technology and 3D visualization technologies are also expanded. At present, the realization of quantitative diagnosis, surgical simulation and surgical prediction technology, have provided a strong support for medical diagnosis and treatment.
Spinal stenosis refers to various forms of spinal stenosis, nerve root canal and intervertebral foramen, and includes the stenosis caused by soft tissue volume and by dural itself. Spinal stenosis has threat at human health, and has been a major illness, so an accurate diagnosis for the disease is already a research focus. In this paper, the measurements of spinal canal are studied.
Based on the human spine medical theory, this paper reconstructs the medical image, simplifies the three-dimensional reconstruction mesh model to improve the efficiency of operation, and measures the three-dimensional model more accurately, the purpose of the three-dimensional measurement is to provide scientific basis and application foundation for reliability of medical diagnosis and security of treatment process, so that doctors can get the internal lesions and the severity of disease in the diagnosis conveniently. The main contents of this article are:
1. Geometrical Analysis of the spine, the position of lumbar spine feature points and the reconstruction of three-dimensional model. After analyzing the physiological structure of human spine, this paper gives the three-dimensional measurement indicators and three-dimensional model of the spine.
2. The simplification of three-dimensional spinal model. To improve the large computation of the three-dimensional facet model and the shortcomings of slow operation, this paper presents a new mesh simplification algorithm-the triangle collapse algorithm based on comprehensive optimization factor and degree of the triangle. The experimental result shows that the simplification effect is better and in the same time the algorithm preserves the shape of existing models well.
3. Spinal three-dimensional measurement. Doing the three-dimensional measurement in the basis of three-dimensional reconstruction and mesh simplification has important medical value. In this paper, straight-line measurement of space and angle measurement methods are used to measure the spinal canal, and the method using in this paper improves the existing measurement method of spinal canal cross-sectional area and spinal canal volume.
4. This paper, making use of the above-mentioned technology, has designed and implemented the three-dimensional measurement system of spine model. The system has some functions, such as three-dimensional reconstruction, three-dimensional mesh model simplification, and the measurement of spinal canal diameter line, spinal canal cross-sectional area, and spinal canal volume.
The research of this topic is based on the project of National Natural Science "Research on Three Dimension Statistic Geometrical Shape Models of the Spine and vertebrae" (No.60871097).
引文
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[2]柏惠英,陈文英,戴木离华,等。国人椎管的矢径及横径。解剖学报1980,11(3)：261
[3]裴守明等.腰椎的测量及临床意义[J].长治医学院学报,1997,11(3)：201-203
[4]Kato H.Diagnostic significance of the spinal canal to vertebrae body ratio in cervical spondylosis. Clin Neurol (Tokyo) 1976;16(4):319
[5]Torg JS, Pavlov H, Genuario SE, et al. Neurapraxia of the cervical spinal cord with transient quadriplegia[J].J Bone Joint Surg (Am),1986,68(9):1354-1370
[6]Pavlov H, Torg JS, Robie B, et al. Cervical spinal stenosis:determination with vertebral body ratio method[J].Radiology,1987,164(3):771-775
[7]Odor JM, Watkins RG, Dillin WH, et al. Incidence of cervical spinal stenosis in professional and rookie football players[J].Am J Sports Med,1990,18(5):507-509
[8]Okada Y, Ikata T, Katoh S, et al. Morphologic analysis of the cervical spinal cord, dural tube, and spinal canal by magnetic resonance imaging in normal adults and patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy[J]. Spine,1994,19(20):2331-2335
[9]祝建光,汪波,常时新,等.颈椎脊髓脑脊液柱椎管面积的MRI测量及其意义[J].脊柱外科杂志,2006,4(2)：87-90
[10]Ullrich CG, Binet EF, Sanecki MG, et al. Quantitative assessment of the lumbar spinal canal by computed tomography[J]. Radiology,1980,134(1):137-143
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[13]马若凡,顾洪生,肖建德,等.下腰椎椎管容积螺旋CT与铸型测量及其临床意义[J].中国临床解剖学杂志,2003,21(5)：464-466
[14]Wheeldon J, Khouphongsy P, Kumaresan S, et al. Finite element model of human cervical spinal column[J].Biomed Sci Instrum,2000,36:337-342
[15]郦明国,周秉文.颈后伸时椎管内结构及容积变化的解剖观察[J].中华外科杂志,1993,31(8)：468-469
[16]李义凯,李军朋,钟世镇.颈屈伸时椎管内结构及铸型容积的变化[J].中医正骨,1997,9(6)：326-327
[17]孔抗美,齐伟力.颈椎管矢状径及截面积的应用解剖研究[J].湖南医科大学学报,1996,31(2)：5-6
[18]董福龙,颈椎椎管容积的动态CT测量及其临床意义[J].中国矫形外科杂志,2008,16(9)：682-686
[19]GU Hua, SU Guang-da, DU Cheng. Feature points extraction from faces [J]. Image and Vision Cumputing,2003, (9):154-158
[20]ZHOU Zhi-hua, GENG Xin. Projection functions for eye detection[J]. Pattern Recognition,2003, (12):98-103
[21]WANG H G, LIANG D Q, TIAN Y. Extracting Face Features Using Corner Detection, Zernike Moments and Neural Network [J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University of China,1999,33(12):88-91
[22]陈作炳,胡新宇,李世普,阎玉华.利用DICOM图片实现CT图像的三维重建.武汉理工大学学报,2005,27(2)
[23]候庆锋,李月卿,王昌元,张军毅.WINDOWS环境下DICOM医学图像显示方法的研究.医学影像学杂志,2005,15(11)：1013-1015
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